PeerJ Preprints: Nutritionhttps://peerj.com/preprints/index.atom?journal=peerj&subject=5600Nutrition articles published in PeerJ PreprintsEffect of dietary concentrate to forage ratio on growth performance, rumen fermentation and bacterial diversity of Tibetan sheep under barn feeding on Qinghai-Tibetan plateauhttps://peerj.com/preprints/278072019-07-092019-07-09Hongjin LiuTianwei xuShixiao XuLi MaXueping HanXungang WangXiaoling ZhangLinyong HuNa ZhaoYongwei ChenLi PiXinquan Zhao
This study aimed to research the effects of different dietary concentrate to forage (C:F) ratio on growth performance, rumen fermentation and bacteria diversity of barn feeding Tibetan sheep. The experiment contains fiver treatments (HS1, HS2 HS3, HS4 and HS5; n=8, respectively) based on dietary C: F ratios 0:100, 15:85, 30:70, 45:55, and 60:40, respectively. The ruminal bacterial community structure was investigated through high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes in V4 hypervariable region. The results showed that increasing dietary concentrate feed level from 0% to 60% exerted a positive effect on DMI, BW gain, gain rate and feed conversation ratio (FCR) in Tibetan sheep. The increases dietary concentrate feed level elevatedNH3-N, propionate and valerate concentrations, whereas, reduced molar ratio of acetate to propionate (A/P ratio) (P<0.05). For rumen bacterial diversity, increases in dietary concentrate content contributed to lower alpha diversity indexes including Shannon wiener, Chao1 and observed species, meanwhile, significantly increased the abundances of the phylum Bacteroidetes and the genus Prevotella_1 (P<0.05). In conclusion, increases dietary concentrate content improved the growth performance and Tibetan sheep fed diets of 45% concentrate obtained a better performance; the inclusion of concentrate in feed changed rumen fermentation from acetate fermentation to propionate fermentation, and improved the energy utilization efficiency of Tibetan sheep; the increased in concentrate content significantly reduced rumen bacteria diversity and changed the abundance of some core bacteria.
This study aimed to research the effects of different dietary concentrate to forage (C:F) ratio on growth performance, rumen fermentation and bacteria diversity of barn feeding Tibetan sheep. The experiment contains fiver treatments (HS1, HS2 HS3, HS4 and HS5; n=8, respectively) based on dietary C: F ratios 0:100, 15:85, 30:70, 45:55, and 60:40, respectively. The ruminal bacterial community structure was investigated through high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes in V4 hypervariable region. The results showed that increasing dietary concentrate feed level from 0% to 60% exerted a positive effect on DMI, BW gain, gain rate and feed conversation ratio (FCR) in Tibetan sheep. The increases dietary concentrate feed level elevatedNH3-N, propionate and valerate concentrations, whereas, reduced molar ratio of acetate to propionate (A/P ratio) (P<0.05). For rumen bacterial diversity, increases in dietary concentrate content contributed to lower alpha diversity indexes including Shannon wiener, Chao1 and observed species, meanwhile, significantly increased the abundances of the phylum Bacteroidetes and the genus Prevotella_1 (P<0.05). In conclusion, increases dietary concentrate content improved the growth performance and Tibetan sheep fed diets of 45% concentrate obtained a better performance; the inclusion of concentrate in feed changed rumen fermentation from acetate fermentation to propionate fermentation, and improved the energy utilization efficiency of Tibetan sheep; the increased in concentrate content significantly reduced rumen bacteria diversity and changed the abundance of some core bacteria.Hydration, arginine vasopressin, and gluco-regulatory health in humans: A critical perspectivehttps://peerj.com/preprints/276252019-04-012019-04-01Harriet A CarrollLewis J James
Gluco-regulatory diseases, such as type 2 diabetes are currently a key public health priority. Public health messages have started to include the addition of water in their dietary guidelines. Such guidelines however are not based on causal evidence pertaining to the health effects of increased water intake, but rather more heavily based upon non-causal or mechanistic data. One line of thinking linking fluid intake and health is that hypohydration induces elevated blood concentrations of arginine vasopressin (AVP). Research in the 1970s and 1980s implicated AVP in gluco-regulation, supported by observational evidence. This important area of research subsequently appeared to stop until this century during which interest in hypertonic saline infusion studies, animal AVP receptor knockout models, dietary and genetic associations, and human interventions manipulating hydration status have resurged. This narrative review briefly describes and critically evaluates the usefulness of the current AVP-gluco-regulatory research. We offer suggestions on how to test the independent gluco-regulatory effects of body mass reductions versus elevated circulating AVP concentrations, such as investigating hydration manipulations using 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Whilst much research is still needed before making firm conclusions, the current evidence suggests that although AVP may only be partially implicated in gluco-regulation; more ecologically valid models using human participants suggests this effect is independent of hydration status. The key implication of this hypothesis if confirmed in future research is that manipulating hydration status to reduce circulating AVP concentrations may not be an effective method to improve gluco-regulatory health.
