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Mood status, eating behavior, and dietary intake among vegetarians and omnivores

nutrition
public-health
environmental-health

Abstract

Background: Whether a vegetarian diet enhances mood because of its high fruit, vegetable, and whole grain content remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of vegetarian and omnivorous diets on mood (depression, anxiety, and stress), eating behaviors, and macro- and micronutrient intakes.
Methods: A total of 210 adults (140 omnivores and 70 vegetarians) aged 20–60 years completed online self-administered questionnaires including general characteristics, a depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-21), and the Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Dietary intake was assessed from a pilot sample of 40 participants (20 vegetarians and 20 omnivores) employing 24-h recall for 1 day. The results were analyzed using linear and logistic regressions.
Results: Compared to omnivores, vegetarians were less likely to be depressed (odds ratio = 0.42, 95%, confidence interval 0.20–0.87) and anxious (odds ratio = 0.28, 95% confidence interval 0.13–0.62). The satiety index (11.1 ± 2.9, p = .03) and hunger index scores (4.8 ± 1.7, p < .001) were lower for vegetarians than for omnivores. Vegetarians had lower energy, fat, protein, cholesterol, vitamin B (2, 3, 5, 6, 12), vitamin D, phosphorus, selenium, and zinc intakes, and higher carbohydrate and fiber intakes than omnivores.
Conclusion: Vegetarian diets may reduce depression, anxiety, and feelings of hunger and satiety. A well-balanced plant-based diet high in fruits and vegetables may improve mental health, though potential macro- and micronutrient deficiencies should be addressed.
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