Phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of the Polypedates leucomystax complex in Thailand
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Abstract
Controversy in the taxonomic evaluation of the Asian tree frog Polypedates leucomystax complex presents the challenging task of gaining insight into its biogeographical distribution and diversification. Here, we describe the dispersion and genetic relationship of these species in Thailand where we connect the population of the P. leucomystax complex of the Sunda Islands to the mainland population based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, derived from 266 samples. Our maternal genealogy implies that there are four well-supported lineages in Thailand, consisting of Northern A (clade A: Polypedates sp.), Nan (clade B: P. cf. impresus), Southern (clade C: P. cf. leucomystax) and Northern B (clade D: P. cf. megacephalus), with Bayesian posterior probability >0.9. Phylogeny and haplotype networks indicate that clades A, B and D are sympatric. In contrast, clade C (P. cf. leucomystax) and clade D (P. cf. megacephalus) are genetically divergent due to the geographical barrier of the Isthmus of Kra, resulting in allopatric distribution. Climatic conditions, in particular rainfall, that differ on each side of the Isthmus of Kra may play an important role in limiting the immigration of both clades. For the within-populations of either clades C or D, there was no significant correlation between geographic and genetic distance by the isolation-by-distance test, indicating intraspecific gene flow of each clade. Population expansion occurred in clade C, whereas clade D showed a constant population. Taken together, the P. leucomystax complex in Southeast Asia may be diversified by climatic oscillation, leading to allopatric and/or sympatric speciation.
Cite this as
2017. Phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of the Polypedates leucomystax complex in Thailand. PeerJ Preprints 5:e3173v1 https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3173v1note This preprint is not peer-reviewed. You may wish to reference the subsequent peer-reviewed version of this article.
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This is a submission to PeerJ for review.
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Supplemental Information
Sample code and data for generating haplotype network
Additional Information
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Author Contributions
Kittisak Buddhachat conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper.
Chatmongkon Suwannapoom conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper.
Animal Ethics
The following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals (i.e., approving body and any reference numbers):
Center For Animal Research Naresuan University provided full approval for this research under project number NU-AE591028.
DNA Deposition
The following information was supplied regarding the deposition of DNA sequences:
I uploaded the sequence as a Supplemental file "COI sequence of Polypedates leucomystax complex".
Data Deposition
The following information was supplied regarding data availability:
Funding
This work was supported for research funding from Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand (No. R2560C166). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
