The interplay of the type II TA system with other processes

The type II toxin antitoxin (TA) system is the most well-studied TA system and is widely distributed in bacteria, especially pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Type II TA system plays an important role in many cellular processes, including maintaining the stability of mobile genetic elements, and bacterial altruistic suicide in response to nutritional starvation, environmental stress and phage infection. Interactions between toxin proteins and antitoxin proteins are critical for the regulation and function of type II TA systems; indeed, the understanding of their function is mainly derived from interaction and regulation of paired TA system proteins. Nonetheless, investigating interaction between unpaired TA system proteins, and the interaction between TA system proteins and other functional proteins, are becoming more common and have provided new insight into the complexity of its regulatory mechanism. In this review, we outlined the cross-interaction between TA system proteins, and the interaction between TA system proteins and other functional proteins, and we are trying to explain novel mechanism of TA system in the regulation of cellular activities. On this basis, we further discussed the knowledge and physiological implications of the relevant aspects of TA system research.