Three-dimensional anatomy of the knee joint of ostriches (Struthio camelus)
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Abstract
The three-dimensional anatomy of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) knee (femorotibial, femorofibular, and femoropatellar) joint has scarcely been studied, and could elucidate certain mechanobiological properties of sesamoid bones. The adult ostrich is unique in that it has double patellae, while another similar ratite bird, the emu, has none. Understanding why these patellae form and what purpose they may serve is dually important for future studies on ratites as well as understanding mechanobiological characteristics of sesamoid bone development. For this purpose, we present a three-dimensional anatomical study of the ostrich knee joint, detailing osteology, ligaments and menisci, and myology. We have identified seven muscles which connect to the two patellae and compare our findings to past descriptions. These descriptions can be used to further study the biomechanical loading and implications of the double patella in the ostrich.
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2014. Three-dimensional anatomy of the knee joint of ostriches (Struthio camelus) PeerJ PrePrints 2:e547v1 https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.547v1note This preprint is not peer-reviewed. You may wish to reference the subsequent peer-reviewed version of this article.
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This submission is under review at PeerJ.
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Competing Interests
John R Hutchinson is an Academic Editor for PeerJ.
Author Contributions
Kyle P Chadwick conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper.
Sophie Regnault contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.
Vivian Allen wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.
John R. Hutchinson conceived and designed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.
Animal Ethics
The following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals (i.e., approving body and any reference numbers):
All study material was cadaveric, therefore no ethical approval was needed.
Data Deposition
The following information was supplied regarding the deposition of related data:
3D PDF and STL models will be hosted on Dryad if accepted to PeerJ.
Funding
This work was completed with funding from the Leverhulme Trust (grant no. RPG-2013-108). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.