Lysmata arvoredensis nov. sp. a new species of shrimp from the south coast of Brazil with a key to species of Lysmata (Caridea: Lysmatidae) recorded in the southwestern Atlantic

Systematics

• Family Lysmatidae Dana, 1852

• Lysmata arvoredensis sp. nov.

• Figures 1–4

Material examined.

Type material. Holotype. adult ovigerous (pocl 11.30, cl 16.20); May 25, 2014; Calhau de São Pedro Island-Santa Catarina, (27°25′37.39″S 48°40′11.15″W), 20 m depth, hidden in a moored current profiler (MNRJ 27976). Paratypes. One hermaphrodite (pocl 10.50, cl 16.60); May 25, 2014; six males (pocl 3.90–6.30, cl 5.60–9.75); two males (pocl 6.00, 4.65, cl 9.00, 7.00) (muscle extracted for genetic analysis); Calhau de São Pedro Island-Santa Catarina, (27°25′37.39″S 48°40′11.15″W), 20 m depth, hiding in a moored current profiler (LCP/UFSC- 101–107).

Description of holotype. Rostrum (Figs. 2A and 2B) short, reaching middle of second segment of antennular peduncle, convex and slightly curved upwards near tip; rostral tip simple, dorsal carina with seven teeth (2+5), posterior-most tooth situated on carapace, with considerable gap between first and second tooth, both anterior to postorbital margin with the second tooth ending just above the postorbital margin; stiff setae among dorsal teeth. Ventral margin with three teeth, proximal ventral tooth not reaching the end of first antennular peduncle, in line with sixth distal dorsal tooth; rostrum length (tip to base of orbit) about 0.46 times that of carapace length. Carapace (Figs. 2A and 2B) smooth, with rounded posteroventral margin; antennal tooth stout, acute, somewhat separated from ventral angle of orbit; pterygostomial angle rounded, pterygostomial tooth absent. Eyes moderately large (Fig. 2B).

Antennular peduncle shorter than scaphocerite blade (Fig. 2B); first segment 0.5 times the length of all antennular peduncle segments, with small setae forming a semicircle located before the distal edge (Fig. 2H). Stylocerite with pointed tip and mesial setae, nearly reaching end of first antennular segment (Figs. 2F and 2H). Second segment of antennular peduncle almost as long as wide; third segment as long as second segment (Fig. 2H). Distomesial angles of antennular segments with spinules (Figs. 2B and 2H). Outer antennular flagellum with aesthetascs extending from first segment to accessory branch; accessory branch nearly completely fused with the outer antennular flagellum bearing only a single free unguiform segment (Figs. 2E and 4E); about 37 joined/fused segments prior to the free unguiform segment.

Antenna with basicerite bearing acute distolateral tooth. Scaphocerite (Figs. 2B and 2I) subrectangular, about 2.7 times as long as wide distally, distolateral tooth stout, acute, falling short of blade distal margin. Scaphocerite slightly longer than antennular peduncle, exceeding distal segment by ~0.25 times its length.

Mouthparts (Figs. 3A, 3I and 3K–3P) as is typical for the genus (Chace, 1972, 1997; Rhyne & Lin, 2006) including unequal but similar mandibles armed with three large incisor teeth on masticatory edge; right with more teeth than left (Figs. 3O and 3P). All maxillipeds with a well-developed exopod (Figs. 3A, 3I, 3K and 3L). Third maxilliped (Figs. 3A and 3I) with dense serrate setae compared to pereiopods, especially on distal segment; overreaching scaphocerite by 1/2 of distal segment; exopod about 0.5 times the length of antepenultimate segment (Fig. 3A); tip of terminal segment armed with stout spines (Fig. 3I).

First pereiopod (P1) (Figs. 3B and 3J) short and robust, overreaching the end of the third maxilliped penultimate segment or reaching the distal margin of scaphocerite. Chela 0.8 times length of carpus, with subcylindrical palm, 1.4 times as long as dactylus (Fig. 3J). Dactylus with corneous tip. Carpus with oblique row of distomesial long setae and ventral surface with sparse setae. Merus 1.5 times as long as carpus and obliquely articulated with ischium (Fig. 3B).

