The feasibility and radiological features of sacral alar iliac fixation in an adult population: a 3D imaging study

Introduction

Surgical treatments for adult spinal deformity often include pelvic fixation, and the high rate of pseudarthrosis in distal fixation in spinal deformity is a challenge for spinal surgeons (Edwards et al., 2004; Edwards et al., 2003; Kim et al., 2006). A novel technique for sacral-2 alar iliac (S2AI) screw fixation has been introduced for distal fixation (O’Brien et al., 2009), and it has been reported that the S2AI screw can be inserted by an open or percutaneous approach (Martin, Witham & Kebaish, 2011; O’Brien et al., 2010). The percutaneous approach has the advantages of being minimally invasive, causing less blood loss, and having a lower rate of wound infection and quicker postoperative recovery times (Martin, Witham & Kebaish, 2011; Xu et al., 2013). In addition, the feasibility of S2AI screw fixation has been shown by previous studies (Kwan et al., 2012; O’Brien et al., 2010; Zhu et al., 2013).

However, sometimes the S2AI screw cannot be applied due to an osteolytic lesion or trauma (O’Brien et al., 2009) or because the biomechanical properties of only an S2AI screw are insufficient. Therefore, we questioned the feasibility of using sacral AI screws in other segments.

In this study, we used Mimics 3D imaging software (Version 10.01, Materialise, Belgium) to investigate the feasibility of S1–4AI screw fixation. This software has previously been shown to provide an accurate visual screw trajectory (Wu et al., 2013).

Materials and Methods

This research was performed following the principles described in the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Ethics Review Board of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (No. 2015–30). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Computed tomography (CT) scans (Dicom format) were taken of the pelvic regions of 45 patients and were imported into Mimics software (Version 10.01, Materialise, Belgium) for reconstructing the 3D digital images (Wu et al., 2014), which only takes about 10 minutes for one subject. The mean age of the patients was 53.6 ± 19.5 years old and ranged from 20 to 84 years old. Briefly, their CT scans in DICOM format were imported into Mimics software for three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction; the threshold value was set at “Bone (CT)” as “226-Max,” which is optimal for bone reconstruction. After the 3D digital images were calculated and reconstructed, a cylinder (radius of 3.5 mm) was drawn to imitate the screw trajectory of S1–4AI screws. The feasibilities of S1–4AI screw fixation were first observed by adjusting the angle and the ideal entry point. The ideal entry point was at the inner fovea of the transverse process of the sacrum (Fig. 1), from S1 to S4, and it was a line, not limited to a determined point. To point the screw trajectory away from the dorsal sacral foramina, we chose the screw entry point as the cross of the middle line between the upper and lower dorsal sacral foramina and the line of the inner fovea of the transverse process of the sacrum. After the screw entry point was determined, every imitated screw in each segment was adjusted to the maximum upward and downward angles, which means the screw trajectories were adjusted maximum upward or downward, but not penetrated out of the cortex of the pelvic bone.

The following three measurements were obtained for each imitated screw (Figs. 2 and 3): (1) α, the angle between the screw trajectory and the erect line from the anteroposterior view (Fig. 2A); (2) β, the angle between the screw trajectory and the erect line from the lateral view (Fig. 2B); and (3) L, the length of the screw inside of the bone (Fig. 3). Moreover, the possible application of percutaneous S3–4AI screw fixation for sacral fracture was noted and imitated. The measurements were performed by two surgeons (AMW and YXH), and the mean value was used for calculated, the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was calculated to assess how strongly the data from two surgeons resembled each other. The results were represented as “Mean ± Standard Deviation.”

Results

Sacral AI screws could be successfully imitated by 3D digital imaging, the ICC between the data from two surgeons was 0.893, which is >0.800, means the data measured by two surgeons was strongly consistent to each other.

By observing the 3D images, we found that the ideal screw entry point was at the inner side of the transverse process of the sacrum from S1–S4 (Fig. 1) and that the screw could not be applied at S5. The S4AI screw trajectory could be obtained only in 19 of 45 patient images (42.2%); the feasibility rates of S1AI, S2AI, and S3AI were 100%, 100%, and 91.1% (41/45), respectively.

