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1H Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomic study for Cabernet Sauvignon wines in different vintages

, , , , , , ,
1 College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
2 Testing Center of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
3 Department of Earth Sciences, Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
DOI
10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1
Published
Accepted
Subject Areas
Agricultural Science, Biochemistry, Food Science and Technology
Keywords
Wine, Metabolomics, NMR, Pattern recognition
Copyright
© 2016 Hu et al.
Licence
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ Preprints) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.
Cite this article
Hu B, Zhao Q, Yue Y, Zhu J, Lu G, Li H, Zhang F, Hardie WJ. 2016. 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomic study for Cabernet Sauvignon wines in different vintages. PeerJ Preprints 4:e2332v1

Abstract

An 1H NMR-based metabolomic study was used to characterize 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 vintages of Cabernet Sauvignon wines from Ningxia that were vinified in the same fermentation technique. The pattern recognition methods of principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) clearly distinguished vintages of wine, driven by the following metabolites: valine,2,3-butanediol, ethyl acetate, proline, succinic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, glycerol, gallic acid and choline. The PLS-DA loading plots also differentiated between the metabolites of different vintages. The highest levels of valine, 2,3-butanediol, gallic acid and proline were found in the 2009 vintage wines. The 2011 vintage wines contained the highest levels of lactic acid, and the highest levels of ethyl acetate, succinic acid, glycerol and choline were detected in the 2012 vintage wines. A total of 8 metabolites were selected from the 1H NMR spectra and quantified according to their peak areas, yielding concentrations in a greement with the PLS-DA results.

Author Comment

This is a submission to PeerJ for review.

Supplemental Information

Raw Date of 1H_Nuclear_magnetic_resonance based_metabolomic_study_for_Cabernet_Sauvignon_Wines_in_Different_Vintages

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-1

image of PCA score plot of Cabernet Sauvignon wines of different vintages

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-2

image of PLS-DA score plot derived from the 1HNMR spectra of 2009 and 2010 vintage Cabernet Sauvignon wines

Triangle shows the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2009 vintages

Round shows the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2010 vintages

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-3

Image of PLS-DA loading plot derived from the 1HNMR spectra of 2009 and 2010 vintage Cabernet Sauvignon wines

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-4

Image of PLS-DA score plot derived from the 1HNMR spectra of 2009 and 2011 vintage Cabernet Sauvignon wines

Triangle shows the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2009 vintages

Rhombus shows the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2011 vintages

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-5

Image of PLS-DA loading plot derived from the 1HNMR spectra of 2009 and 2011 vintage Cabernet Sauvignon wines

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-6

Image of PLS-DA score plot derived from the 1HNMR spectra of 2009 and 2012 vintage Cabernet Sauvignon wines

Triangle shows the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2009 vintages

Star shows the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2012 vintages

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-7

Image of PLS-DA loading plot derived from the 1HNMR spectra of 2009 and 2012 vintage Cabernet Sauvignon wines

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-8

Image of PLS-DA score plot derived from the 1HNMR spectra of 2010 and 2011 vintage Cabernet Sauvignon wines

Round shows the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2010 vintages

Rhombus shows the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2011 vintages

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-9

Image of PLS-DA loading plot derived from the 1HNMR spectra of 2010 and 2011 vintage Cabernet Sauvignon wines

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-10

Image of PLS-DA score plot derived from the 1HNMR spectra of 2010 and 2012 vintage Cabernet Sauvignon wines

Round shows the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2010 vintages

Star shows the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2012 vintages

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-11

Image of PLS-DA loading plot derived from the 1HNMR spectra of 2010 and 2012 vintage Cabernet Sauvignon wines

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-12

Image of PLS-DA score plot derived from the 1HNMR spectra of 2011 and 2012 vintage Cabernet Sauvignon wines

Rhombus shows the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2011 vintages

Star shows the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2012 vintages

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-13

Image of PLS-DA loading plot derived from the 1HNMR spectra of 2011 and 2012 vintage Cabernet Sauvignon wines

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-14

Image of comparison of the main metabolite concentrations in the 2009-2012 vintage wines

S1 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2009 vintages

S2 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2010 vintages

S3 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2011 vintages

S4 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2012 vintages

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-15

Image of comparison of the main metabolite concentrations in the 2009-2012 vintage wines

S1 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2009 vintages

S2 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2010 vintages

S3 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2011 vintages

S4 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2012 vintages

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-16

Image of comparison of the main metabolite concentrations in the 2009-2012 vintage wines

S1 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2009 vintages

S2 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2010 vintages

S3 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2011 vintages

S4 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2012 vintages

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-17

Image of comparison of the main metabolite concentrations in the 2009-2012 vintage wines

S1 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2009 vintages

S2 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2010 vintages

S3 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2011 vintages

S4 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2012 vintages

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-18

Image of comparison of the main metabolite concentrations in the 2009-2012 vintage wines

S1 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2009 vintages

S2 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2010 vintages

S3 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2011 vintages

S4 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2012 vintages

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-19

Image of comparison of the main metabolite concentrations in the 2009-2012 vintage wines

S1 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2009 vintages

S2 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2010 vintages

S3 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2011 vintages

S4 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2012 vintages

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-20

Image of comparison of the main metabolite concentrations in the 2009-2012 vintage wines

S1 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2009 vintages

S2 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2010 vintages

S3 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2011 vintages

S4 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2012 vintages

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-21

Image of comparison of the main metabolite concentrations in the 2009-2012 vintage wines

S1 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2009 vintages

S2 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2010 vintages

S3 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2011 vintages

S4 represent the Cabernet Sauvignon wines vinified in the 2012 vintages

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2332v1/supp-22

Additional Information

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author Contributions

Boran Hu conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables.

Qi Zhao conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data.

Yaqing Yue contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools.

Jiangyu Zhu contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools.

Guangnian Lu contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools.

Hua Li contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools.

Fengmin Zhang prepared figures and/or tables.

W. J. Hardie reviewed drafts of the paper.

Data Deposition

The following information was supplied regarding data availability:

The raw data has been supplied as a Supplemental Dataset.

Funding

The work is financially supported by the China National Natural Science Foundation Project (No.31271857）. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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1H Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomic study for Cabernet Sauvignon wines in different vintages
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