Second pereiopods (P2) (Fig. 3C) long, slender, multi articulated with merus and carpus segmented, right and left subequal in length, ending in simple chela. Chela 5.7 times as long as carpus, with palm 1.4 times as long as dactylus. Carpus 2.0 times as long as merus; and ischium as long as merus. Merus of right and left P2 with 16 and 14 subsegments, respectively; carpus of right and left P2 with 24 and 22 subsegments, respectively; and ischium with three subsegments.

Third to fifth pereiopods similar, decreasing in length from third to fifth. Third pereiopod (Fig. 3D) overreaching distal margin of scaphocerite by proximal third of propodus; merus about six times as long as wide, with five stout ventrolateral spines distally (Fig. 3E), and less than twice as long as carpus; propodus slightly shorter than merus (Fig. 3D), with line of 12 setae on ventral margins; dactylus biunguiculate, about 0.18 times the length of propodus, flexor margin with three spines increasing in size distally (Fig. 3G). Fourth pereiopod similar to third. Fifth pereiopod with merus distinctly shorter than propodus, with three stout ventrolateral spines distally (Fig. 3E); propodus with line of 10 setae on ventral margin (Fig. 3F).

Abdomen (Figs. 2J and 4A) 4.3 times longer than wider (including telson), second pleonite two times wider than sixth; first three pleura with rounded margins laterally, fourth with protruding posterolateral round margin, fifth with sharp posterolateral tooth, sixth with acute posteroventral tooth plus acute posterior tooth on each side of telson (Fig. 2J); sixth segment 1.8 times longer than fifth segment and 1.1 times longer than wider (Fig. 2J). Second and third pleopods with appendix interna (Fig. 2L); endopod in second pleopod lacking appendix masculina (Fig. 4B). Uropod with short protopodite and posterolateral lobe pointed; exopod with diaeresis bearing acute tooth laterally, adjacent to distolateral spine (Fig. 2G); endopod and exopod overreaching the posterior end of telson; exopod slightly longer than endopod, both with plumose setae in lateral and posterior margins.

Telson (Fig. 2G) 1.5 times as long as sixth abdominal somite; tapering posteriorly, about 1.7 times as long as wide at base; dorsal surface with two pairs of stout spines, anterior and posterior pair at ~0.36 and 0.67 of telson length, respectively; longitudinal middle-dorsal line with tufts of setae (Fig. 2G); posterior margin subacute, with pair of longer mesial setae each flanked by shorter lateral setae; lateral and posterior margin of telson with plumose setae (Fig. 2K).

Variation in paratypes. Number of dorsal rostral teeth range from 6 to 7, including two postorbital ones. One specimen also exhibited two ventral teeth (Fig. 2D). The number of carpal subsegments in the second pereiopod ranges from 22 to 24. One small specimen with two spines on ventral margin of fifth pereiopod. Propodus in pereiopods 3, 4, and 5 bearing 10–12, 9–12, and 9–12 ventral spines, respectively. Dactyl of pereiopods 3–5 with two spines proximal to biunguiculate tip in two specimens (Fig. 3H). Smaller specimens with appendix interna and appendix masculina in second pleopods (Figs. 4C and 4D). Larger specimens without appendix masculina.

Color in life. Color pattern is based on the holotype after remaining a few days in an aquarium (Fig. 1A). Entire body and appendices with semitransparent background and red colored details. Antennas, antennules, and pereiopods red. Antennular scale with red margin. Carapace with irregular oblique bands and patches. No longitudinal red lines in abdomen. Each abdominal segment with narrow transversal band occupying less than half of the surface in dorsal view. Second and third abdominal segments with a dorsal ornament in the shape of a mask formed by chromatophores located immediately anterior to the transversal band. Sixth abdominal segment with a red hexagon in dorsal view. Tail fan ornamented with three transversal bands; uropods with red margins; telson with a red tip (Fig. 1A).