Gluco-regulatory diseases, such as type 2 diabetes are currently a key public health priority. Public health messages have started to include the addition of water in their dietary guidelines. Such guidelines however are not based on causal evidence pertaining to the health effects of increased water intake, but rather more heavily based upon non-causal or mechanistic data. One line of thinking linking fluid intake and health is that hypohydration induces elevated blood concentrations of arginine vasopressin (AVP). Research in the 1970s and 1980s implicated AVP in gluco-regulation, supported by observational evidence. This important area of research subsequently appeared to stop until this century during which interest in hypertonic saline infusion studies, animal AVP receptor knockout models, dietary and genetic associations, and human interventions manipulating hydration status have resurged. This narrative review briefly describes and critically evaluates the usefulness of the current AVP-gluco-regulatory research. We offer suggestions on how to test the independent gluco-regulatory effects of body mass reductions versus elevated circulating AVP concentrations, such as investigating hydration manipulations using 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Whilst much research is still needed before making firm conclusions, the current evidence suggests that although AVP may only be partially implicated in gluco-regulation; more ecologically valid models using human participants suggests this effect is independent of hydration status. The key implication of this hypothesis if confirmed in future research is that manipulating hydration status to reduce circulating AVP concentrations may not be an effective method to improve gluco-regulatory health.Multiple propane gas flow rates procedure to determine accuracy and linearity of indirect calorimetry systems : An experimental assessment of a method.https://peerj.com/preprints/275502019-02-232019-02-23Mohammad IsmailAlsubheen A Sana'aAngela Loucks-AtlinsonMatthew AtkinsonLiam P KellyTim AlkananiFabien Basset
Objective: Indirect calorimetry (IC) systems measure the fractions of expired carbon dioxide (FECO2) and oxygen (FEO2) recorded at the mouth in order to estimate whole body energy production (EP). The fundamental principal of IC relates to oxidative mechanisms, expressed as rate of oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and carbon dioxide production (V̇CO2). From these volumes we calculate energy production and respiratory exchange ratio which is used to estimate substrate utilization rates. The accuracy of IC systems is critical to detect small changes in respiratory gas exchanges. The aim of this technical report was to assess the accuracy and linearity of IC systems using multiple propane gas flow rates procedure. Approach: A series of propane gas with different flow rates and ventilation rates were run on three different IC systems. The actual experimental V̇O2 and V̇CO2 were calculated and compared to stoichiometry theoretical values. Results: showed a linear relationship between gas volumes (V̇O2 and V̇CO2) and propane gas flows (99.6%, 99.2%, 94.8% for the Sable, Moxus, and Jaeger metabolic carts, respectively). In terms of system error, Jaeger system had significantly (p < 0.001) greater V̇O2 (M = -0.057, SE = 0.004), and V̇CO2 (M = -0.048, SE = 0.002) error compared to either the Sable (V̇O2, M = 0.044, SE = 0.004; V̇CO2, M = 0.024, SE = 0.002) or the Moxus (V̇O2, M = 0.046, SE = 0.004; V̇CO2, M = 0.025, SE = 0.002) metabolic carts. There were no significant differences between the Sable or Moxus metabolic carts. Conclusion: The multiple flow rates approach permitted the assessment of linearity of IC systems in addition to determining the accuracy of fractions of expired gases.
