Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the WRKY genes in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under alkaline stress

Introduction

Plants encounter various abiotic and biotic stresses throughout their life cycle. These stresses can adversely affect the growth and development of plants and/or change the distribution of species (Prachi et al., 2017). To cope with these adverse environmental conditions, plants have evolved a variety of mechanisms at the morphological, physiological, cellular and molecular levels during the process of long-term evolution (Hasanuzzaman et al., 2013; Bechtold & Field, 2018; Yang & Guo, 2018). To date, the responses of abiotic stresses and the regulation of genes have been widely identified in various plant species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana (Kotchoni et al., 2006), rice (Oryza sativa) (Lee et al., 2005), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) (Sharma et al., 2010), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) (Zhang et al., 2011). It is well-documented that several families of genes are particularly related to obvious improvement in abiotic stress tolerance of plants, including the WRKY, NAC, MYB, and GRF genes families (Chinnusamy, Zhu & Zhu, 2006; Hennig, 2012; Cao et al., 2017; Khadiza et al., 2017).

WRKY proteins are a large family of transcription factors (TFs) involved in various aspects of physiological processes as well as responded to biotic and abiotic stresses (Jiang et al., 2017). Since the first WRKY gene SPF1 was cloned from sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) (Ishiguro & Nakamura, 1994), more and more WRKY genes have been identified in various plant species, especially some grass species, including barley (Hordeum vulgare) (Mangelsen et al., 2008), Brachypodium distachyon (Wen et al., 2014), maize (Zea mays) (Wei et al., 2016), rice (Ross, Liu & Shen, 2010), and wheat (Zhu et al., 2013). All the members of the WRKY genes have been documented to have one or two conserved WRKY domains, which are composed of approximately 60 amino acids with “WRKYGQK” at N-terminus and a novel zinc-finger motif C-X₄₋₅-C-X₂₂₋₂₃-H-X-H (C₂H₂) or C-X₇-C-X₂₃-H-X-C (C₂HC) at C-terminus (Eulgem et al., 2000; Rushton et al., 2010). Based on the number and characteristics of the conserved WRKY domains, the WRKY genes were clustered into three groups I, II, and III (Eulgem et al., 2000). There are evidences that the WRKY members of group I displayed two WRKY domains with zinc-finger motifs of C₂H₂, group II contained only single WRKY domain with a zinc-finger motif of C₂H₂, whereas group III had one WRKY domain with a zinc-finger motif of C₂HC (Rushton et al., 2010). Additionally, the WRKYs of group II can be further classified into five distinct subgroups IIa–e (Rushton et al., 2010; Ulker & Somssich, 2004). It was also reported that the WRKY genes were significantly induced by various environmental factors, such as heat (Li et al., 2009), drought (Jiang, Gang & Yu, 2012), waterlogging (Li et al., 2017), cold (Luo et al., 2017), and salt (Dan et al., 2018), indicating that the WRKY genes play the positive regulatory functions in plants when exposed to adversely stressed conditions. In Arabidopsis, overexpression of TaWRKY1 and TaWRKY33 from wheat has been shown to activate the expression of several downstream genes related to stress response, increase the germination rate of seeds, and promote the growth of roots in transgenic plants subjected to various stresses (He et al., 2016). Compared to wild-type (WT) lines, TaWRKY33 transgenic Arabidopsis lines displayed lower rates of water loss during dehydration (He et al., 2016). In rice, OsWRKY72 conferred more tolerant to salt and drought stresses via ABA signaling (Song et al., 2010). OsWRKY74 overexpressing rice exhibited greater accumulation of iron (Fe) and up-regulation of the cold-responsive genes compared with WT plants in P-deficient conditions (Dai, Wang & Zhang, 2016). Under saline condition, the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Chrysanthemum overexpressed DgWRKY5 gene were significantly higher than those of WT plants, whilst the accumulation of H₂O₂, O²⁻, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower than those of WT plants (Liang et al., 2017). Moreover, the expression levels of genes related stress such as DgCAT, DgAPX, DgNCED3A, DgCuZnSOD, DgNCED3B, DgCSD1, DgCSD2, and DgP5CS were remarkably higher in transgenic Chrysanthemum plants than those in WT plants, indicating that DgWRKY5 might be a positive regulatory factor in response to salt stress (Liang et al., 2017). These results documented that the WRKY genes may provide valuable insights into abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms in plants.

