What doesn’t kill them makes them stronger: an association between elongation factor 1-α overdominance in the sea star Pisaster ochraceus and “sea star wasting disease”

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Introduction

widespread die-offs on the west coast of North America… could exert a substantial selective force on Pisaster. Given the prevalence of pathogen resistance in earlier studies of overdominance, we believe this to be a probable explanation for the maintenance of the described… polymorphism.”

Methods

Pisaster and disease status

Temporal comparisons

Molecular methods

Statistical analyses

Results

Discussion

Evolutionary response

Disease in sea stars

Parallels with malaria

Conclusions

Supplemental Information

Genotype and metadata for analyzed specimens of Pisaster

All individual genotype data are provided in this spreadsheet, with the “Master Data” tab including all genotype and metadata used in analyses. Additional information specific to site collections are located on other tabs in the spreadsheet.

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1876/supp-1

Binomial regression output and AIC model selection information

This file provides output from model calls on raw data, sorted by model, followed by AIC model selection information.

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1876/supp-2

Additional Information and Declarations

Competing Interests

The authors declare there are no competing interests.

Author Contributions

John P. Wares conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Lauren M. Schiebelhut performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Field Study Permissions

The following information was supplied relating to field study approvals (i.e., approving body and any reference numbers):

All permits are listed in Supplemental Information 1. Specimens were collected under California Department of Fish and Wildlife permits #11794 to L Schiebelhut and #603 to MN Dawson, California State Parks permit to MN Dawson, and National Parks permits PORE-2012-SCI-0038, PORE-2013-SCI-0033, and REDW-2014-SCI-0018. Collections at Nanaimo were under Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans site permit at Pacific Biological Station; tissues from the San Juan Islands were re-sampled under permits for Eisenlord et al. (2016).

Data Availability

The following information was supplied regarding data availability:

The complete data set for this manuscript is provided as Supplemental Information.

Funding

Funds for this work come from California Sea Grant College Program grant #2012-R/ENV-223PD and National Science Foundation grant OCE-1243958 and OCE-1243970 (LMS), as well as National Science Foundation OCE-1015342 (JPW). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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