Objective: Indirect calorimetry (IC) systems measure the fractions of expired carbon dioxide (FECO2) and oxygen (FEO2) recorded at the mouth in order to estimate whole body energy production (EP). The fundamental principal of IC relates to oxidative mechanisms, expressed as rate of oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and carbon dioxide production (V̇CO2). From these volumes we calculate energy production and respiratory exchange ratio which is used to estimate substrate utilization rates. The accuracy of IC systems is critical to detect small changes in respiratory gas exchanges. The aim of this technical report was to assess the accuracy and linearity of IC systems using multiple propane gas flow rates procedure. Approach: A series of propane gas with different flow rates and ventilation rates were run on three different IC systems. The actual experimental V̇O2 and V̇CO2 were calculated and compared to stoichiometry theoretical values. Results: showed a linear relationship between gas volumes (V̇O2 and V̇CO2) and propane gas flows (99.6%, 99.2%, 94.8% for the Sable, Moxus, and Jaeger metabolic carts, respectively). In terms of system error, Jaeger system had significantly (p < 0.001) greater V̇O2 (M = -0.057, SE = 0.004), and V̇CO2 (M = -0.048, SE = 0.002)error compared to either the Sable (V̇O2, M = 0.044, SE = 0.004; V̇CO2, M = 0.024, SE = 0.002) or the Moxus (V̇O2, M = 0.046, SE = 0.004; V̇CO2, M = 0.025, SE = 0.002) metabolic carts. There were no significant differences between the Sable or Moxus metabolic carts. Conclusion: The multiple flow rates approach permitted the assessment of linearity of IC systems in addition to determining the accuracy of fractions of expired gases.Diet quality through adolescence and early adulthood: cross-sectional associations of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet index and component food groups with agehttps://peerj.com/preprints/272682018-10-092018-10-09Eleanor M WinpennyStephanie GreensladeKirsten CorderEsther MF van Sluijs
Late adolescence to early adulthood is the period of life when prevalence of overweight and obesity rises the fastest, and an important time to understand changes in dietary risk factors. In this study we assess variation in diet quality through analysis of cross-sectional data from 2957 individuals aged 13 to 30 from the National Diet and Nutrition Study (2008-2016). Diet data were self-reported using 4-day food diaries and coded to give diet quality (DASH index, range 0-80) and DASH component food groups (grams/day). Mean DASH index score was low at 34.8 (95% CI 34.3, 35.4). Regression of diet quality score and food groups on age categories revealed no significant change in diet quality score with age category in males, but an improved diet quality score among females aged 19-21 (β=2.04, CI 0.05, 4.03), 25-27 (β=3.77, CI 1.36, 6.19) and 28-30 (β=2.48, CI 0.59, 4.36), compared to age 13-15. Both sexes showed increased vegetable intake with age. Dairy intake was lower in early adult ages among males, while in females there was an increase in the proportion of low-fat dairy consumed with age. Further research should address the determinants of changes in diet in early adulthood, to provide evidence for targeting of public health policy.
Late adolescence to early adulthood is the period of life when prevalence of overweight and obesity rises the fastest, and an important time to understand changes in dietary risk factors. In this study we assess variation in diet quality through analysis of cross-sectional data from 2957 individuals aged 13 to 30 from the National Diet and Nutrition Study (2008-2016). Diet data were self-reported using 4-day food diaries and coded to give diet quality (DASH index, range 0-80) and DASH component food groups (grams/day). Mean DASH index score was low at 34.8 (95% CI 34.3, 35.4). Regression of diet quality score and food groups on age categories revealed no significant change in diet quality score with age category in males, but an improved diet quality score among females aged 19-21 (β=2.04, CI 0.05, 4.03), 25-27 (β=3.77, CI 1.36, 6.19) and 28-30 (β=2.48, CI 0.59, 4.36), compared to age 13-15. Both sexes showed increased vegetable intake with age. Dairy intake was lower in early adult ages among males, while in females there was an increase in the proportion of low-fat dairy consumed with age. Further research should address the determinants of changes in diet in early adulthood, to provide evidence for targeting of public health policy.Protocol: The relationship between vitamin A and body mass: A systematic review and meta-analysishttps://peerj.com/preprints/270712018-07-302018-07-30Wasim A IqbalGavin B StewartInes MendesKieran FinneyAnthony OxleyGeorg Lietz
The proposed protocol is for a systematic review and meta-analysis on the relationship between vitamin A and body mass. The primary objective is to explore the mechanisms between vitamin A and adiposity such as inflammation, dietary intake and body fat. The secondary objective is to look at the extent to which vitamin A is stored in different adipose tissue depots. The protocol outlines the motive and scope for the review, and methodology including the risk of bias, statistical analysis, screening and study criteria.
