Crustacean amphipods from marsh ponds: a nutritious feed resource with potential application in Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture.
- Published
- Accepted
- Subject Areas
- Aquaculture, Fisheries and Fish Science, Food Science and Technology, Marine Biology, Natural Resource Management
- Keywords
- Alternative prey, amino acid, amphipods, aquaculture, major metal, fatty acid, ponds, nutrition, marsh, lipid classes
- Copyright
- © 2017 Jiménez-Prada et al.
- Licence
- This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ Preprints) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.
- Cite this article
- 2017. Crustacean amphipods from marsh ponds: a nutritious feed resource with potential application in Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture. PeerJ Preprints 5:e3220v1 https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3220v1
Abstract
Coastal protection, nutrient cycling, erosion control, water purification, and carbon sequestration are ecosystem services provided by salt marshes. Additionally, the salt ponds offers coastal breeding and nursery habitat to fishes and invertebrates providing abundant amphipods potentially useful as a resource in aquaculture. Fishmeal and fish oil are necessary food resources to support aquaculture of carnivorous species due to their omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA). Their dependence on limited fisheries constrains growth of aquaculture and the need for n-3 LC-PUFA recommends the development of more sustainable food sources. Due to their extensive feeding on detritus and primary producers, amphipods appear as potential and high quality alternative feed resource for aquaculture. Hence, a nutritional study was carried out for main amphipods species -Microdeutopus gryllotalpa, Monocorophium acherusicum, Gammarus insensibilis, Melita palmata and Cymadusa filosa- at South Spain aquaculture terrestrial ponds . These species showed a high protein content (up to 40%), high n-3 PUFA and phospholipid levels, and high levels of phophatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and triacylglycerols(TAG), the latter significantly high for M. acherusicum . M. gryllotalpa and M. acherusicum showed the highest proportion of lipids (19.15% and 18.35%, respectively). Isoleucine, glycine and alanine were the dominant amino acids in all species. In addition, amphipods collected from ponds showed low levels of heavy metals. Furthermore, the biochemical profile of the five amphipods have been compared with other studied alternatives preys. Therefore, amphipods of ponds are good candidates to be used as feed, and are proposed as a new sustainable economic resource to use in aquaculture. G. insensibilis may be the best to be intensively cultured as an alternative feed resource because shows: 1) adequate PUFAS n-3 and PL composition; 2) high levels of glycine, alanine, tyrosine, isoleucine and lysine; 3) high natural densities; 4) large body size ( ≥ 1 cm) and 5) high concentration of Calcium. Moreover, a combined culture of amphipods and fishes in these marsh ponds seems a promising and environmentally sustainable way to develop Integrate Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in these ecosystems.
Author Comment
This is a submission to PeerJ for review.
Supplemental Information
Raw data of proteins, ashes, carbohydrates and total lipids
Raw data of proteins, ashes, carbohydrates and total lipids separeted by species and stations