Thermotogota diversity and distribution patterns revealed in Auka and JaichMaa ‘ja ‘ag hydrothermal vent fields in the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California

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Microbiology

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Introduction

The Gulf of California

The South Pescadero Basin and the newly discovered hydrothermal vent sites

Materials and Methods

High-resolution bathymetry data

Sampling

Geochemical analysis

DNA extraction, 16S rRNA sequencing, and bioinformatics

Statistical analysis

Results

JaichMaa ‘ja ‘ag: a new hydrothermal vent field

Overlapping microbial communities in the Southern Pescadero Basin vent fields

Diffuse fluids revealed abundant thermophilic groups in the S. Pescadero vent fields

Spatial patterns of Thermotogota sequence variants

Discussion

Diversity of Thermotogota in the S. Pescadero Basin hydrothermal vents

Biogeography and distribution of Thermotogota in the S. Pescadero Basin

Conclusions

Supplemental Information

Geochemical and 16SrRNA Analyses.

This section encompasses the results of comprehensive geochemical analyses and 16SrRNA sequencing conducted on sediment cores collected from the Pescadero Basin. The geochemical analyses provide insights into the elemental composition and characteristics of the sediments, while the 16SrRNA sequencing data reveals the microbial diversity within the sampled cores.

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17724/supp-1

Processing Code and Statistical Analyses.

Specific code employed for processing the genetic sequences obtained from the samples. This includes any algorithms or computational methods used in the analysis.

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17724/supp-2

Sequence Counts.

Raw counts derived from the sequencing process. These counts quantify the occurrences of specific genetic sequences, offering a quantitative measure of microbial abundance and diversity in the sediment samples.

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17724/supp-3

Taxonomy Assignment for ASVs.

Taxonomic classification assigned to the Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs). These taxonomic assignments elucidate the identity and categorization of the microbial communities present in the sediment cores.

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17724/supp-4

Sample list and physicochemical data obtained from Pescadero Basin during expedition FK181031.

Temperature data were measured in situ. Ammonium and magnesium were determined by ion chromatography. The detailed information about the environmental conditions under which the sediment samples were collected, offering context to the geochemical and microbial analyses.

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17724/supp-5

Microbial diversity in the S. Pescadero Basin hydrothermal vent fields.

The relative frequencies of phyla derived from the 16S rRNA amplicon sequence variants found in the hydrothermal vent fields of Auka and JaichMaa ’ja ’ag.

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17724/supp-6

Microbial diversity correlated with hydrothermal fluids beneath the sediments in the Pescadero Basin hydrothermal vent fields.

Microbial diversity correlated with hydrothermal fluids beneath the sediments in the Pescadero Basin hydrothermal vent fields. The most abundant Phyla with respect to magnesium [mM] in (A) Auka, (B) JaichMaa ‘ja ‘ag, and (C) Juwak Yuum with color coding based on ammonium and sulfide [mM]. All taxa correspond to Bacteria except for Crenarchaeota which corresponds to Archaea. The unclassified group could include both domains.

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17724/supp-7

Microbial structure and composition of the phylum Thermotogota in the Auka and JaichMaa ‘ja ‘ag hydrothermal vent fields.

The relative frequency is no normalized to total Thermotogota abundance.

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17724/supp-8

Phylogenetic comparison of Thermotogota ASVs from S. Pescadero Basin with reference 16S rRNA sequences from the Genome Taxonomy Database.

the tree illustrates the evolutionary relationships between Thermotogota ASV sequences obtained from the study (highlighted in red) and reference sequences.

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17724/supp-9

Additional Information and Declarations

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author Contributions

Manet E. Peña-Salinas conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Daan R. Speth conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Daniel R. Utter conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Ronald M. Spelz conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Sujung Lim conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Robert Zierenberg conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

David W. Caress conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Patricia G. Núñez conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Roberto Vázquez conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Victoria J. Orphan conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the article, and approved the final draft.

Field Study Permissions

The following information was supplied relating to field study approvals (i.e., approving body and any reference numbers):

Sample collection permits were granted by la Dirección General de Ordenamiento Pesquero y Acuícola, Comisión Nacional de Acuacultura y Pesca (CONAPESCA: Permiso de Pesca de Fomento No. PPFE/DGOPA-200/18) and la Dirección General de Geografía y Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI: Autorización EG0122018), with the associated Diplomatic Note number 18-2083 (CTC/07345/18) from la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores - Agencia Mexicana de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo / Dirección General de Cooperación Técnica y Científica.

DNA Deposition

The following information was supplied regarding the deposition of DNA sequences:

The Auka 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing data were previously described in Speth et al. (2022) and is available in NCBI: PRJNA713414.

The newly reported samples are available at NCBI: PRJNA1045058; SAMN38428873 through SAMN38428956.

Data Availability

The following information was supplied regarding data availability:

The raw data is available in the Supplemental Files.

Funding

Manet E. Peña-Salinas was supported through a scholarship awarded by the National Council of Humanities, Science and Technology of Mexico (CONAHCYT). Funds for this study were derived from UABC’s internal Project No. 401/1/C/13/23 awarded to Ronald Spelz. Daniel Utter was supported by an NSF Ocean Sciences Postdoctoral Research Fellowship (award 2126631). Funding for the expedition, molecular and geochemical analyses was provided by grants from the National Science Foundation Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI) and NASA’s Interdisciplinary Consortia for Astrobiology Research (ICAR 80NSSC23K1357) both to Victoria J. Orphan. Victoria J. Orphan is a CIFAR research fellow in the Earth 4D program. There was no additional external funding received for this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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