PeerJ Preprints: Gastroenterology and Hepatologyhttps://peerj.com/preprints/index.atom?journal=peerj&subject=4600Gastroenterology and Hepatology articles published in PeerJ PreprintsGene/environment interaction and autoimmune diseasehttps://peerj.com/preprints/279392019-09-052019-09-05Tamia A HarrisShai Bel
Autoimmune diseases are complex illnesses in which the body’s immune system attacks its own healthy tissues. These diseases, which can be fatal, gravely impact the quality of life of those afflicted by them with no cure currently available. The exact etiology of autoimmune diseases is not completely clear. Biomedical research has revealed that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development and progression of these diseases. Nevertheless, genetic and environmental factors alone cannot explain a large proportion of cases, leading to the possibility that the two factors interact in driving disease onset. Understanding how genetic and environmental factor influence host physiology in a manner that leads to the development of autoimmune diseases can reveal the mechanisms by which these diseases manifest, and bring us closer to finding a cure for them. In this chapter, we will review the current research of genetic/environmental interactions that contribute to development of autoimmune diseases, with an emphasis on interactions between the host and the multitudes of microbes that inhabit it, the microbiota.
Autoimmune diseases are complex illnesses in which the body’s immune system attacks its own healthy tissues. These diseases, which can be fatal, gravely impact the quality of life of those afflicted by them with no cure currently available. The exact etiology of autoimmune diseases is not completely clear. Biomedical research has revealed that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development and progression of these diseases. Nevertheless, genetic and environmental factors alone cannot explain a large proportion of cases, leading to the possibility that the two factors interact in driving disease onset. Understanding how genetic and environmental factor influence host physiology in a manner that leads to the development of autoimmune diseases can reveal the mechanisms by which these diseases manifest, and bring us closer to finding a cure for them. In this chapter, we will review the current research of genetic/environmental interactions that contribute to development of autoimmune diseases, with an emphasis on interactions between the host and the multitudes of microbes that inhabit it, the microbiota.The protective effect of nicotinamide riboside against age-induced hepatic disease in micehttps://peerj.com/preprints/277052019-05-062019-05-06Xue HanXiaogang BaoQi LouXian XieShasang ZhouGuojun Jiang
Background & Aims. Aging is one of the key triggers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Yet, the pathomechanism of the age-associated NAFLD is not fully understood. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), an ubiquitous coenzyme, has beneficial effects on aging. Here, we investigated the actions of NAD precursors nicotinamide riboside (NR) on the development of age-induced NAFLD. Methods. NR supplied food (2.5g/kg food) was applied to aged mice for three months. Changes of body weight, food intake, hepar weight and fat pat mass were measured. The serum concentrations of lipid content, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and NAD were determined by biochemical assays. Pathological assessment and immunohistochemistry analysis of hepatic tissues were used to evaluate the effect of NR on NAFLD development and inflammation infiltrated. Results. NR significantly reduced fat pat mass, lipid content and AST in aged mice, but didn't modify in terms of body weight, food intake, hepar weight and ALT in aged mice. Given normal chow, aged mice displayed decline of NAD concentration. In aged mice model, moderate NAFLD phenotypes, including steatosis and hepatic fibrosis (Masson's trichrome staining and TGF-β staining) were observed in liver. In addition, Kupffer cells accumulated and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression were more aggravated in hepatic tissues. Whereas, NR administration completely corrected these NAFLD phenotypes and inflammation infiltrated in liver. Conclusion. NR has benefits on age-associated lipid accumulation and hepatic steatosis, and the oral uptake of NR may be a promising strategy to prevent the progression of NAFLD.