The proposed protocol is for a systematic review and meta-analysis on the relationship between vitamin A and body mass. The primary objective is to explore the mechanisms between vitamin A and adiposity such as inflammation, dietary intake and body fat. The secondary objective is to look at the extent to which vitamin A is stored in different adipose tissue depots. The protocol outlines the motive and scope for the review, and methodology including the risk of bias, statistical analysis, screening and study criteria.Do mice grow normally with an egg-only diet?https://peerj.com/preprints/270002018-06-212018-06-21Naomi NishioKen-ichi IsobeHiromi NishiErika AtsumiHinano AsaiChihiro Furusawa
Chicken egg (egg) is a conventional food that contains every nutrient required for the growth of the chicken embryo. Eggs contain high amounts of important proteins and fat with a very low amount of carbohydrates, and also contain all vitamins and minerals needed for the chick to develop. We took 5-week-old mice and raised them for 6 months consuming an egg-only diet, and examined their health conditions. We found that mice raised on this diet grew to the same weight as mice fed a normal chow diet (ND), and remained healthy until they were 8 months old. As expected, the levels of total ketone bodies and 3-hydroxybutyrate were approximately 3 times higher in the egg-only mice than in the ND mice. Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids in the serum of the egg-only mice were higher than those in the ND mice. Surprisingly, serum glucose levels in the egg-only mice were nearly the same as those of the ND mice at all points. Because of the high amount of fat in the diet (approximately 60% of total calories), we expected that the egg-only mice would develop fatty liver or other metabolic diseases. However, over the 6-month examination period, we observed no pathological changes in the livers of the egg-only mice serologically and histologically. Serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels were normal and no fat droplets were observed in the livers of the egg-only mice.
Chicken egg (egg) is a conventional food that contains every nutrient required for the growth of the chicken embryo. Eggs contain high amounts of important proteins and fat with a very low amount of carbohydrates, and also contain all vitamins and minerals needed for the chick to develop. We took 5-week-old mice and raised them for 6 months consuming an egg-only diet, and examined their health conditions. We found that mice raised on this diet grew to the same weight as mice fed a normal chow diet (ND), and remained healthy until they were 8 months old. As expected, the levels of total ketone bodies and 3-hydroxybutyrate were approximately 3 times higher in the egg-only mice than in the ND mice. Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids in the serum of the egg-only mice were higher than those in the ND mice. Surprisingly, serum glucose levels in the egg-only mice were nearly the same as those of the ND mice at all points. Because of the high amount of fat in the diet (approximately 60% of total calories), we expected that the egg-only mice would develop fatty liver or other metabolic diseases. However, over the 6-month examination period, we observed no pathological changes in the livers of the egg-only mice serologically and histologically. Serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels were normal and no fat droplets were observed in the livers of the egg-only mice.Mathematical modelling and analysis of elite athletes’ sprint data to study the rate and regulation of ATP during a maximal exercise of short durationhttps://peerj.com/preprints/269192018-05-092018-05-09Dineshen ChuckravanenLaila AhlimaleSujan Rajbhandari
According to the energy supply/energy depletion model, it is not clear how the depletion of substrates (adenosine triphosphate) affects sprint performance. Therefore, this research was conducted to find out how the human organism regulates the amount and the rate of adenosine triphosphate to observe how these factors affect performance specifically during a maximal exercise of short duration.It was found there was a causal relationship between percentage of PCr and speed which might affect sprint performance.The percentage of chemical energy derived from the anaerobic energy system was found to be 95% for 100-m sprint running. The rate constant for the PCr anaerobic metabolic energy process (0.31s-1) was found to be greater than that of the oxygen-independent glycolysis metabolic process (0.11s-1) and these rate constants affect sprint performance.
