Rise, and pronounced regional variation, in methylphenidate, amphetamine, and lisdexamfetamine distribution in the United States

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Brain, Cognition and Mental Health

Main article text

 

Introduction

Materials & Methods

Data sources

Data analysis

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

Supplemental Information

Drug Enforcement Administration 2017 Retail drug summary report

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12619/supp-1

Additional Information and Declarations

Competing Interests

Brian J Piper is part of an osteoarthritis research team supported by Pfizer. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author Contributions

Sneha M. Vaddadi conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft.

Nicholas J. Czelatka performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft.

Belsy D. Gutierrez performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft.

Bhumika C. Maddineni performed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft.

Kenneth L. McCall conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft.

Brian J. Piper conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft.

Human Ethics

The following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals (i.e., approving body and any reference numbers):

Institutional Review Board approval was obtained from the University of New England (#20180410-009) and Geisinger (2019-0598).

Data Availability

The following information was supplied regarding data availability:

The Drug Enforcement Administration data is available in the Supplementary File.

The Medicaid data is available at the Medicaid site: https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/prescription-drugs/state-drug-utilization-data/index.html.

Funding

Software employed in this project was provided by the NIEHS (T32-ES007060-31A1). Sneha M. Vaddadi and Brian J. Piper were supported by the Fahs Beck Fund for Research and Experimentation. Nicholas J. Czelatka and Belsy D. Gutierrez were supported by the Health Resources Services Administration (D34HP31025). Publication costs were generously provided by the Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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