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Precision exercise and cardiovascular disease: The double effect of exerkines

cardiology
global-health
kinesiology
sports-injury
sports-medicine

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become a major health threat worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests that lack of physical activity is a significant factor leading to CVD, whereas appropriate physical activity and exercise training reduce CVD risk. Exerkines are biomolecules produced and released during and after exercise that have beneficial effects on cells and organs, enhancing overall health and metabolic functions. Exercise is crucial in preventing and treating CVD by regulating exerkines within the body. However, different forms, intensities, and durations of exercise have varied effects on cardiovascular health. Engaging in excessive exercise beyond the body's capacity or performing high-intensity exercise during the recovery period may induce the production of exerkines associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial damage. Conversely, selecting appropriate forms, intensities, and durations of exercise based on individual health status can help suppress the expression of these exerkines. This review discusses changes in exercise-related exerkines relevant to cardiovascular health during excessive and moderate exercise and their roles in CVD, and provides suggestions for future investigations to explore this field. The aim is to offer scientific evidence for precise and individualized strategies for the prevention and treatment of CVD through tailored exercise interventions.
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