According to the energy supply/energy depletion model, it is not clear how the depletion of substrates (adenosine triphosphate) affects sprint performance. Therefore, this research was conducted to find out how the human organism regulates the amount and the rate of adenosine triphosphate to observe how these factors affect performance specifically during a maximal exercise of short duration.It was found there was a causal relationship between percentage of PCr and speed which might affect sprint performance.The percentage of chemical energy derived from the anaerobic energy system was found to be 95% for 100-m sprint running. The rate constant for the PCr anaerobic metabolic energy process (0.31s-1) was found to be greater than that of the oxygen-independent glycolysis metabolic process (0.11s-1) and these rate constants affect sprint performance.Changes in diet through adolescence and early adulthood: Longitudinal trajectories and association with key life transitionshttps://peerj.com/preprints/268762018-04-202018-04-20Eleanor WinpennyEsther M F van SluijsMartin WhiteKnut-Inge KleppBente WoldNanna Lien
Background. Early adulthood is a period associated with poor diet and rapid weight gain. This is also an age of transition, including environmental, social and lifestyle changes which may be associated with changes in diet. We assess longitudinal associations between four early adulthood life transitions (leaving home, leaving education, entering employment, and cohabitation) and changes in consumption of fruit, vegetables, confectionery and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs).
Methods. Participants (n=1100) from the Norwegian Longitudinal Health Behaviour Study, reported data on diet and life transitions on up to eight occasions from age 14 to age 30. Diet data included self-reported intake of fruit, vegetables, confectionary and sugar-sweetened beverages. Growth models were developed to describe changing intake of each of the four diet indicators with age. Fixed-effects regression models assessed associations between the four life transitions and within-individual changes in diet indicators, with adjustment for the remaining transitions and parenthood.
Results. Diet indicators showed quadratic trajectories with age: fruit and vegetable intakes declined from age 14 to ages 23 and 21 respectively, before increasing to age 30. SSB and confectionery intakes increased to age 18, before subsequently decreasing. Leaving the parental home was associated with a decrease in fruit intake of -0.54 times/week (95% confidence interval (95%CI): -0.87;-0.22) and vegetable intake of -0.43 times/week (95%CI: -0.70;-0.15). Leaving education was associated with increases in confectionery (0.33 times/week (95%CI: 0.04;0.62)) and SSB intakes (0.49 times/week (95%CI: 0.10;0.87).
Conclusions. Leaving home and leaving education are associated with decreases in diet quality and may present opportunities for effective diet and obesity intervention. Further study of these transitions is needed to understand the mechanisms mediating associations between life transitions and changes in diet.