Background & Aims. Aging is one of the key triggers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Yet, the pathomechanism of the age-associated NAFLD is not fully understood. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), an ubiquitous coenzyme, has beneficial effects on aging. Here, we investigated the actions of NAD precursors nicotinamide riboside (NR) on the development of age-induced NAFLD. Methods. NR supplied food (2.5g/kg food) was applied to aged mice for three months. Changes of body weight, food intake, hepar weight and fat pat mass were measured. The serum concentrations of lipid content, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and NAD were determined by biochemical assays. Pathological assessment and immunohistochemistry analysis of hepatic tissues were used to evaluate the effect of NR on NAFLD development and inflammation infiltrated. Results. NR significantly reduced fat pat mass, lipid content and AST in aged mice, but didn't modify in terms of body weight, food intake, hepar weight and ALT in aged mice. Given normal chow, aged mice displayed decline of NAD concentration. In aged mice model, moderate NAFLD phenotypes, including steatosis and hepatic fibrosis (Masson's trichrome staining and TGF-β staining) were observed in liver. In addition, Kupffer cells accumulated and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression were more aggravated in hepatic tissues. Whereas, NR administration completely corrected these NAFLD phenotypes and inflammation infiltrated in liver. Conclusion. NR has benefits on age-associated lipid accumulation and hepatic steatosis, and the oral uptake of NR may be a promising strategy to prevent the progression of NAFLD.The 100 most-cited articles in the field of colorectal diseases from 1955 to 2018: A bibliometric analysishttps://peerj.com/preprints/276022019-03-192019-03-19Mengqi LuoLuoChunmei ZhangYutang RenWei PengChunyu ZhongYan PengXiaowei Tang
Abstract
Background: The number of times that an article was cited reflected its impact. In this study, we aimed to recognize and analyze the characteristics of the most frequently cited articles in the field of colorectal diseases.
Methods: We identified the 100 highest cited articles using the terms ‘colorectal’ or ‘colon’ or ‘rectal’ or ‘IBD’ or ‘ulcerative colitis’ or ‘Crohn disease’ or ‘colonoscopy’ in Web of Science. Articles were analyzed to evaluate the characteristics including number of citations, country of origin, institutions of origin based on the first author affiliation, study type and others.
Results: Of the top cited publications, the number of citations ranged from 1479 to 8834 with a mean of 2304.85 citations per article. The journal with the greatest number of most-cited articles was New England Journal of Medicine (n=23), followed by Science (n=13) and Nature (n=12). These papers were published in 14 different countries, of which more than half were from the United States (n=64). The most popular field was colorectal cancer (n=51), followed by colonic tumor (n=21). Most of the papers were basic science studies (n=44) and randomized controlled trials (n=29).
Conclusion: Our study could provide a historical perspective on the scientific progress in the field of colorectal diseases, which would lay a firm foundation for future research.
Abstract Background: The number of times that an article was cited reflected its impact. In this study, we aimed to recognize and analyze the characteristics of the most frequently cited articles in the field of colorectal diseases. Methods: We identified the 100 highest cited articles using the terms ‘colorectal’ or ‘colon’ or ‘rectal’ or ‘IBD’ or ‘ulcerative colitis’ or ‘Crohn disease’ or ‘colonoscopy’ in Web of Science. Articles were analyzed to evaluate the characteristics including number of citations, country of origin, institutions of origin based on the first author affiliation, study type and others. Results: Of the top cited publications, the number of citations ranged from 1479 to 8834 with a mean of 2304.85 citations per article. The journal with the greatest number of most-cited articles was New England Journal of Medicine (n=23), followed by Science (n=13) and Nature (n=12). These papers were published in 14 different countries, of which more than half were from the United States (n=64). The most popular field was colorectal cancer (n=51), followed by colonic tumor (n=21). Most of the papers were basic science studies (n=44) and randomized controlled trials (n=29). Conclusion: Our study could provide a historical perspective on the scientific progress in the field of colorectal diseases, which would lay a firm foundation for future research.Fecal microbiota transplantation research output from 2004 to 2017: a bibliometric analysishttps://peerj.com/preprints/272592018-10-072018-10-07Yan LiZiyuan ZouYushan HuangXiaohui BianYanru WangChen YangJiao ZhaoLang Xie
Background: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an emerging therapy against Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although the therapy has gained prominence, there has been no bibliometric analysis of FMT. Methods: Studies published from 2004 to 2017 were extracted from the Science Citation Index Expanded. Bibliometric analysis were used to evaluate the number or cooperation of publications, countries, citations, references, journals, authors, institutions and keywords. Results: A total of 796 items were included, showing an increasing trend annually. Publications mainly came from 10 countries, led by the US (n = 363). In the top 100 articles ranked by the number of citations (range 47-1158), American Journal of Gastroenterology (2017 IF = 10.231) took the top spot. The co-citation network had 7 co-citation clusters headed by ‘recurrent Clostridium difficile infection’. The top 7 keywords with the strongest citation bursts had three parts, ‘microbiota’, ‘ diarrhea ’, and ‘case series’. All keywords were divided into four domains, ‘disease’, ‘nosogenesis’, ‘trial’, and ‘therapy’. Conclusions: This study shows the research performance of FMT from 2004 to 2017 and helps investigators master the trend of FMT, which is also an ongoing hotspot of research.
