Indomethacin reproducibly induces metamorphosis in Cassiopea xamachana scyphistomae
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Abstract
Cassiopea xamachana jellyfish are an attractive model system to study metamorphosis and/or cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis due to the ease of cultivation of their planula larvae and scyphistomae through their asexual cycle, in which the latter can bud new larvae and continue the cycle without differentiation into ephyrae. Then, a subsequent induction of metamorphosis and full differentiation into ephyrae is believed to occur when the symbionts are acquired by the scyphistomae. Although strobilation induction and differentiation into ephyrae can be accomplished in various ways, a controlled, reproducible metamorphosis induction has not been reported. Such controlled metamorphosis induction is necessary for an ensured synchronicity and reproducibility of biological, biochemical and molecular analyses. For this purpose, we tested if differentiation could be pharmacologically stimulated as in Aurelia aurita, by the metamorphic inducers thyroxine, KI, NaI, lugol's iodine, H2O2, indomethacin, or retinol. We found reproducibly induced strobilation by 50 µM indomethacin after 6 days of exposure, and 10-25 µM after 7 days. Strobilation under optimal conditions reached 80-100% with subsequent ephyrae release after exposure. Thyroxine yielded inconsistent results as it caused strobilation occasionally, while all other chemicals had no effect. Thus, indomethacin can be used as a convenient tool for assessment of biological phenomena through a controlled metamorphic process in C. xamachana scyphistomae.
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2016. Indomethacin reproducibly induces metamorphosis in Cassiopea xamachana scyphistomae. PeerJ Preprints 4:e2462v1 https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2462v1note This preprint is not peer-reviewed. You may wish to reference the subsequent peer-reviewed version of this article.
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Control or indomethacin concentration used for induction of C. xamachana polyp strobilation
Control or indomethacin concentration used for induction of C. xamachana polyp strobilation. Raw data for Fig 4. Controls or indomethacin concentrations used and strobilation results after days of treatment. Five polyps per well in triplicate wells were employed for every treatment. The number of polyps undergoing metamorphosis (numbers in red) was quantified on the mentioned day. No. of strobilating polyps was converted to percentages (numbers in black) and used for the statistical analysis.
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Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Author Contributions
Patricia Cabrales-Arellano conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables.
Tania Islas-Flores conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, reviewed drafts of the paper.
Patricia E. Thomé conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper.
Marco A. Villanueva conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper.
Data Deposition
The following information was supplied regarding data availability:
The raw data has been supplied as a supplementary file.
Funding
The work was funded by grants 175951 from the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) and IN-210514 from PAPIIT-UNAM. PC-A was supported by PhD fellowship No. 376650 from CONACyT. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.