Background. Early adulthood is a period associated with poor diet and rapid weight gain. This is also an age of transition, including environmental, social and lifestyle changes which may be associated with changes in diet. We assess longitudinal associations between four early adulthood life transitions (leaving home, leaving education, entering employment, and cohabitation) and changes in consumption of fruit, vegetables, confectionery and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs).Methods. Participants (n=1100) from the Norwegian Longitudinal Health Behaviour Study, reported data on diet and life transitions on up to eight occasions from age 14 to age 30. Diet data included self-reported intake of fruit, vegetables, confectionary and sugar-sweetened beverages. Growth models were developed to describe changing intake of each of the four diet indicators with age. Fixed-effects regression models assessed associations between the four life transitions and within-individual changes in diet indicators, with adjustment for the remaining transitions and parenthood.Results. Diet indicators showed quadratic trajectories with age: fruit and vegetable intakes declined from age 14 to ages 23 and 21 respectively, before increasing to age 30. SSB and confectionery intakes increased to age 18, before subsequently decreasing. Leaving the parental home was associated with a decrease in fruit intake of -0.54 times/week (95% confidence interval (95%CI): -0.87;-0.22) and vegetable intake of -0.43 times/week (95%CI: -0.70;-0.15). Leaving education was associated with increases in confectionery (0.33 times/week (95%CI: 0.04;0.62)) and SSB intakes (0.49 times/week (95%CI: 0.10;0.87).Conclusions. Leaving home and leaving education are associated with decreases in diet quality and may present opportunities for effective diet and obesity intervention. Further study of these transitions is needed to understand the mechanisms mediating associations between life transitions and changes in diet.Protocol: The effect of whole-grain dietary intake on non-communicable diseases: A systematic review, multivariate meta-analysis and dose-response of prospective cohorts, cross-sectional, case-control and intervention studieshttps://peerj.com/preprints/267102018-03-152018-03-15Wasim A IqbalGavin B StewartAbigail J SmithChris J Seal
The proposed protocol is for a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of whole-grains (WG) on non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and obesity. The primary objectives is to explore the mechanisms of WG intake on multiple biomarkers of NCDs such as fasting glucose, fasting insulin and many others. The secondary objective will look at the dose-response relationship between these various mechanisms. The protocol outlines the motive and scope for the review, and methodology including the risk of bias, statistical analysis, screening and study criteria.
The proposed protocol is for a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of whole-grains (WG) on non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and obesity. The primary objectives is to explore the mechanisms of WG intake on multiple biomarkers of NCDs such as fasting glucose, fasting insulin and many others. The secondary objective will look at the dose-response relationship between these various mechanisms. The protocol outlines the motive and scope for the review, and methodology including the risk of bias, statistical analysis, screening and study criteria.Application of hyperspectral imaging system to discriminate different diets of live Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)https://peerj.com/preprints/265622018-02-222018-02-22Mohammadmehdi SaberioonPetr CisarLaurent LabbéPavel SoučekPablo Pelissier
The main aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of hyperspectral imagery for determining the influence of different diets on fish skin. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fed either a commercial based diet (N= 80) or a 100 % plant-based diet (N = 80). Hyperspectral images were made using a push-broom hyperspectral imaging system in the spectral region of 394-1009 nm. All images were calibrated using dark and white reference and the average spectral data from the region of interest were extracted. Six spectral pre-treatment methods were used, including Savitzky-Golay (SG), First Derivative(FD), Second Derivative (SD), Standard Normal Variate (SNV) and Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC) then a support vector machine (SVM) with linear kernel was applied to establish the classification models. Additionally, the Genetic algorithm (GA) was used to select optimal wavelengths to reduce the high dimensionality from hyperspectral images in order to decrease the computational costs and simplify the classification models. Overall classification models established from full wavelengths and selected wavelengths showed the good performance (Correct Classification Rate (CCR) = 0.871, Kappa = 0.741) when coupled with SG. The overall results indicate that the integration of Vis/NIR hyperspectral imaging system and machine learning algorithms has promise for discriminating different diets based on the live fish skin.
The main aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of hyperspectral imagery for determining the influence of different diets on fish skin. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fed either a commercial based diet (N= 80) or a 100 % plant-based diet (N = 80). Hyperspectral images were made using a push-broom hyperspectral imaging system in the spectral region of 394-1009 nm. All images were calibrated using dark and white reference and the average spectral data from the region of interest were extracted. Six spectral pre-treatment methods were used, including Savitzky-Golay (SG), First Derivative(FD), Second Derivative (SD), Standard Normal Variate (SNV) and Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC) then a support vector machine (SVM) with linear kernel was applied to establish the classification models. Additionally, the Genetic algorithm (GA) was used to select optimal wavelengths to reduce the high dimensionality from hyperspectral images in order to decrease the computational costs and simplify the classification models. Overall classification models established from full wavelengths and selected wavelengths showed the good performance (Correct Classification Rate (CCR) = 0.871, Kappa = 0.741) when coupled with SG. The overall results indicate that the integration of Vis/NIR hyperspectral imaging system and machine learning algorithms has promise for discriminating different diets based on the live fish skin.