Sugar beet (2n = 18, Beta vulgaris L.), belonging to the order of Caryophyalles, is a major sugar crop worldwide, which provides approximately 30% of the world’s sugar production (Liu et al., 2010). In China, this crop is cultivated in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northern China (Wu et al., 2013). The whole-genome sequence of sugar beet was completed and released in 2014, and a total of 359.14 Mb of sequence data were assembled with 27,421 protein-coding genes predicted (Dohm et al., 2014). Our previous studies indicated that the addition of 50 mM NaCl in the growth medium can stimulate the growth of plants and mitigate the damage caused by osmotic stress in sugar beet (Wu et al., 2015). Recently, our results showed that Na⁺ concentration in both roots and shoots displayed a sharply increased trend with the increase of NaCHO₃ concentrations, whereas K⁺ concentration maintained a relatively stable level under either low- or high-alkaline conditions (Dataset S1). These results implied that the maintenance of K⁺ and Na⁺ homeostasis might be an important strategy for sugar beet adapting to alkaline stress. However, the WRKY family genes and their regulated expression in sugar beet exposed to alkaline stress still remain unknown.

Here, we proposed a hypothesis that the WRKY genes play a positive regulatory function in response to alkaline stress in sugar beet. To test this hypothesis, in this study, firstly, a total of 58 BvWRKY genes were identified in the sugar beet genome, and the phylogenetic relationship, chromosome distribution, genes structure and conserved motifs were analyzed; Secondly, the expression patterns of the BvWRKY genes in roots and shoots of sugar beet seedlings exposed to different concentrations (15–100 mM) of NaCHO₃ were determined by qRT-PCR. Our findings extend understandings of the BvWRKY family genes and provide useful information for subsequent research on their functions in sugar beet under alkaline stress.

Materials and Methods

Results

Classification and phylogenetic analysis of the BvWRKY genes

To determine the structural features of each BvWRKY protein, multiple sequences alignments were performed by using DNAMAN 6.0 (Fig. S1). Of the 58 BvWRKY proteins identified, the majority (47, 81%) had one conserved WRKYGQK domain, and remaining 11 (19%) contained two conserved WRKYGQK domains (Fig. S1 and Table S2). Although the WRKYGQK domain was absolutely conserved in the WRKY families, two proteins (BvWRKY7 and -8) differed at one residue, with a glutamine (Q) being replaced by a lysine (K) residue; similar change was also observed in other plant species such as barley (Mangelsen et al., 2008), tomato (Huang et al., 2012) and sesame (Sesamum indicum) (Li et al., 2017). Furthermore, all the BvWRKY proteins contained the C-X₄₋₇-C-X₂₂₋₂₃-H motif that forms zinc-finger structures of C₂HC or C₂H₂.

To explore the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship of the WRKY genes in sugar beet and group them with the established subfamilies, we investigated 118 amino acid sequences containing the conserved WRKYGQK domain. These sequences consisted of 58 sequences from sugar beet and 60 sequences from Arabidopsis (Table S1). An unrooted NJ phylogenetic tree was constructed according to multiple alignments of the predicted amino acid sequences by MEGA 7.0 (Fig. 1). According to WRKY classification in Arabidopsis (Eulgem et al., 2000), the 58 BvWRKY genes were clustered into three major groups I, II, and III. There are 11 members in the BvWRKY group I, 40 members in group II, and seven members in group III. Moreover, the BvWRKYs in group II were subdivided into five subgroups IIa, b, c, d, and e, containing three, seven, 15, seven, and eight members, respectively (Fig. 1 and Table S2).

Chromosomal distribution of the BvWRKY genes and their genomic duplication

To examine the genomic distribution of the WRKY genes, the BvWRKY genes were mapped on their corresponding chromosome by searching the released genomic database of sugar beet. The results showed that 55 BvWRKY genes are unevenly distributed on nine sugar beet chromosomes (Fig. 2), and the number on each chromosome is not necessarily correlated with its length. Chr 2, 5, and 6 had relatively more BvWRKY genes, with nine, 11, and nine genes, respectively. Chr 3 and 7 contained relatively fewer BvWRKY genes, with only three genes, respectively (Fig. 3A). The other three genes (BvWRKY56, -57, and -58) were mapped onto unassembled scaffolds based on the current database (Table S2). The BvWRKY genes density per chromosome ranged from 0.071/Mb to 0.234/Mb (Fig. 3B). Averagely, one BvWRKY gene was present every 6.53 Mb. Several chromosomes have higher densities of BvWRKY genes compared to others. Chr 2 has the highest density of BvWRKY genes, whereas Chr 7 has the lowest density (Fig. 3B).

