Development of a semi-defined medium for high cell density cultivation of Escherichia coli in shake flask culture system: Part 1

Sufficient quantities of cells of consistent characteristics are needed for studying processes - at the population level and beyond - in many areas of applied microbiology research. Nevertheless, given the relatively low biomass yield of many commercial culture media in shake flasks, producing the requisite biomass by cell culture is generally the rate-limiting step. This work reports the formulation of a semi-defined medium that enabled aerobic high cell density cultivation of Escherichia coli DH5α (ATCC 53868) in shake flasks. The formulated medium (FM) comprises: a buffer system (K₂HPO₄: 12.54 g/L and KH₂PO₄: 2.31 g/L); vitamins and trace elements (yeast extract: 12.0 g/L); salts (NaCl: 5.0 g/L and MgSO₄: 0.24 g/L); and carbon and nitrogen sources (D-Glucose: 6.0 g/L and NH₄Cl: 1.5 g/L). Notable characteristics of this medium are: high buffer capacity (89 mM phosphate), 1:1 molar ratio between D-Glucose and NH₄Cl, and yeast extract providing trace elements and a secondary source of carbon and nitrogen. Preliminary data revealed that an OD_600nm of 9 was attained after 24 hours of cultivation at 37 ^oC – most probably fuelled by glucose and NH₄Cl. At 48 hours, the OD_600nm reached a maximal value of 11 with yeast extract providing the necessary nutrients for cell growth and biomass formation. The broth’s pH varied between 5.5 and 7.8 during cultivation. For comparison, the maximum OD_600nm of E. coli grown in three commonly used complex media: Nutrient Broth, LB Lennox, and Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) were 1.4, 3.2 and 9.2, respectively, under identical culture conditions. Finally, FM maintained the viability of a larger population for three days - compared to a population collapse observed in TSB after one day. Taken together, the present findings suggest that the formulated medium may find use as a high cell density aerobic growth medium for E. coli in shake flask. Part 2 of this work describes improvements in medium performance - specifically, higher cell yield as well as a shorter diauxic lag phase and total culture period – achieved through a small reduction in D-Glucose and NH₄Cl concentrations in the medium composition. A preprint of the work is available at https://peerj.com/preprints/117v1.