Type locality. Calhau de São Pedro Island (27°25′37.39″S 48°40′11.15″W), Santa Catarina, southern Brazil.

Etymology. The new species is named after the REBIO Arvoredo, a Marine Protected Area from which the studied specimens were collected.

Distribution. Presently known only from the type locality.

Habitat. Natural habitat unknown. All specimens were collected from an ADCP, deployed at 20 m for 2 months, acting as an artificial reef substrate. The above suggests that the new species inhabit cavities in hard bottoms.

Behavior. That large and small animals were collected together suggests that this species is gregarious.

Phylogenetic results. The molecular data matrix comprised a total of 513 characters, of which 175 were parsimony informative, for a total of 28 terminals. The analyses conducted with different molecular phylogenetic inference methods (ML and BI) resulted in similar tree topologies (Fig. 5). The new species L. arvoredensis sp. nov. (two specimens) clustered together into a monophyletic clade with other species of Lysmata belonging to the Neotropical and Cleaner clades (Baeza & Fuentes, 2013).

Remarks. This new species increases to 46 the total number of species belonging to the genus Lysmata described worldwide (De Grave & Fransen, 2011; Rhyne, Calado & Dos Santos, 2012; Soledade et al., 2013; Gan & Li, 2016; Prakash & Baeza, 2017; De Grave & Anker, 2018) and increases to nine the number of species recorded in Brazil (Chace, 1972; Coelho et al., 2006; Rhyne & Lin, 2006; Soledade et al., 2013; Kassuga, Diele & Hostim-Silva, 2015). L. arvoredensis sp. nov. is the fourth species of the genus reported for the temperate waters of Santa Catarina in the south of Brazil (Christoffersen, 1998; Bond-Buckup & Buckup, 1999; Boos et al., 2012; Giraldes & Freire, 2015).

In our phylogenetic analyses, L. arvoredensis sp. nov. clustered together and formed a monophyletic clade with other species belonging to the previously recognized Neotropical and Cleaner clades (Baeza et al., 2009). Furthermore, the tree topologies supported a sister relationship between L. arvoredensis sp. nov. and congeneric species belonging to the Cleaner clade. However, this relationship was not well supported by both ML and BI analyses. Importantly, L. arvoredensis sp. nov. differs considerably both in terms of morphology and coloration from species belonging to the Cleaner clade. All cleaner shrimps exhibit conspicuous color patterns; L. debelius Bruce, 1982 has a deep scarlet red coloration in the entire body (Bruce, 1982) while L. amboinensis and L. grabhami are yellow and possess dorsal longitudinal red and white bands (Hayashi, 1975; Chace, 1997; Baeza, 2010; Kassuga, Diele & Hostim-Silva, 2015). The color pattern of the new species is rather dull in comparison. Furthermore, L. debelius has a relatively long rostrum that reaches beyond the intermediate segment of the antennular peduncle, has a dorsal formula of 2+3 teeth, the scaphocerite extends far beyond the antennular peduncle, and the second pereiopod exhibits two subsegments in the merus and 16 in the carpus (Bruce, 1982). In turn, L. arvoredensis sp. nov. has a shorter rostrum (just reaching the middle of the intermediate segment of the antennular peduncle), has a dorsal formula of 2+5 teeth, the scaphocerite slightly extends beyond the antennular peduncle, and the second pereiopod has 11–16 subsegments in the merus and 22–24 subsegments in the carpus. L. debelius is the only congener recorded with a longitudinal middle-dorsal line of setae on the telson (Bruce, 1982), similar to L. arvoredensis sp. nov. (Fig. 2G).