Two or more homologous genes within a 100 Kb range distance were defined as tandem duplicates. Nine tandem duplication regions clustered with 19 BvWRKY genes, including three genes in group I, two genes in group IIa, two genes in group IIb, 6 genes in group IIc, two genes in group IId, and four genes in group IIe, are identified on Chr 2 (BvWRKY7 and -8, and BvWRKY 10, -11, -12), Chr 5 (BvWRKY28, -29), Chr 6 (BvWRKY34, -35 and BvWRKY37, -38), Chr 8 (BvWRKY46, -47 and BvWRKY49, -50), and Chr 9 (BvWRKY52, -53 and BvWRKY54, -55), respectively (Fig. 2). The segmental duplications were further analyzed on 100 kb DNA segments flanking each BvWRKY gene and no gene was found to be attributed to segmental duplication. Therefore, it is speculated that tandem duplication most likely played an important role in the observed gene expansion of sugar beet WRKY genes.

Conserved motifs and structure of the BvWRKY genes

To further examine the structural characteristics of the WRKY genes in sugar beet, the conserved motifs of BvWRKY proteins were predicted by using the MEME 5.0.5 and further annotated by using InterPro Scan 5.0 (Jones et al., 2014). A total of 10 putatively conserved motifs were identified in the BvWRKY proteins (Fig. 4). The identified amino acids length of BvWRKY motifs varied from 15 to 50. Detailed sequences of BvWRKY motifs are shown in Fig. S2. The number of motifs was different in those proteins, varying from two to six. The results showed that motif 1 and -3 were annotated as WRKY domains, while motif 2 was found in the zinc-finger domain. Notably, similar motif compositions were observed in the same group of BvWRKY proteins. Motif 3 and -6 were found in group I and motif 7 in the IIa and IIb subgroups (Fig. 4).

To determine the structural diversity of the BvWRKY genes, the distribution of intron-exon was analyzed and compared. The number of exons in BvWRKYs ranged from 2 (BvWRKY3, -6, -23, -24, -26, and -39) to 6 (BvWRKY10, -11, -12, -18, -22, -40, -49, -50, -57, and -58). It was found that 53.4% of BvWRKY genes contained the typical splicing of three exons and two introns (Fig. 5). For members of group II, the IIa subgroup contained 4 exons, subgroup IIb contained 2–6 exons, the IIc and IId subgroups contained 3 exons, and subgroup IIc contained 2–4 exons (Fig. 5). These results suggested that BvWRKY genes displayed the diversity of intron/exon structure.

GO analysis of BvWRKY genes

To reveal the functional classifications of the BvWRKY genes, GO terms were predicted by using online tool DAVID 6.8. The results showed that the BvWRKY genes were categorized into seven functional groups under main three categories: cellular component, biological process and molecular function (Fig. 6 and Table S2). More genes were classified under “sequence-specific DNA binding (GO:0043565)” and “transcription factor activity (GO:0003700)” than the five other functional groups, such as “transcription regulatory region DNA binding (GO:0031347)”, “regulation of defense response (GO:0031347)”, “positive regulation of transcription (GO:0045893)”, “nucleus (GO:0005636)” and cytoplasm “GO: 0005737” (Fig. 6 and Table S2).

3D structure prediction of BvWRKY proteins

To understand the structural characteristics of BvWRKY proteins, 3D structures were constructed according to the similar template obtained from PDB using I-TASSER. The modeled structures for the selected BvWRKY proteins contained 3 (BvWRKY3) to 58 (BvWRKY42) α-helices and 19 (BvWRKY42) to 38 (BvWRKY10) β-strands (Fig. 7 and Fig. S3). All the predicted BvWRKY models showed a C-score range from −2.57 to −4.44 (Table S3), indicating that the predicted proteins are constructed with high accuracy.

