Energy conservation prospects in water intensive Paddy-Wheat cropping system for groundwater pumping in the semi-arid region of Haryana

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Energy conservation prospects in water intensive Paddy-Wheat cropping system for groundwater pumping in the semi-arid region of Haryana Read the full article https://t.co/sDDRWbgT6Y #AgriculturalScience #Ecohydrology
Energy conservation prospects in water intensive Paddy-Wheat cropping system for groundwater pumping in the semi-arid region of Haryana Read the full article https://t.co/pdPHGbEmdu #AgriculturalScience #Ecohydrology
Environmental Science

Main article text

 

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Study area

Sampling strategy

Energy assessment

Efficiency of pumping sets

where, η is the overall efficiency of the pumping set. The water horsepower (WHP) was computed based on the discharge of the tube well and the estimated total head.

where, ηmin is minimum expected efficiency (%), ηchart is the expected efficiency from the chart based on head per stage and discharge, fn is the efficiency factor based on the number of stages, and fm is the motor efficiency factor. Values of both fn and fm were taken from BIS code IS 8034:2002. The minimum expected overall efficiency varied from 42.9% to 52.4% in the Sonipat block and 45.1% to 52.4% in the Rai block.

Irrigation water application efficiency

Energy requirement

in which E is the estimated electricity energy consumed (kWh); H is the total head on the pump (m), which is the sum of the depth of pumping water level below the ground surface (Fig. 2), the height of delivery pipe above the ground surface and total head loss due to friction. The water pumped for a particular crop depends on the gross depth of irrigation. Water pumped (ha-m) was estimated as under:

Results and discussion

Overall and minimum expected efficiency

Energy use and savings

Impact of groundwater level on energy use

Conclusions

  • The low overall efficiency of the existing tube wells (10–56.6%) indicated a wasteful use of energy for groundwater pumping for irrigation in the study area. Considering the scarcity of energy as well as recent concerns of energy generation related carbon emissions, it is imperative to take suitable measures for improving the efficiency of the pump sets.

  • Improving overall efficiency from the current level to the minimum expected level can lead to energy savings of 48.3% and 35.9% for tube wells in the Sonipat and Rai block, respectively. This suggests that adopting suitable corrective measures (e.g., proper selection and maintenance of pump sets) can lead to significant energy conservation.

  • In areas where groundwater is not declining rapidly (e.g., Sonipat block), replacement of existing inefficient pump sets with properly selected, and efficient pump sets may be attempted to achieve the potential energy saving in groundwater pumping. However, improving the efficiency of tube wells by replacing the existing inefficient pump sets alone may not be a sustainable solution in areas where groundwater is declining continuously (e.g., Rai block) and the same should be done in tandem with crop diversification, improving water application efficiency and groundwater status by means of improved irrigation management practices and adopting groundwater recharge techniques.

Supplemental Information

Additional Information and Declarations

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author Contributions

Kuldeep Singh conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Raj Kumar Jhorar conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Manohar Sahai Sidhpuria conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Mukesh Kumar conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Mukesh Kumar Mehla analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Data Availability

The following information was supplied regarding data availability:

The raw measurements are available in the Supplemental File.

Funding

The authors received no funding for this work.

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