A review: Possible optimization of Cas9-sgRNA nuclease delivery via ingested lipid nanoparticles bioencapsulated within plant cell-based enfolding

The possibility of gene editing to correct disorders is one of the most impactful therapeutic agents, currently. CRISPR Cas9-sgRNA nucleases can be used to cleave and to delete harmful or pathogenic DNA sequences, which cause genetic disorders. Cas9 nuclease includes palindromic repeats that cut and delete a single point mutation or multiple DNA target site sequences. The Cas9, attached to a sgRNA or a guiding RNA, finds and then cleaves the target DNA sequence. The Cas9-sgRNA method of cleavage has corrected DNA mutations that cause cataracts in the eyes, cystic fibrosis, and chronic granulomatous disease. However, there are issues with an effective delivery of Cas9-sgRA to target DNA sequences. Delivering Cas-9 nucleases are negatively affected by off-target DNA sites, sgRNA design, off-target cleavage, Cas9 activation, and the method of delivery. This review focuses on oral and ingested delivery methods to effectively guide the transport of Cas9-sgRNA nucleases in vivo. This review presents possible alternatives for nuclease delivery within optimized lipid-nanoparticles, plant, algae, and bacterial-based orally ingested edibles. This review attempts to provide evidence in support of the higher effectiveness of ingesting therapeutic bioencapsulated edibles because the edibles can directly contact immune cells within the gastrointestinal tract for blood or lymph circulation.