Expression analysis of 9 BvWRKY genes in response to alkaline stress

To further confirm if the expression of BvWRKY genes was induced by alkaline stresses, 9 genes, namely BvWRKY3, -10, -16, -22, -41, -42, -44, -47, and -51, were selected according to homologous genes in rice and Arabidopsis which play the vital roles in abiotic stresses (Wu, 2005), and qRT-PCRs were performed to analyze their expression patterns in response to different concentrations of NaCHO₃. The results showed that the expression patterns of the most detected BvWRKY genes differed in response to alkaline stresses (Fig. 8 and Table S4). With the increase of NaCHO₃concentrations, the transcript abundances of three genes (BvWRKY10, -42, and -47) in shoots gradually increased at 15 and 25 mM, then reached a maximum value at 50 mM which are 3.2-, 1.7-, and 1.6-fold of those at control (0 mM), respectively, and then either maintained a higher level (BvWRKY10 and -42) or showed a significant reduction (BvWRKY47) at 100 mM (Figs. 8B, 8F and 8H). Additionally, the expression levels of BvWRKY3 or BvWRKY51 in shoots were unchanged or repressed by alkaline stresses compared with control. It is also showed that the expression levels of both BvWRK16 and -42 in roots displayed a significant enhancement at 25 mM, then reached a peak value at 50 mM which are 12.6- and 1.4-fold higher than those at control, respectively, and then exhibited a reduction at 100 mM (Figs. 8C and 8F). Interestingly, two genes (BvWRKY22 and -41) showed a down-, up- and then down-regulation pattern in shoots (Figs. 8D and 8E), whereas other genes (BvWRKY44 and -51) displayed an up-, down- and then up-regulation pattern in roots with the increase of alkaline concentrations (Figs. 8G and 8I). These results demonstrated that sugar beet WRKYs expression patterns vary in response to alkaline stresses.

Discussion

The WRKY family has been widely identified in various organisms, including spike mosses, single-celled green algae, slime molds and protozoa (Rushton et al., 2010). In monocots and dicots, including soybean (Glycine max) (Luo et al., 2013), wheat (Qin, Tian & Liu, 2015), rice (Dai, Wang & Zhang, 2016), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) (Liu et al., 2016), an especially large number of WRKY genes have been documented to have various functions in recent years. In the present study, the WRKY genes were firstly identified from whole-genome sequences of sugar beet.

To date, whole genomes of many plants have been sequenced and a large of the WRKY genes have been identified in various plant species (Wu, 2005; Wei et al., 2012; Dou et al., 2014; Yu et al., 2016; Yue et al., 2016; Jing et al., 2017). Completion of the sugar beet genome makes it possible to analyze the WRKY genes at the whole genome level (Dohm et al., 2014). In the present study, a total of 58 putative BvWRKY genes are identified in the sugar beet genome (Table S2). It was found that there are 32 WRKY genes in broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) (Yue et al., 2016), 71 in sesame (Li et al., 2017), 85 in cassava (Manihot esculenta) (Wei et al., 2016), 88 in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) (Jing et al., 2017), 100 in rice (Wu, 2005), 103 in Aegilops tauschii (Ma et al., 2014), 116 in Gossypium raimondii (Dou et al., 2014), and 136 in maize (Wei et al., 2012). These findings suggested that there are large differences in number of the WRKY genes families among various plant species.