L. amboinensis and L. grabhami are very similar, having a relatively long rostrum (~0.8 times the carapace length), a pterygostomial spine, a very long antennular peduncle with a first segment ~0.5 as long as the carapace and a second segment twice as long as the third. Also, the stylocerite in L. amboinensis and L. grabhami is very short, not nearly reaching midlength of the basal segment, and the carpus of the second pereiopod has 19–21 subsegments (Hayashi, 1975; Chace, 1997). In L. arvoredensis sp. nov., the rostrum is shorter than in L. amboinensis and L. grabhami (~0.48 times the carapace length), the pterygostomial spine is absent, the first segment of the antennular peduncle is ~1/3 as long as the carapace, the second segment is short, almost as long as the third segment, the stylocerite reaches the end of the basal segment, and the carpus of the second pereopods have 22–24 subsegments.

L. nayaritensis and L. californica also exhibit several morphological similarities with the new species, including the accessory branch nearly completely fused with the outer antennular flagellum (Wicksten, 2000). Furthermore, the color pattern of L. nayaritensis is very similar to that of L. arvoredensis sp. nov. (Fig. 4G). However, L. nayaritensis has a relatively long rostrum (0.6 times its carapace length, exceeding the second segment of the antennular peduncle) and a short stylocerite (~0.75 times the length of the first segment of antennular peduncle). In L. nayaritensis, the dorsal rostrum formula is 1+5–6, the exopod of the third maxilliped is less than 0.5 times the length of the antepenultimate segment, and the second pereiopod has 15–18 subsegments in the merus. By contrast to L. nayaritensis, L. arvoredensis sp. nov. has a rostrum (0.48 times the carapace length) that does not reach the end of the second segment of the antennular peduncle. The dorsal rostrum formula is 2+4–5, the stylocerite is relatively long, almost reaching the distal end of the first segment of the antennular peduncle, the exopod of the third maxilliped is 0.5 times the length of the antepenultimate segment, and the second pereiopod has 11–16 subsegments in the merus. With respect to color pattern, L. arvoredensis sp. nov. features relatively thin reddish dorsal bars (1/3 of each pleuron) in the second and third abdominal segments, forming a mask (Fig. 4F). In turn, L. nayaritensis exhibits thicker dorsal bands in the abdominal segments. Dorsally, in pleonites 2–5, L. nayaritensis features two short longitudinal lines of chromatophores located anterior to the band that forms a shape similar to the letter “U” in each segment (Fig. 4G).

L. californica presents a pterygostomial tooth, the scaphocerite overreaches the antennular peduncle by nearly the length of the last segment, the spine in the scaphocerite strongly overreaches the blade, and the second pereiopod has more than 25 (25–32 or 27–29) subsegments in the carpus (Chace, 1997; Wicksten, 2000). By contrast to L. californica, L. arvoredensis sp. nov. does not have a pterygostomial tooth, the scaphocerite slightly overreaches the antennular peduncle, the spine in the scaphocerite does not overreaches the blade, and the second pereiopod has less than 25 (22–24) subsegments in the carpus. The color pattern of L. californica is also different from that of L. arvoredensis. While L. arvoredensis sp. nov. exhibits transversal abdominal bands, L. californica bears longitudinal abdominal bands/lines (Wicksten, 2012: 294 plate 2).

Lysmata arvoredensis sp. nov. is superficially similar both in terms of color pattern (red abdominal transversal bands) and morphology (unguiform free segment in the accessory branch at the antennular flagellum) to species belonging to the unguiform clade (sensu Fiedler et al., 2010) or morpho-variable clade (sensu Baeza et al., 2009; Baeza, 2010; Baeza & Fuentes, 2013), including L. hochi Baeza & Anker, 2008, L. kuekenthali (de Man, 1902), and L. anchisteus Chace, 1972. Importantly, our phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that L. arvoredensis sp. nov. is genetically dissimilar from the species above. L. hochi, L. kuekenthali, and L. anchisteus can be easily distinguished from L. arvoredensis sp. nov. using a combination of various morphological traits, but most importantly, the dorsal rostral formula (Kubo, 1951; Chace, 1972, 1997; Baeza & Anker, 2008; Soledade et al., 2013). For instance, the dorsal rostrum formula is 2+3 in L. hochi, 1+3–4 in L. kuekenthali, and 1+4–5 in L. anchisteus. By contrast to the species above, the rostral formula is 2+4–5 in L. arvoredensis sp. nov.

