Gram-negative ESKAPE bacteria bloodstream infections in patients during the COVID-19 pandemic

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Microbiology

Main article text

 

Introduction

Material and Methods

Clinical setting

Bacterial isolation

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing

Genotypic identification of ESBLs, carbapenemases and mcr-1

Detection of the efflux pumps phenotype

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)

Typing of multilocus sequences

Statistical analyses

Results

Local setting

Clinical isolates

Antibiotic susceptibility pattern

ESBLs, MBLs and mcr-1 production

Efflux pumps phenotype

Genotyping of bacterial isolates

MLST sequence types among A. baumannii isolates causing nosocomial outbreaks

Multi-resistance analysis in COVID-19 vs non-COVID-19 patients

Discussion

Conclusion

Supplemental Information

Gram negative raw data

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15007/supp-1

Images full-length uncropped gels

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15007/supp-2

Additional Information and Declarations

Competing Interests

The authors declare there are no competing interests.

Author Contributions

María Dolores Alcántar-Curiel conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Manuel Huerta-Cedeño conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft.

Ma Dolores Jarillo-Quijada analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft.

Catalina Gayosso-Vázquez analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft.

José Luis Fernández-Vázquez analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

María Luisa Hernández-Medel performed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Manuelita Zavala-Pineda performed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Miguel Ángel Morales-Gil performed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Verónica Alejandra Hernández-Guzmán performed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Manuel Ismael Bolaños-Hernández performed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Silvia Giono-Cerezo conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

José Ignacio Santos-Preciado analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Ethics

The following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals (i.e., approving body and any reference numbers):

The Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga granted Ethical approval to carry out the study within its facilities (Ethical Application Ref: DI720/405/03/10; 27 February 2020).

DNA Deposition

The following information was supplied regarding the deposition of DNA sequences:

Sequence accession numbers are in the Supplemental File.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/.

Data Availability

The following information was supplied regarding data availability:

The raw measurements are available in the Supplementary File.

Funding

This work was supported by the Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (UNAM-PAPIIT-DGAPA) grant number IN217721 and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT México) grant number Ciencia de Frontera 2019-171880. MH-C received fellowship (grant number 1035418) from CONACYT for MSc studies. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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