These are consistent with the classification of the WRKY family genes in many plant species such as Arabidopsis (Eulgem et al., 2000), maize (Wei et al., 2012), Populus (Jiang et al., 2014), cassava (Wei et al., 2016), and peach (Prunus persica) (Chen et al., 2016). All the WRKY genes can be classified into three distinct clusters: group I, II, and III depending on the number of conserved WRKY regions and the pattern of zinc-finger motif (Eulgem et al., 2000; Wei et al., 2012; Jiang et al., 2014). There are evidences that genes of group I included double conserved WRKY domains, which can interact with the W-box “TTGACC/T” core motif to activate downstream genes, and C₂H₂ zinc-finger motif; group II only possessed single WRKY domain and shared the same zinc-finger motif as group I; whereas group III had one conserved WRKY domain and C₂HC zinc-finger motif (Eulgem et al., 2000; Rushton et al., 2010). In this study, 11, 40, and 7 BvWRKY genes have been classified into groups I, II, and III based on Eulgem et al. (2000) and by using the WRKY proteins in Arabidopsis as references, respectively (Fig. 1 and Table S2). Although the WRKYGQK domain was considered to be highly conserved in the WRKY family, tow proteins (BvWRKY7 and BvWRKY8) in group II differed at one residue, with a glutamine being changed into a lysine (K) residue (Fig. S1). This change has been found in many plant species such as barley (Mangelsen et al., 2008) and tomato (Huang et al., 2012). Furthermore, previous studies have documented that group III was the largest group of WRKY genes families in rice and broomcorn millet, which accounted for 38% and 50% (Ross, Liu & Shen, 2010; Yue et al., 2016), while in Arabidopsis and sesame, group II was the largest group, accounting for 24% and 68% (Eulgem et al., 2000; Li et al., 2017), respectively. In the present study, group II has been also found to be the largest group of WRKY genes family in sugar beet, accounting for 69% of all the BvWRKY genes, which are consistent with the results of Arabidopsis and sesame but different from rice and broomcorn millet. Moreover, group II can be divided into five distinct subgroups IIa, b, c, d, and e, according to the amino acid sequences outside the WRKY domain (Fig. 1 and Table S2). Subgroup IIc is also found to be the largest subgroup, accounting for 37.5% of all the genes of group II (Table S2), which is in accordance with the results reported in soybean (Luo et al., 2013), Arabidopsis (Qin, Tian & Liu, 2015), rice (Dai, Wang & Zhang, 2016), and cotton (Liu et al., 2016). Additionally, there are closely evolutionary relationships between group IIa and IIb, and between group IId and IIe (Fig. 1), respectively, which appear to make up monophyletic clades. Furthermore, according to the distance of phylogenetic relationship, three groups of the BvWRKY genes can be clustered in four major lineages: group IIc + I, group IId + IIe, group III, and group IIa + IIb, respectively (Fig. 1). Similar lineages were also found in the MdWRKY genes families from apple (Lui et al., 2017). These results further confirmed that the WRKY family genes are highly conserved family in different plant species.

Gene duplication events played critical roles in rapid expansion and the evolution of genes families (Cannon et al., 2004). It is well-known that genes within a single genome are divided into five distinct classes: singletons, dispersed-, proximal-, tandem- and segmental/whole genome duplication (WGD)-duplicates, respectively, according to the copy number of genes and the distribution of genome (Wang et al., 2012). It was documented that duplication events can lead to a clustered occurrence of family members via tandem amplification, or a scattered occurrence via segmental duplication of chromosomal regions (Grassi, Lanave & Saccone, 2008). In the present study, 32.8% (19/58) of the BvWRKY genes likely evolved from tandem repeats (Fig. 2). Tandem gene replications of WRKYs have been found in Arabidopsis (Cannon et al., 2004), rice (Ross, Liu & Shen, 2010), cucumber (Cucumis sativus) (Ling et al., 2011), and soybean (Yu et al., 2016). However, it was found that no gene was attributed to segmental duplication in sugar beet WRKY genes. Therefore, it is proposed that tandem duplication might be major attributor in the expansion of the BvWRKY genes in sugar beet.

The number of motifs in BvWRKYs ranges from 2 to 6, and the length of motifs varied from 15 to 50 amino acids (Fig. 4 and Fig. S2). In addition, 4 motifs (motif 1, -2, -3, and -6) are found in the WRKY DNA-binding domain. Similar motifs compositions were reported in SiWRKYs from sesame (Li et al., 2017). The other 6 motifs are found to be located outside in the WRKY domain. It is clear that motif 1 and -2 are shared by all the BvWRKY genes, while motif 3 and -6 were shared by 11 genes, viz BvWRKY10, -11, -12, -14, -18, -22, -40, -41, -44, -45, and -51 (Fig. 4), which belonged to members of group I (Table S2). Importantly, motif 5, -7, -8, and -9 were shared by members of group II, and motif 10 was shared by group I. It is clear that members of WRKY family in the same cluster commonly shared similar motif compositions in sugar beet genome.

