Optimization of viral resuspension methods for carbon-rich soils along a permafrost thaw gradient

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Introduction

Methods

Sample collection

Experimental overview

Experiment 1A: optimizing resuspension buffers

Experiment 1B: physical dispersion methods

Experiment 2: optimization of storage conditions

Experiment 3: optimization of concentration and purification methods

Results and Discussion

Experiment 1A: optimizing resuspension buffers

Experiment 1B: Physical dispersion methods

Experiment 2: optimization of sampling conditions

Experiment 3: optimization of concentration and purification methods

Conclusions

Supplemental Information

TEM micrographs of viruses and organic matter across a permafrost thaw gradient

Micrographs of a virus from the bog (A and C) and fen habitats (B and D), and a micrograph of peat from the palsa habitat (E).

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1999/supp-2

CsCl Recovery of VLPs

The recovery from CsCl purification was determined for deep samples across all three habitats. Samples were stored frozen without (A) or with (B) BSA or chilled without (C) and with BSA (D). An ∗ denotes statistically significant (p < 0.05) within the soil type.

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1999/supp-3

Additional Information and Declarations

Competing Interests

The authors declare there are no competing interests.

Author Contributions

Gareth Trubl conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Natalie Solonenko conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Lauren Chittick performed the experiments.

Sergei A. Solonenko performed the experiments, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Virginia I. Rich conceived and designed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Matthew B. Sullivan conceived and designed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Data Availability

The following information was supplied regarding data availability:

The raw data has been supplied as a Data S1.

Funding

This work was supported by the US Department of Energy Office of Biological and Environmental Research under the Genomic Science program (Award DESC0010580 to VR and MBS), and by a Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Investigator Award (GBMF#3790 to MBS). VR & GT received support through the Ecosystem Genomics Initiative, by the University of Arizona Technology and Research Initiative Fund, through the Water, Environmental and Energy Solutions Initiative. We thank the Abisko Scientific Research Station for sampling infrastructure. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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