Reef growth and limestone erosion
- Published
- Accepted
- Subject Areas
- Computational Biology, Marine Biology, Biosphere Interactions
- Keywords
- Astrobiology, Biogeomorphology, Cone karst, Coral reef, Exobiology, Geomorphology, Lithology, Self-organization, Simulation, Slope stability
- Copyright
- © 2018 Blakeway
- Licence
- This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ Preprints) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.
- Cite this article
- 2018. Reef growth and limestone erosion. PeerJ Preprints 6:e963v2 https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.963v2
Abstract
Because the shapes and forms of many coral reefs resemble karst (erosion landforms created by dissolution of limestone), it is widely believed that those reefs have grown on karst foundations, and that Holocene growth perpetuates the underlying topography. However, this concept has become difficult to reconcile with the increasing amount of seismic and coring evidence demonstrating that several karst-like reef features are entirely constructional. Here I use cellular automata simulations to show that coral reefs resemble karst limestones not because they are built on karst foundations, but because reef growth and limestone erosion are fundamentally the same process, running in opposite directions. Coral reef landscapes resemble karst because they are in fact inverse karst—the basic spectrum of reef growth forms mirrors the basic spectrum of limestone erosion forms. In both growth and erosion, the development of form is a self-organized process emerging from local-scale interactions. The essential morphological control in both cases is slope stability, which depends on the composition of each system: coral type in reefs and lithology (rock type) in limestones. Solid, well-cemented reefs and limestones, which can maintain steep slopes without collapsing, produce nodular reefs and tower karst respectively, whereas unconsolidated, friable reefs and limestones, which frequently collapse, produce cellular reefs and cone karst. The growth forms produced in the model should theoretically apply to all modular skeleton-building organisms growing in a fluid medium, and may therefore provide useful templates in the search for extraterrestrial life. While none of the model forms can be considered unequivocally diagnostic of life, because all could conceivably arise through inanimate crystallization, the model’s seemingly accurate rendition of biogenic carbonate morphology on earth suggests that it may provide a useful foundation for evaluating and exploring the range of macroscale self-organized biogenic structures that could arise on other planets.
Author Comment
This preprint is a summary, in the form of an extended abstract, of an article I intend to develop and submit to PeerJ for review. It explores the apparent inverse relationship between patterns of growth in coral reefs and erosion in limestones, showing that both can be accurately reproduced in a simple model.
Version 2 incorporates images showing the influence of the October 2013 Bohol earthquake on the cone karst of the Chocolate Hills, Bohol, Philippines.
Supplemental Information
Cellular reef development
Cellular reef development at 5 iteration intervals to 100 iterations, then 120, 140 and 160 iterations.
Cone karst development
Cone karst development at 5 iteration intervals to 100 iterations, then 120, 140 and 160 iterations.