The structural diversity of exon/intron, an important part in the evolution of gene families, provides an additional evidence supporting phylogenetic classification (Bleecker, 2003; Wang et al., 2014). In the present study, the number of introns found in the BvWRKY genes ranges from 1 to 5, with an average of 2.79 introns per BvWRKY gene, so each sequence of BvWRKY was divided into many segments by introns. Similarly, all the WRKY genes in both cassava and peach have 1–5 introns (Wei et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2016). However, the SiWRKY genes in sesame have 1–11 introns (Li et al., 2017). These results implied that the WRKY genes showed the diversity of structures in various plant species. Moreover, the largest fraction of BvWRKYs (27, 46.6%) have 2 introns (Fig. 5), which is common in other plant species, including cassava (42 of 85) (Wei et al., 2016), peach (29 of 58) (Chen et al., 2016), and sesame (33 of 71) (Li et al., 2017).

Alkaline is one of the most serious abiotic stresses that limits plant growth and crop productivity in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northern China (Guo, Shi & Wang, 2010). However, few alkaline tolerant genes have been identified in sugar beet. Recent researches have demonstrated that the WRKY genes are involved in various abiotic stresses, especially salt stress (Zhou et al., 2015; Liang et al., 2017; Lui et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2017). There are evidences that a majority of WRKYs were remarkably up-regulated only by salinity in various plant species, such as cucumber (Ling et al., 2011) and tomato (Huang et al., 2012). In B. distachyon, however, the most BdWRKY genes were significantly down-regulated by various abiotic stresses (Wen et al., 2014). In this study, the detected BvWRKY genes showed a variety of expression patterns in shoots and roots of sugar beet seedlings under various concentrations of NaHCO₃ (Fig. 8). When plants are exposed to alkaline stress, the expression levels of BvWRKY10, -42, and -47 in shoots slowly raised at 15 and 25 mM, then reached a peak value at 50 mM, and then either maintained a higher level (BvWRKY10 and -42) or showed a significant decrease (BvWRKY47) at 100 mM (Figs. 8B, 8F and 8H). Similarly, BvWRK16 and -42 in roots displayed the same expression pattern. It was also observed that BvWRKY3 and -51 in shoots were unchanged and down-regulated by all the concentrations of alkaline (Figs. 8A and 8I). However, four genes (BvWRKY22 and -41 in shoots, or BvWRKY44 and -51 in roots) responded to alkaline stress in an irregular pattern (going down, up and then down, or doing up, down and then up with the increase of alkaline concentrations) (Figs. 8D, 8E, 8G, and 8I). This expression pattern might be attributed to the variety of the BvWRKY genes transcription. Importantly, the mRNA levels of BvWRKY10 in shoots and BvWRKY16 in roots were 2.2- and 12.6-fold higher at 50 mM NaHCO₃ than those at control condition (0 mM) (Figs. 8B and 8C). Additionally, GO analysis showed that most of the BwWRKY genes are classified into functional groups of “sequence-specific DNA binding (GO:0043565)” and “transcription factor activity (GO:0003700)” (Fig. 6 and Table S2). These results implied that these BvWRKY genes might positively respond to alkaline stress via binding to W-boxes (TTGACC/T) of in the promoter regions of downstream genes related to alkaline tolerance (Rushton et al., 2010). However, their detailed functions in alkaline tolerance of sugar beet need to be further addressed by using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), RNA interference, gene overexpression or editing methods. Overall, our results provide useful information for studying the effects of the BvWRKY genes in sugar beet under alkaline stress.

Conclusion

In the present study, a total of 58 putative BvWRKY genes were identified in the sugar beet genome. Based on the primary amino acid sequence, the BvWRKY genes are classified into three major groups I, II, and III, each with 11, 40, and seven genes, respectively. BvWRKY genes of group II are further divided into five distinct subgroups IIa, b, c, d, and e, containing three, seven, 15, seven, and eight members, respectively. All the identified BvWRKY proteins have one or two conserved WRKY domains and one zinc-finger structure. The number of introns in the BvWRKY genes range from one to five, with the majority of BvWRKYs containing three exons. Furthermore, the detected BvWRKY genes showed a variety of expression patterns in shoots and roots of seedling exposed to alkaline stress. Notably, the transcript levels of BvWRKY10 in shoots and BvWRKY16 in roots are significantly higher at 50 mM alkaline than those at control condition. This study provides a wide identification of the BvWRKY genes, and would be helpful for the improvement of alkaline tolerance in sugar beet by genetic engineering.

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