Effects of different concentration of Ca (NO 3)2 on quinoa treated with salinity
- Published
- Accepted
- Subject Areas
- Agricultural Science, Plant Science
- Keywords
- Quinoa, Salinity, Calcium nitrate, Osmotic potential, Root characteristic, Stomatal characteristic
- Copyright
- © 2016 Yan et al.
- Licence
- This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ Preprints) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.
- Cite this article
- 2016. Effects of different concentration of Ca (NO 3)2 on quinoa treated with salinity. PeerJ Preprints 4:e1956v1 https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1956v1
Abstract
Salinity has some adverse effects on the morphology and physiology in many crops. To alleviate the damages of salinity, the applications of calcium nitrate on quinoa-treated NaCl (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) were investigated under the supported-hydroponic environment. The plants were exposed to 200mM NaCl with 20mM and 150mM Ca (NO 3 ) 2 (EC 18.61~37.85 ds·m -1 and osmotic potential -0.89~-1.71MPa), and sampled for measurements of osmotic potential, stomatal characteristics, and root characteristics. The presence of 200 mM NaCl alone decreased the relative parameters in different degrees. In all treatments, the indexes on stomatal characteristic were decreased with increasing electrical conductivity (EC) levels except for stomatal density. Stomatal conductance decreased more markedly when osmotic potential reached -0.89Mpa. Increasing in stomatal density observed in higher Ca(NO 3 ) 2 level (150mM) might be caused by the inhibition of cell division in the epidermis , which was also due to reduction of osmotic potential of the solutions.A similar trend was observed for osmotic potentials in the same tissue, which were deceased with increasing EC of the solutions. Although no significant differences in the all treatments were observed for the average diameter of roots, the beneficial effect of Ca(NO 3 ) 2 application at the concentration of 20 mM was significant in projected area, surface area, and volume. The phenomenon showed that moderate reduction in osmotic potential was favorable to cell extension due to maintaining cell turgor pressure. Much lower osmotic potential possibly inhibited cell division of root apical meristem. From the above results, it might be concluded that the effects of Ca(NO 3 ) 2 applications depended on the concentration, while the significant differences between the stomata and root morphology represented the tissue-specific as well.
Author Comment
Salinity is one of the most vital environmental stresses. Enhancing salinity tolerance by some means would be an important strategy to improve the crop productivity. Two cost-effective strategies of increasing crop yield are breeding tolerant genotypes, and application of chemical substances. As a kind of grain crop, quinoa has an excellent stability under freezing and retrogradation due to carbohydrate accumulation. Exogenous application of nutrient elements is one of efficient strategies minimizing the effects of salinity on plant productivity, such as Ca. The results of the present study may serve as a reference for future research on exogenous application of chemicals. The manuscript has never been submitted to a peer reviewed journal.
Supplemental Information
Table 1 - The physicalproperties of the treatments
A, Hoagland’s nutrient solution (control), without the addition of NaCl or Ca (NO 3 ) 2 ; B, Hoagland’s nutrient solution with 200mM NaCl; C, Hoagland’s nutrient solution with 200mM NaCl + 20mM Ca (NO 3 ) 2 ; D, Hoagland’s nutrient solution with 200mM NaCl + 150mM Ca (NO 3 ) 2 .
Table 2 - Effects of salt stress and calciumapplication on stomatal characteristicsin quinoa grown under greenhouse conditions
A, Hoagland’s nutrient solution (control), without the addition of NaCl or Ca (NO 3 ) 2 ; B, Hoagland’s nutrient solution with 200mM NaCl; C, Hoagland’s nutrient solution with 200mM NaCl + 20mM Ca (NO 3 ) 2 ; D, Hoagland’s nutrient solution with 200mM NaCl + 150mM Ca (NO 3 ) 2 . Different letters indicate significant differences according to LSD at p<0.05. Data were presented as the mean ± standard error (SE, n=4).
Table 3 - Effects of saltstress and calcium application on osmotic potential ( Ψ[i] π ) in quinoa grown under greenhouse conditions
A, Hoagland’s nutrient solution (control), without the addition of NaCl or Ca (NO 3 ) 2 ; B, Hoagland’s nutrient solution with 200mM NaCl; C, Hoagland’s nutrient solution with 200mM NaCl + 20mM Ca (NO 3 ) 2 ; D, Hoagland’s nutrient solution with 200mM NaCl + 150mM Ca (NO 3 ) 2 . Different letters indicate significant differences according to LSD at p<0.05. Data were presented as the mean ± standard error (SE, n=4).
Table 4 Effects of saltstress and calcium application on root morphology of quinoa grown undergreenhouse conditions
A, Hoagland’s nutrient solution (control), without the addition of NaCl or Ca (NO 3 ) 2 ; B, Hoagland’s nutrient solution with 200mM NaCl; C, Hoagland’s nutrient solution with 200mM NaCl + 20mM Ca (NO 3 ) 2 ; D, Hoagland’s nutrient solution with 200mM NaCl + 150mM Ca (NO 3 ) 2 . Different letters indicate significant differences according to LSD at p<0.05. Data were presented as the mean ± standard error (SE, n=4).