We found that from S1AI to S4AI, the α angle of maximum upward screw trajectory (Fig. 1A) was gradually increased from 54.5 ± 6.71° to 111.2 ± 4.90°, and the β angle of maximum upward screw trajectory (Fig. 1B) was gradually increased from 43.6 ± 5.44° to 110.7 ± 5.06°; while the α angle of maximum downward screw trajectory was gradually increased from 39.3 ± 3.10° to 107.3 ± 4.94°, the β angle was gradually increased from 30.1 ± 5.37°. And we found that the feasible region of the S1AI, S2AI, and S3AI screw trajectories was wide enough. The average adjustable α angles of S1AI, S2AI, and S3AI screw trajectories were 15.24°, 29.43°, and 19.61° in the left side and 15.03°, 29.47°, and 20.01° in the right side, respectively. In contrast, the average adjustable angle of S4AI screws was very small: only 4.05° in the left side and 3.58° in the right side. Therefore, it was difficult to insert S4AI screws due to the small region of feasibility. The measurement parameters of the S1–4AI screw trajectories are shown in Table 1.

Discussion

In this study, we determined the feasibility of S1AI screw fixation as well as S2AI, S3AI, and S4AI screw fixation and found that they were all inserted successfully in the adult population. By using the “Cut,” “Split,” and “Reposition” functions in the Mimics software, we could observe the screw trajectory clearly (Fig. 3). We found that the ideal screw entry point was not limited to a determined point but rather the inner fovea line of the transverse process of the sacrum from S1 to S4. In order to describe the trajectory of sacral AI screws in different segments, the entry point of the screw trajectory was chosen as the middle of two adjacent dorsal sacral foramina on the inner fovea line of the transverse process of the sacrum.

Every sacral AI screw trajectory in each segment had a maximum upward angle and a maximum downward angle. If the screw trajectory overstepped the feasible region between the maximum upward angle and the maximum downward angle, the screw will pierce the cortex of the iliac thin region (Fig. 4) or the cortex of the inferior fovea of the ilium (Fig. 5), respectively, and may injure peripheral soft tissue and vessels.

As shown in Table 1, the feasible region of the S1AI, S2AI, and S3AI screw trajectories was wide enough. The average adjustable α angles of S1AI, S2AI, and S3AI screw trajectories were 15.24°, 29.43°, and 19.61° in the left side and 15.03°, 29.47°, and 20.01° in the right side, respectively. In contrast, the average adjustable angle of S4AI screws was very small: only 4.05° in the left side and 3.58° in the right side. Therefore, it was difficult to insert S4AI screws due to the small region of feasibility.

Value in clinical conditions

In this study, more than in previous S2AI screw fixation (Kwan et al., 2012; O’Brien et al., 2010; Zhu et al., 2013), we provide novel fixation of S1–AI, S3AI, and S4AI screws. All S1–4 AI screw trajectories were studied. Therefore, we provide an alternative fixation for surgeons, we believed that our alternative fixation could be performed on following clinical condition.

Firstly, the spine fixation may be extended to pelvic fixation, in S1, surgeons prefer to use an S1 pedicle screw. However, sometimes, the normal osseous structure is destroyed by a lytic lesion or trauma (Martin, Witham & Kebaish, 2011) or the application of a pedicle screw in S1 is impossible. For these situations, sacral AI screw fixation (S1–2AI screw fixation) is more suitable.

Secondly, patients with a sacral fracture as shown in Fig. 6, which is uncommon in the clinic but does happen sometimes, percutaneous S3AI or S4AI screw fixation is suitable technique for them. Our results shown that S3–4AI screws could performed on part of the adult population; therefore, we suggested that a preoperative CT scan should be obtained and a simulated trajectory should be made to prove the feasibility of S3–4AI screws fixation on them.

Therefore, studying the feasibility of sacral AI screw fixation (including S3–4AI screws) has value, and the technique of sacral AI screw fixation has great potential value in clinical applications as it is theoretically better than traditional pedicle screw fixation and the sacropelvic fixation technique (O’Brien et al., 2013).

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