Aichi Target 18 beyond 2020: mainstreaming Traditional Biodiversity Knowledge in the conservation and sustainable use of marine and coastal ecosystems

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Aquatic Biology

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Introduction

I. Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services

II. TK, Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities

III. Convention on Biological Diversity

IV. Aichi Biodiversity Target 18 beyond 2020: Priority Actions

Priority #1. Recognizing and incorporating Indigenous Peoples’ rights under international law into local, sub-national, national and regional legislation

Priority #2. Integrating Indigenous and community-based targets and indicators into national and international biodiversity frameworks

Priority #3. Enhancing and ensuring the full inclusion of Traditional Biodiversity Knowledge and equitable participation of IPLCs in local, national, regional and global biodiversity conservation decision-making and policy-making processes

Priority #4. Creating mechanisms for Biodiversity Knowledge Systems interface, cross-validation and valuation

Priority #5. Increasing international funds to support IPLC initiatives and creation of IPLC organizations

Priority #6. Strengthening and promoting Indigenous and Community-based Marine Conserved and Protected Areas

Priority #7. Documentation and application of Traditional Biodiversity Knowledge for the benefit of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities.

Priority #8. Community-based education programs in Indigenous languages

Priority #9. Place-based community biodiversity conservation, participatory planning, research, and monitoring

Priority #10. Including gender participatory approaches to assess the role of women in marine and coastal biodiversity, conservation, sustainable biocultural use, and food security and sovereignty

Key messages

  • This Perspective highlights the need to further multidisciplinary and culturally appropriate efforts across different governance levels to recognize and engage IPLCs as key biodiversity conservation and land-use decision-makers in local, sub-national, national, regional and international decision- and policy-making processes that affect their rights, TBK, ancestral territories, lands and waters, and well-being.

  • Mandatory inclusive cross-sectoral actions, legislation, policies, and agreements co-developed with the full and equitable participation of IPLCs based on international human rights instruments, customary laws, and traditional land tenure and government systems are needed to recognize, respect, and protect IPLCs’ rights to govern, manage and use their ancestral territories, lands, and waters, and to self-determination. At the same time, it is urgent to support, strengthen, and promote successful place-based community conservation schemes and traditional sustainable biocultural practices, and protect IPLCs’ TBKS, languages, and ways of life.

  • Halting the biodiversity crisis requires profound societal, legal, and institutional transformative changes that boost both individual and collective awareness of the importance of nature to humanity, which is indispensable for the sustainable use and protection of healthy and resilient ecosystems and their biodiversity. The ten priorities identified in this Perspective could serve as a roadmap for governments, organizations, decision- and policymakers, and other relevant actors to embrace an inclusive and holistic rights-based community conservation approach as a cost-effective strategy to ensure the long-lasting preservation of the remaining biodiversity-rich and ancient ecosystems with very low human intervention.

  • Ongoing negotiations of the Zero Draft of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework and the upcoming UN Biodiversity Conference (CBD COP15) offer an opportunity to Parties to the CBD to reinforce their commitment and leadership to craft an effective global path forward to prevent further habitat and biodiversity losses and safeguard Key Biodiversity Areas. The pathways towards biodiversity conservation must reflect ambitious post-2020 Global Biodiversity Targets and national agendas aligned with the 2050 vision of “Living in harmony with nature”, which will likely determine the fate of the diversity of life on Earth.

  • While several countries have advanced the recognition of IPLCs’ rights, political will or significant political changes will likely influence how these perspectives and future biodiversity targets can be achieved. Therefore, keeping a Global Biodiversity Target exclusively for IPLCs, TBK, community conservation schemes, and the customary use of biodiversity in the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework with measurable goals and culturally appropriate implementation and monitoring mechanisms is paramount.

  • Involving IPLCs as biodiversity conservation decision-makers in the negotiations of the post-2020 framework is critical for setting more ambitious, inclusive, measurable, and well-defined Global Biodiversity Targets and participatory implementation mechanisms that take into account intergenerational, gender equity and rights-based approaches. Besides, it is crucial to include IPLCs as central actors and decision-makers in the update, implementation, monitoring, evaluation, and review of local, sub-national, and national biodiversity targets and action plans, and in the design of conservation policies and programs.

  • Although some quantitative indicators have been adopted to measure progress towards achieving Target 18, they refer mainly to linguistic and land ownership issues. A holistic scope is necessary to identify and include quantitative and qualitative education, culture, health, and well-being indicators that consider diverse BKS.

  • The official recognition, support, and promotion of community-based conserved areas and other IPLC biodiversity conservation schemes and their inclusion into fair and equitable national conservation and PAs systems could contribute to not only reaching national and global biodiversity conservation goals but also climate change, sustainability, and social equity targets, and to preserving diverse TBKS and biocultural diversity. Therefore, it is essential to establish an International Biodiversity Conservation Fund along regional and national multi-donor funds to exclusively and directly support place-based community conservation without intermediaries, as recommended in this Perspective.

