Intraspecific phenotypic variation in life history traits of Daphnia galeata populations in response to fish kairomones
A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.
Author and article information
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a genotype to produce different phenotypes depending on the environment. It has an influence on the adaptive potential to environmental change and the capability to adapt locally. Adaptation to environmental change happens at the population level, thereby contributing to genotypic and phenotypic variation within a species. Predation is an important ecological factor structuring communities and maintaining species diversity. Prey developed different strategies to reduce their vulnerability to predators by changing their behavior, their morphology or their life history. Predator-induced life history responses in Daphnia have been investigated for decades, but intra population variability was rarely addressed explicitly. We addressed this issue by conducting a common garden experiment with four European Daphnia galeata populations, each represented by six genotypes. We recorded life history traits in the absence and presence of fish kairomones. Additionally, we looked at the shape of experimental individuals by conducting a geometric morphometric analysis, thus assessing predator-induced morphometric changes. Our data revealed high intraspecific phenotypic variation within and between all four D. galeata populations, the potential to locally adapt to a vertebrate predator regime as well as an effect of the fish kairomones on morphology of D. galeata.
Cite this as
2018. Intraspecific phenotypic variation in life history traits of Daphnia galeata populations in response to fish kairomones. PeerJ Preprints 6:e27013v1 https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.27013v1note This preprint is not peer-reviewed. You may wish to reference the subsequent peer-reviewed version of this article.
Author comment
This is a submission to PeerJ for review.
Sections
Supplemental Information
Raw data table of life history traits for all experimental individuals
This input file is needed to conduct the life history trait analysis part I (treatment effect) and part II (adaptive potential).
Input file for life history trait (LHT) analysis
To calculate the relative fitness within and among populations this input file is needed for life history trait analysis part I and part II.
Input file for the visualization of dSGR
This input file is needed to compute Figure 5 showing the differences of somatic growth rate (dSGR) per genotype.
Life history trait analysis part I
This file includes code of the life history trait analysis (part I: treatment effect) for the R environment.
Life history trait analysis part II
This file includes code of the life history trait analysis (part II: adaptive potential) for the R environment.
Visualizations of life history traits
This file includes code of the visualizations of life history traits for the R environment.
Input file for geometric morphometric analysis of all specimen (control & experimental conditions)
TPS data of all specimen used for geometric morphometric analysis.
Input file for geometric morphometric analysis of all specimen exposed to experimental condition
TPS data for all specimen exposed to fish kairomones.
Input file for geometric morphometric analysis of all specimen exposed to control conditions
TPS data for all specimen exposed to control conditions.
Input file for geometric morphometric analysis of all specimen from population Greifensee (popG) exposed to control and experimental conditions
TPS data for all specimen of popG exposed to control and experimental conditions.
Input file for geometric morphometric analysis of all specimen from population Greifensee (popG) exposed to fish kairomones
TPS data of all specimen from popG exposed to fish kairomones.
Input file for geometric morphometric analysis of all specimen from population Greifensee (popG) exposed to control conditions
TPS data of all specimen of popG exposed to control conditions.
Input file for geometric morphometric analysis of all specimen from population Jordan Reservoir (popJ) exposed to control and experimental conditions
TPS data of all specimen from popJ exposed to control and experimental conditions.
Input file for geometric morphometric analysis of all specimen from population Jordan reservoir (popJ)
TPS data for geometric morphometric analysis of all specimen from popJ exposed to fish kairomones.
Input file for geometric morphometric analysis of all specimen from population Jordan reservoir exposed to control conditions
TPS data of all specimen from popJ exposed to control conditions.
Input file for geometric morphometric analysis of all specimen from population Lake Constance (popLC) exposed to control an environmental conditions
TPS data of all specimen from popLC exposed to control and experimental conditions.
Input file for geometric morphometric analysis of all specimen from population Lake Constance (popLC) exposed fish kairomones
TPS data of all specimen from popLC exposed to fish kairomones.
Input file for geometric morphometric analysis of all specimen from population Lake Constance (popLC) exposed to control conditions
TPS data of all specimen from popLC exposed to control conditions.
Input file for geometric morphometric analysis of all specimen from population Müggelsee (popM) exposed to control an environmental conditions
TPS data of all specimen from popM exposed to control and environmental conditions.
Input file for geometric morphometric analysis of all specimen from population Müggelsee (popM) exposed to fish kairomones
TPS data of all specimen from popM exposed to fish kairomones.
