Genotypic characteristics of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI) and asymptomatic bacteriuria—a relational analysis

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Microbiology

Main article text

 

Introduction

Materials & Methods

Ethics approval

Identification of cUTI UPEC isolates

Phylogenetic analysis

Identification of virulence genes

Antibiotic sensitivity test

Phylogrouping, virulence gene detection and antibiotic susceptibility test of ASB E. coli isolates

Statistical analysis

Results

Phylogenetic analysis of cUTI UPEC isolates

Distribution of virulence genes among phylogroups

Antibiotic susceptibility test results

Distribution of phylogroups, virulence genes and multidrug resistance among different cUTI categories

Relational analysis of the occurrence of phylogroups and virulence determinants among UPEC isolates from different cUTI categories and ASB E. coli isolates

Co-occurrence analysis for the occurrence of virulence genes among cUTI UPEC and ASB E. coli isolates

Discussion

Analysis of the occurrence of phylogroups

Distribution of virulence genes among phylogroups

Relational analysis of the occurrence of virulence genes

Association of antimicrobial resistance among phylogroups

Relational analysis of phylogroups, distribution of virulence genes and MDR among different cUTI categories and ASB E. coli isolates

Limitations of the study

Conclusions

Supplemental Information

Phylogroups, identification of virulence genes and MDR potential of UPEC isolates

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15305/supp-1

Virulence genes used for conventional PCR

F: Forward primer, R: Reverse primer, Tm (° C) is the melting temperature used for the respective primer

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15305/supp-2

Additional Information and Declarations

Competing Interests

Cindy Shuan Ju Teh is an Academic Editor for PeerJ.

Author Contributions

Lalitha Maniam conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Kumutha Malar Vellasamy conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Teng Aik Ong conceived and designed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, sample collection, and approved the final draft.

Cindy Shuan Ju Teh conceived and designed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Kartini Abdul Jabar conceived and designed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, sample collection, and approved the final draft.

Vanitha Mariappan conceived and designed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Vallikkannu Narayanan conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, sample collection, and approved the final draft.

Jamuna Vadivelu conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Vinod Pallath conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Ethics

The following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals (i.e., approving body and any reference numbers):

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Universiti Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) Medical research ethics committee (MRECID 201765-5313).

Data Availability

The following information was supplied regarding data availability:

The raw data measurements are available in the Supplementary File.

Funding

Vinod Pallath received the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) from Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia under the grant number FRGS/1/2018/SKK08/UM/02/1 (FP026-2018A). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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