Lastly, L. arvoredensis sp. nov. is similar to L. uncicornis Holthuis & Maurin, 1952, a species for which no genetic information exist (Baeza & Anker, 2008; Chace, 1972). However, L. uncicornis differs from the new species with respect to the stylocerite that exhibit a series of denticules in the outer margin; the longer first pereiopod that exceeds the scaphocerite by nearly the length of the dactylus; the ventral margin of the propodus in pereiopods 3 and 4 with 6–8 setae, the ventral margin of the propodus in pereiopods 5 with 5 setae, the second pereiopod with a maximum of 14 and 28 subsegments in the merus and carpus, respectively, and the accessory branch of the antennular flagellum that is not fused (not distinguishable) before the unguiform free segment (Holthuis & Maurin, 1952). In L. arvoredensis nov. sp., the stylocerite is flat in the outer margin and exhibits mesial setae in the inner margin; the first pereiopod does not exceed the scaphocerite; the ventral margin of the propodus in pereiopods 3, 4, and 5 has 10–12, 9–12, and 9–12 setae, respectively; the second pereiopod has a maximum of 16 and 25 subsegments in the merus and the carpus, respectively, and the accessory branch of the antennular flagellum is fused (distinguishable) before the unguiform free segment.

Key to species of Lysmata from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean

For L. vitatta (senior synonym of L. rauli), L. cf lipkei, L. jundalini, and L. wurdemanni, morphological characteristics from specimens collected in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean were used to develop a dichotomous key. Also, the color pattern of L. moorei has not been officially described. Here, we used the color pattern observed in specimens collected from tidepools in Atol da Rocas, an oceanic island off the Brazilian coast (Figs. 4H and 4I). These specimens were collected and identified by Thais P. Macedo and are deposited at the Zoological Collection of the UFSC (LCP/UFSC- 113). The color pattern exhibited by other species present in Brazil was taken from Gordon (1935), Hayashi (1975), D’Acoz (2000), Rhyne & Lin (2006), Coelho et al. (2006), Baeza (2010), Okuno & Fiedler (2010), Fiedler et al. (2010), Laubenheimer & Rhyne (2010), Rhyne, Calado & Dos Santos (2012), Soledade et al. (2013), Barros-Alves et al. (2015), Giraldes & Freire (2015), Kassuga, Diele & Hostim-Silva (2015), and Terossi et al. (2018). It must be highlighted that the color pattern of most species likely becomes less intense when specimens are subject to high intensity illumination (Wear & Holthuis, 1977; Calvo et al., 2016). As pointed before, we have noticed changes in color intensity depending upon illumination conditions in L. arvoredensis sp. nov. (Figs. 1A and 1C).

Key based on morphology

• 1—Outer antennular flagellum with accessory branch consisting either of a single unguiform segment or a short segment (two or less articles)2

• 1—Outer antennular flagellum with accessory branch consisting of more than two free articles8

• 2—Outer antennular flagellum with accessory branch consisting of an unguiform free segment3

• 2—Outer antennular flagellum with accessory branch consisting of a short segment (two or less articles)6

• 3—Stylocerite short, just reaching to midpoint of proximal segment of antennular peduncle, slightly beyond cornea4

• 3—Stylocerite well developed, overreaching the mid length of proximal segment of antennular peduncle5

• 4—Second pereiopod with 29–30 subsegments on carpus and 11 on merus. Only one dorsal rostral teeth posterior to the orbit. Antennular peduncle with short second and third segment (Slightly longer than wider)L. wurdemanni

• 4—Second pereiopod with 15–19 subsegments on carpus and 5–9 on merus. Between 2–4 dorsal rostral teeth posterior to the orbit. Antennular peduncle with longer second and third segments (distinctively much longer than wider)L. vittata

• 5—Pterygostomial tooth absent. Second pereiopod with 22–24 subsegments on carpus and 11–16 on merus. Short pereiopods, with third pair overreaching the scaphocerite by lengths of dactylus and proximal third of propodus. Shorter scaphocerite, little overreaching distal margin of antennular peduncleL. arvoredensis sp. nov.