  • Facilitating, enhancing, and promoting equitable cross-validation and valuation mechanisms for diverse BKS, including TBKS, and knowledge co-creation processes are necessary to tackling biodiversity loss and climate change from local to global levels. The valuation of diverse BKS could benefit the design of inclusive and culturally ad hoc conservation and financial schemes, environmental policies, research, education and gender equity programs.

  • Additionally, it is necessary to increase the funds of the Voluntary Funding Mechanism to ensure the full and equitable participation of IPLCs in the development of Global Biodiversity Frameworks and Outlooks and in all relevant processes of the Convention. Including to cover the fees of interpreters and translators for IPLC full and effective participation in related decision-and policy-making and communication processes.

  • Given the increased number of efforts and programs of several international organizations and intergovernmental bodies, including the CBD, FAO, IPBES, UNESCO, and UNFCCC, to engage IPLCs and integrate TK in their respective processes and assessments, and biodiversity conservation, this Perspective recommends bolstering multilateral collaborative initiatives at local, sub-national, national, and regional levels through capacity development and promotion of multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral dialogues.

  • Furthermore, this Perspective emphasizes the importance of creating and interlinking national, regional, and global platforms specifically designed to gather documents, make accessible, and communicate the resolutions and recommendations resulting from national and international workshops, forums, webinars, and meetings on issues related to IPLCs and TBK.

  • Such interlinked platforms are indispensable to determine commonalities, reduce time-efforts, and avoid work duplications and could have a significant influence if translated into multiple languages, including Indigenous languages. These collaborative initiatives could further help communicate and advance international environmental agreements and assessments by fostering multilateral cooperation while guiding Parties, organizations, scientists, and other stakeholders on how to mainstreaming TBK, biodiversity conservation, and IPLCs’ rights across different sectors and government systems.

Supplemental Information

Description of Articles and Targets included in Figure 2.

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9616/supp-2

Additional Information and Declarations

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author Contributions

Paola Fajardo conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, conceived, designed and prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, conceived the research topic for the working group ‘Application of Biodiversity Knowledge’, conducted and coordinated the research study, wrote all the versions of the manuscript, provided research priorities suggestions, proposed case studies, participated in the workshop ‘Application of Biodiversity Knowledge’ at the 2018 4th WCMB, and approved the final draft.

David Beauchesne conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, determined the general research topic for the mentoring program of the 2018 4th WCMB, reviewed the first draft of the manuscript, and approved the final draft.

Alberto Carbajal-López performed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, reviewed and edited some paragraphs of initial drafts, provided research priorities suggestions and literature on fisheries, and approved the final draft.

Rémi M. Daigle conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, determined the general research topic for the mentoring program of the 2018 4th WCMB, provided research priorities suggestions, and approved the final draft.

L. Denisse Fierro-Arcos performed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, reviewed and edited some paragraphs of previous drafts, provided research priorities suggestions, proposed a case study, participated in the workshop ‘Application of Biodiversity Knowledge’ at the 2018 4th WCMB, and approved the final draft.

Jesica Goldsmit conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, determined the general research topic for the mentoring program of the 2018 4th WCMB, reviewed the first draft of the manuscript, and approved the final draft.

Sabine Zajderman performed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, reviewed and edited some paragraphs of initial drafts, provided research priorities suggestions, participated in the workshop ‘Application of Biodiversity Knowledge’ at the 2018 4th WCMB, and approved the final draft.

Juan I. Valdez-Hernández analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, reviewed a previous version of the manuscript, and approved the final draft.

María Yolanda Terán Maigua analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, reviewed and edited some paragraphs of a previous version of the manuscript, and approved the final draft.

Ronaldo A. Christofoletti conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, supervised the working group on ‘Application of Biodiversity Knowledge’ at the 2018 4th WCMB, provided research priorities suggestions, drafted paragraphs related to science communication and citizen science, reviewed previous versions of the manuscript, and approved the final draft.

Data Availability

The following information was supplied regarding data availability:

This study did not generate any raw data as it is a Perspective Paper.

Funding

The authors received no financial support to conduct this independent research, prepare the manuscript, nor for the authorship. This publication was sponsored by the NSERC Canadian Healthy Oceans Network and its Partners: Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada and INREST (representing the Port of Sept-Îles and City of Sept-Îles). To participate at the 2018 4th World Conference on Marine Biodiversity (WCMB), Paola Fajardo was supported by a scholarship from the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), and Ronaldo A Christofoletti was supported by grant #2017/50220-8, São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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