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Ginsenoside Rk1 bioactivity: A systematic review

, , , , , , , , , ,
1 Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
2 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh city, Viet Nam
3 Tanta University Hospital, Tanta, Egypt
4 Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
5 Department of Medicine, Tripoli central hospital, Tripoli, Libya
6 Department of pediatrics, Zagazig university hospitals, Sharkia, Egypt
7 Dirghayu Guru Hospital and Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
8 Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
9 Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
10 Department of Clinical Product Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Leading Graduate School Program, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
DOI
10.7287/peerj.preprints.3013v1
Published
Accepted
Subject Areas
Plant Science, Evidence Based Medicine, Pharmacology
Keywords
ginsenoside, systematic review, Rk1, clinical pharmacology
Copyright
© 2017 Elshafay et al.
Licence
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ Preprints) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.
Cite this article
Elshafay A, Tinh NX, Salman S, Shaheen YS, Othman EB, Elhady MT, Kansakar AR, Tran L, Van L, Hirayama K, Huy NT. 2017. Ginsenoside Rk1 bioactivity: A systematic review. PeerJ Preprints 5:e3013v1

Abstract

Abstract Ginsenoside Rk1 (G-Rk1) is one of the unique components created by processing ginseng at high temperature, in particular of Sun Ginseng (SG). The aim of our study was to systematically review the pharmacological effects of G-Rk1.we conducted our search in eight databases and searched manually to select in vivo and in vitro original studies that provided information about biological pharmaceutical effects of G-Rk1 and were published up to August 2015 with no restriction in language or study design. We retrieved 21 eligible papers out of 121 identified ones. Some studies confirmed the G-Rk1 anticancer effects by investigating “cell viability”, “cell proliferation inhibition”, “apoptotic activity”, “anticancer activity” and “effects of G-Rk1 on G1 phase and autophagy in tumor cells” either alone or in combination with G-Rg5. Others proved that it has anti-platelet aggregation activities and anti-inflammatory effects, enhances cognitive function, reduces lipid accumulation and prevents osteoporosis. In conclusion, G-Rk1 has a significant anti-tumor effect of liver cancer, melanoma, and gastric cancer. Additionally, G-Rk1 has demonstrated as anti-platelet aggregation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-lipid accumulation. All these results corroborate the clinical effects of G-Rk1 and demonstrate the potential possibility to develop G-Rk1-based treatments, either alone or in combination with G-Rg5, with previously mentioned conditions.

Author Comment

This is a submission to PeerJ for review.

Supplemental Information

Supplement Table 1. Search strategy of our systematic review

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.3013v1/supp-3

Evaluation of the quality of evidence of the included studies

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.3013v1/supp-4

Additional Information

Competing Interests

Authors (AE, NXO, SS, YSS, EBO, MTE, ARK, LT, LV) are members of Online Research Club (ORC). NTH is the founder of ORC. The authors declare no competing financial interest

Author Contributions

Abdelrahman Elshafay conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Ngo Xuan Tinh conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Samar Salman conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Yara Saber Shaheen conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Eman Bashir Othman conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Mohamed Tamer Elhady conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Aswin Ratna Kansakar conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Linh Tran conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Le Van conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Kenji Hirayama conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Nguyen Tien Huy conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Data Deposition

The following information was supplied regarding data availability:

The raw data is included in the manuscript in Table 1, 2, and 3

Funding

This study was supported in part by a "Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)" (16H05844, 2016–2019 for Nguyen Tien Huy) from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan and by the Japan Initiative for Global Research Network on Infectious Diseases (J-GRID) for Kenji Hirayama. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.

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Ginsenoside Rk1 bioactivity: A systematic review
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