• 5—Pterygostomial tooth present. Second pereiopod with 27–32 subsegments on carpus and 23–27 on merus. Long pereiopods, with third pair overreaching the scaphocerite by lengths of dactylus, propodus and distal fourth of carpus. Longer scaphocerite distinctively overreaching distal margin of antennular peduncleL. lipkei

• 6—Antennular peduncle shorter than scaphocerite; short second segment of antennular peduncle, half-length of first segment. Carpus of second pereiopod with more than 25 subsegments7

• 6—Antennular peduncle overreaching the scaphocerite; long second segment of antennular peduncle, as long as first segment. Carpus of second pereiopod with 17–23 subsegmentsL. grabhami

• 7—Longer rostrum 0.6–0.8 times as long as carapace, reaching middle or rarely past the end of third segment of antennular peduncle. Short stylocerite reaching just beyond distal margin of eye, falling well short of end of first segment of antennular peduncle. Carpus of second pereiopod with 33–41 (usually 35–37) subsegmentsL. ankeri

• 7—Shorter rostrum (about 0.5 times as long as carapace), reaching the middle of second segment of antennular peduncle. Longer stylocerite reaching well beyond level of eye, falling just short of distal margin of first segment of antennular peduncle. Carpus of second pereiopod with 29–31 subsegmentsL. bahia

• 8—Rostrum and carapace with 6–7 dorsal teeth. Two or three median spines on carapace posterior to rostrum. Carpus of second pereiopod with 28 subsegmentsL. jundalini

• 8—Rostrum and carapace with 4–5 dorsal teeth. One median spine on carapace posterior to rostrum. Carpus of second pereiopod with 17 subsegmentsL. moorei

Key based on color in life

• 1—Color conspicuous consisting of yellow background, two broad dorsolateral bands of a brilliant red separated by a middorsal stripe of white along the entire length of the body. Flagellum of antennae and antennules whiteL. grabhami

• 1—Without conspicuous pattern. Transparent or semitransparent background body with red lines and bands2

• 2—Abdomen with the presence of several longitudinal lines/bands in the abdomen4

• 2—Abdomen with transversal red bands dorsally in the abdomen; with virtual absence of longitudinal lines in the abdomen3

• 3—Broad transversal bands in the abdomen, covering most of each pleuronL. moorei

• 3—Narrow transversal bands in the abdomen, occupying less than half of each pleuronL. arvoredensis sp. nov.

• 4—At least one solid transversal band (visible dorsally) in the abdomen among the longitudinal lines/bands5

• 4—Without defined transversal bands (visible dorsally) in the abdomen; only longitudinal lines/bands8

• 5—Several large transversal bands dorsally in the abdomen (one per segment); three irregular longitudinal bands running through posterior half of carapace to sixth abdominal somiteL. lipkei

• 5—Larger transversal band mainly in the third pleuron; absent in most segments6

• 6—Third pleuron with a broad transverse curved band with a u-shape (dorsal view), forming with the longitudinal lines u-shapes dorsally; several solid and well-defined longitudinal lines in the abdomenL. ankeri

• 6—Third pleuron with a straight transverse band not directly connected with the longitudinal lines (not forming a u-shape in the dorsal view); with longitudinal lines, but not all solid lines7

• 7—Longitudinal lines are spotted (general spotted look). Lateral view of abdomen with only longitudinal lines (not diagonal)L. vittata

• 7—Longitudinal lines are solid. Lateral view of abdomen with diagonal lines connecting with the basal longitudinal lineL. wurdemanni

• 8—Abdomen with broad irregular sublongitudinal bands and patches; lateral view of abdomens with diagonal bands ventrallyL. bahia

• 8—Abdomen with longitudinal lines and spotted longitudinal bands; the ventral band in the lateral view is continuous and follow the spotted pattern of other bandsL. jundalini