Distributional variability of bacterial wilt of chili incited by Ralstonia solanacearum in eight agro-ecological zones of Pakistan
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Abstract
Background. Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the major constraints in the production of chilies in Pakistan. As the information regarding distribution and prevalence of R. solanacearum is exiguous, the present studies were conducted during 2014-15 to determine the incidence and prevalence of R. solanacearum in the major chili growing areas from different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan. Results. The overall incidence and prevalence of R. solanacearum in the country was found to be 10% and 76% respectively. Of the four provinces, maximum disease incidence of 16.4% was recorded in Sindh province followed by Punjab and Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa showing 11.4% and 7% disease incidences respectively and the minimum incidence of 4.9% was observed in the province of Baluchistan. As regards prevalence, the same pattern was observed. Out of 8 agro-ecological zones the maximum disease incidence of 19.5% was observed in Indus delta followed by Sandy deserts (14.1%) while the minimum disease incidence of 5% was found in Western dry mountains. The disease incidence in other zones ranged between 5.4 and 14.1%. Similar trend was noticed regarding prevalence being the maximum in Indus delta (100%) followed by Southern irrigated plains (90%). Out of 114 R. solanacearum strains, 92 (81%) were identified as Biovar 3 while the remaining 22 (19%) were recognized as Biovar 4. Biovar 3 was recorded from all the four provinces and was found to be predominant in all the provinces while Biovar 4 was found in the Punjab and Sindh provinces only. Similarly, biovar 3 was observed from all the eight agro ecological zones and found to be predominant. On the other hand, biovar 4 was recorded from four agro ecological zones. Conclusions. The study provides first comprehensive report about the distribution of bacterial wilt of chilies in all the agro ecological zones of the country. The disease has been found fairly distributed in the country with varying intensities warranting stringent surveillance and control measures to minimize yield losses.
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2018. Distributional variability of bacterial wilt of chili incited by Ralstonia solanacearum in eight agro-ecological zones of Pakistan. PeerJ Preprints 6:e26668v1 https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.26668v1Author comment
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Incidence of bacterial wilt of chilies caused by R. solanacearum in ten sites of district Thatta (Indus Delta)
Incidence of bacterial wilt of chilies caused by R. solanacearum in ten sites of district Badin (Indus Delta)
Incidence of bacterial wilt of chilies caused by R. solanacearum in ten sites of district Mirpur Khas (Southern Irrigated Plain)
Incidence of bacterial wilt of chilies caused by R. solanacearum in ten sites of district Umer kot (Southern Irrigated Plain)
Incidence of bacterial wilt of chilies caused by R. solanacearum in ten sites of district Sanghar (Sandy Deserts)
Incidence of bacterial wilt of chilies caused by R. solanacearum in ten sites of district Bahawalpur (Sandy Deserts)
Incidence of bacterial wilt of chilies caused by R. solanacearum in ten sites of district Multan (Northern Irrigated Plain)
Incidence of bacterial wilt of chilies caused by R. solanacearum in ten sites of district Pak Pattan (Northern Irrigated Plain)
Incidence of bacterial wilt of chilies caused by R. solanacearum in ten sites of district Kasur (Northern Irrigated Plain)
Incidence of bacterial wilt of chilies caused by R. solanacearum in ten sites of district Attock (Barani Areas)
Incidence of bacterial wilt of chilies caused by R. solanacearum in ten sites of district Loralai (Western Dry Mountains)
Incidence of bacterial wilt of chilies caused by R. solanacearum in ten sites of district Karak (Western Dry Mountains)
Incidence of bacterial wilt of chilies caused by R. solanacearum in ten sites of district Barkhan (Suleiman Piedmont)
Incidence of bacterial wilt of chilies caused by R. solanacearum in ten sites of district Nowshera (Wet Mountains)
Individual response of 114 strains of R. solanacearum to different sugars and carbohydrates
Additional Information
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Author Contributions
Muhammad N Aslam conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft.
Tariq Mukhtar conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft.
Field Study Permissions
The following information was supplied relating to field study approvals (i.e., approving body and any reference numbers):
The farmers contacted with their consent are
Allah Wasaya, Shabbir Hussain, Ghulam Rasool, Ali Murad Rahoo, Bashir Ahmad, Shoukat Ibrahim, Nadeem Shah, Arqam Mubarak, Fayyaz Ahmad, Syed Fareed Naqvi, Ghulam Nabi, Pinwar, Sarwar Hussain, Jameel Ahmad, Muhammd Amjad, Sajjad Ali, Mukhtar Ahmad, Muhammad Younas, Fahad Nadeem, Talha Tahir, Tahir Khan Jamali, Muhammad ShahidBaloch, Ejaz Yaseen, Ahmad Khan, Waris Ahmad, Mir Hassan Baloch, Abdul Karim Jaffar, Rashid Minhas, Badar Naseem Siddiqui, Ramees Ahmad, Atta ur Rehman, Jehangir Mustafa, Inam Ulhaq, Ehsanullan, Sajid Aleem, Sheikh Muneeb, Faheem Ahmad, Zafar Iqbal, Muhammad Rehan, Zakir Hussain, Anwar ul Haq, M. Tariq-Khan, Moazzam Jameel, Nafees Ahmad, Raja Basharat Ali, Syed Ali Nawaz
The permission for conducting field surveys was given by my Ph.D. supervisor Prof. Dr. Tariq Mukhtar form PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
His email contact is drtmukhtar@uaar.edu.pk
We in Pakistan have access to every farmer fields. However, we verbally agree to visit the field in the better interests of the farmers.
Funding
The authors received no funding for this work. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.