Multi-gene phylogeny and divergence estimations for Evaniidae (Hymenoptera)
- Published
- Accepted
- Subject Areas
- Entomology, Evolutionary Studies, Taxonomy
- Keywords
- taxonomy, evolution, ensign wasp
- Copyright
- © 2018 Sharanowski et al.
- Licence
- This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ Preprints) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.
- Cite this article
- 2018. Multi-gene phylogeny and divergence estimations for Evaniidae (Hymenoptera) PeerJ Preprints 6:e27329v1 https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.27329v1
Abstract
Ensign wasps (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae) develop as predators of cockroach eggs (Blattodea), have a wide distribution and exhibit numerous interesting biological phenomena. The taxonomy of this lineage has been the subject of several recent, intensive efforts, but the lineage lacked a robust phylogeny. In this paper we present a new phylogeny, based on increased taxonomic sampling and data from six molecular markers (mitochondrial 16S and COI, and nuclear markers 28S, RPS23, CAD, and AM2), the latter used for the first time in phylogenetic reconstruction. Our intent is to provide a robust phylogeny that will stabilize and facilitate revision of the higher-level classification. We also show the continued utility of molecular motifs, especially the presence of an intron in the RPS23 fragments of certain taxa, to diagnose evaniid clades and assist with taxonomic classification. Furthermore, we estimate divergence times among evaniid lineages for the first time, using multiple fossil calibrations. Evaniidae radiated primarily in the Early Cretaceous (134.1-141.1 Mya), with and most extant genera diverging near the K-T boundary. The estimated phylogeny reveals a more robust topology than previous efforts, with the recovery of more monophyletic taxa and better higher-level resolution. The results facilitate a change in ensign wasp taxonomy, with Parevania, syn. nov., and Papatuka, syn. nov. becoming junior synonyms of Zeuxevania, and Acanthinevania, syn. nov. being designated as junior synonym of Szepligetella. We transfer 30 species to Zeuxevania, either reestablishing past combinations or as new combinations. We also transfer 20 species from Acanthinevania to Szepligetella as new combinations.
Author Comment
This is a submission to PeerJ for review.
Supplemental Information
Voucher specimen information
Data regarding voucher specimen collection dates and localities and repositories.
Data file used in final phylogeny and divergence time estimation analyses
Nexus file of alined sequences used for analyses.
Table S1. Taxonomic and Genetic Sampling
Taxonomic and Genetic Sampling. Exemplars used from Deans et al. (2006) are listed with the reference from that paper (Deans ID) beside the internal voucher number (Extract ID). Included genes for each taxon are marked with an x. Gene codes: 28S for 28S rDNA; AM2 for alpha-mannosidase II; CAD1 and CAD2 for carbamoyl-phosphate sythetase-asparate transcarbamoylase-dihydroorotase (CAD) (for amplicon regions for each segment, see Figure 1); RPS23 for Ribosomal Protein S23; COI for cytochrome oxidase I; and 16S for 16S rDNA
Primers and PCR protocols used in this study
For protein-coding genes, the Primer Name is based off the amino acid position in the Apis mellifera CDS for that gene. An Alternate Primer Name is given if a different name was used in a previously published study or in-house.
Average nucleotide composition (%) across genes
Highlighted genes indicate that the test for base composition homogeneity across taxa was falsified. Statistics are provided below the table.
Recovered clades across individual genes and concatenated analyses (All genes)
Monophyletic clades are marked with an x, which is shaded grey if the posterior probability was 0.95 or greater. N/A indicates that there was a missing taxon so the clade could not be recovered. A “C” preceding a taxon name in a cell indicates that a congruent clade was recovered even though the indicated taxon was missing. Taxon Abbreviations are as follows: Mic (Micrevania); Bra (Brachygaster); Pro (Prosevania); Tri (Trissevania); Eva (Evania); Zeu (Zeuxevania); Par (Parevania); CEv (Evaniscus); Dec (Decevania); Sem (Semaeomyia); Hyp (Hyptia); Alo (Alobevania); LEv (Evaniella); Sze (Szepligetella); Aca (Acanthinevania).
Individual gene trees
Bayesian analysis of each gene individually for Evaniidae. Posterior probabilities are listed beside each node
Sequence motifs
Figures that illustrate the unique sequence motifs (RPS23 and 28S rDNA) for certain lineages of Evaniidae
Estimated divergence times for Evaniidae under a normal distribution
Posterior probabilities are listed beside the relevant node. The 95% HDP for all clades is listed in Table 2. The scale is in millions of years.
Figure Maximum Likelihood results
Maximum Likelihood analyses of the concatenated dataset. Bootstrap values are listed beside each node.
Fossil calibration points and references
Fossil calibration points and references for the divergence time estimation analyses.