Input file for geometric morphometric analysis of all specimen from population Müggelsee (popM) exposed to control conditions
TPS data of specimen from popM exposed to control conditions.
Information on experimental individuals
This file includes information on experimental individuals needed for the geometric mrophometric analysis in R.
Geometric morphometric analysis
This file includes code of the geometric morphometric analysis for the R environment.
Background information of ecological aspects of the four European lakes of which experimental genotypes originate from
Number of genotypes (N). Altitude (Alt.). Volume (Vol.). Maximum depth (Dep.). Average depth (Av. Dep.).
Overview of all genotypes used in experimental rounds
Principal component (PC) plot of overall shape variation
PC plot of superimposed Procrustes coordinates of all specimen. The thin plate spine grids show shapes associated with the positive end of the horizontal axis and the negative end of the vertical axis.
Reaction norms for the life history trait age at first reproduction (AFR)
Genotype mean (+/-SE) within one population are displayed for the trait AFR in days. The overall within population mean (+/-SE) is displayed in a population specific color. (A) Population Greifensee= popG= ’yellow’. (B) Population Jordan Reservoir= popJ= ’black’. (C) Population Lake Constance= popLC= ’magenta’. (D) Population Müggelsee= popM= ’green’.
Reaction norms for the life history trait total number of broods (broods)
Genotype mean (+/-SE) within one population are displayed for the trait broods. The overall within population mean (+/-SE) is displayed in a population specific color. (A) Population Greifensee= popG= ’yellow’. (B) Population Jordan Reservoir= popJ= ’black’. (C) Population Lake Constance= popLC= ’magenta’. (D) Population Müggelsee= popM= ’green’.
Reaction norms for the life history trait total number of offspring (offspring)
Genotype mean (+/-SE) within one population are displayed for the trait offspring. The overall within population mean (+/-SE) is displayed in a population specific color. (A) Population Greifensee= popG= ’yellow’. (B) Population Jordan Reservoir= popJ= ’black’. (C) Population Lake Constance= popLC= ’magenta’. (D) Population Müggelsee= popM= ’green’.
Reaction norms for the life history trait total number of offspring first brood (brood1)
Genotype mean (+/-SE) within one population are displayed for the trait brood1. The overall within population mean (+/-SE) is displayed in a population specific color. (A) Population Greifensee= popG= ’yellow’. (B) Population Jordan Reservoir= popJ= ’black’. (C) Population Lake Constance= popLC= ’magenta’. (D) Population Müggelsee= popM= ’green’.
Reaction norms for the life history trait somatic growth rate (SGR)
Genotype mean (+/-SE) within one population are displayed for the trait SGR in µm/day. The overall within population mean (+/-SE) is displayed in a population specific color. (A) Population Greifensee= popG= ’yellow’. (B) Population Jordan Reservoir= popJ= ’black’. (C) Population Lake Constance= popLC= ’magenta’. (D) Population Müggelsee= popM= ’green’.
Reaction norms for the life history trait body length (Size)
Genotype mean (+/-SE) within one population are displayed for the trait size in µm. The overall within population mean (+/-SE) is displayed in a population specific color. (A) Population Greifensee= popG= ’yellow’. (B) Population Jordan Reservoir= popJ= ’black’. (C) Population Lake Constance= popLC= ’magenta’. (D) Population Müggelsee= popM= ’green’.
Additional Information
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Author Contributions
Verena Tams conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft.
Jennifer Lüneburg performed the experiments, approved the final draft.
Laura Seddar performed the experiments, approved the final draft.
Jan-Philip Detampel analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, approved the final draft.
Mathilde Cordellier conceived and designed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft.
Animal Ethics
The following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals (i.e., approving body and any reference numbers):
Animal handling and experiments were in accordance with the ethical standards (approved for the execution of experiments on vertebrates No. 75/15).
Data Deposition
The following information was supplied regarding data availability:
The raw data include .Rmd files which can be run in the R environment and input files for each analysis.
For the life history trait (LHT) analysis 3 .Rmd files and 3 .txt files are provided.
For the geometric morphometric analysis 15 .TPS files, one .txt file (FK_classifier.txt) and one .RMd file (FK_shape_PeerJ.Rmd) are shared.
The raw data are provided in the Supplemental Files.
Funding
This work was supported by the Volkswagen Foundation (Grant No. 86030). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