Background: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an emerging therapy against Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although the therapy has gained prominence, there has been no bibliometric analysis of FMT. Methods: Studies published from 2004 to 2017 were extracted from the Science Citation Index Expanded. Bibliometric analysis were used to evaluate the number or cooperation of publications, countries, citations, references, journals, authors, institutions and keywords. Results: A total of 796 items were included, showing an increasing trend annually. Publications mainly came from 10 countries, led by the US (n = 363). In the top 100 articles ranked by the number of citations (range 47-1158), American Journal of Gastroenterology (2017 IF = 10.231) took the top spot. The co-citation network had 7 co-citation clusters headed by ‘recurrent Clostridium difficile infection’. The top 7 keywords with the strongest citation bursts had three parts, ‘microbiota’, ‘ diarrhea ’, and ‘case series’. All keywords were divided into four domains, ‘disease’, ‘nosogenesis’, ‘trial’, and ‘therapy’. Conclusions: This study shows the research performance of FMT from 2004 to 2017 and helps investigators master the trend of FMT, which is also an ongoing hotspot of research.Expression pattern of Wif 1 during development of anorectum in fetal rats with anorectal malformationshttps://peerj.com/preprints/34592017-12-112017-12-11Xiao Bing TangHuan LiJin ZhangWei Lin WangZheng Wei YuanYu Zuo Bai
Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the expression pattern of Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (Wif1) during anorectal development in normal and anorectal malformation (ARM) embryos and the possible role of Wif1 in the pathogenesis of ARM. Methods: ARM was induced with ethylenethiourea on the 10th gestational day in rat embryos. Cesarean deliveries were performed to harvest the embryos. The expression pattern of Wif1 protein and mRNA was evaluated in normal rat embryos (n=288) and ARM rat embryos (n=306) from GD13 to GD16 using immunohistochemical staining, Western blot, and real time RT-PCR. Results: Immunohistochemical staining revealed that in normal embryos Wif1 was constantly expressed in the cloaca from GD13 to GD16. On GD13 and GD14, Wif1-immunopositive cells were extensively expressed in the cloaca. On GD15, the expression of Wif1 were mainly detected on the very thin anal membrane. In ARM embryos, the epithelium of the hindgut and urorectal septum demonstrated faint immunostaining for Wif1 from GD14 to GD16. Western blot and real time RT-PCR revealed that Wif1 protein and mRNA expression level was significantly decreased in the ARM groups compared with the normal group on GD14 and GD15 (p<0.05).Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the expression pattern of Wif1 was disrupted in ARM embryos during anorectal morphogenesis, which demonstrated that downregulation of Wif1 at the time of cloacal separation into the primitive rectum and urogenital septum might related to the development of ARM.
Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the expression pattern of Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (Wif1) during anorectal development in normal and anorectal malformation (ARM) embryos and the possible role of Wif1 in the pathogenesis of ARM. Methods: ARM was induced with ethylenethiourea on the 10th gestational day in rat embryos. Cesarean deliveries were performed to harvest the embryos. The expression pattern of Wif1 protein and mRNA was evaluated in normal rat embryos (n=288) and ARM rat embryos (n=306) from GD13 to GD16 using immunohistochemical staining, Western blot, and real time RT-PCR. Results: Immunohistochemical staining revealed that in normal embryos Wif1 was constantly expressed in the cloaca from GD13 to GD16. On GD13 and GD14, Wif1-immunopositive cells were extensively expressed in the cloaca. On GD15, the expression of Wif1 were mainly detected on the very thin anal membrane. In ARM embryos, the epithelium of the hindgut and urorectal septum demonstrated faint immunostaining for Wif1 from GD14 to GD16. Western blot and real time RT-PCR revealed that Wif1 protein and mRNA expression level was significantly decreased in the ARM groups compared with the normal group on GD14 and GD15 (p<0.05).Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the expression pattern of Wif1 was disrupted in ARM embryos during anorectal morphogenesis, which demonstrated thatdownregulation of Wif1 at the time of cloacal separation into the primitive rectum and urogenital septum might related to the development of ARM.Effect of an oral dietary supplementation by a formulation based on silibinin-phosphatidylcholine complex in cats with liver diseaseshttps://peerj.com/preprints/33492017-10-162017-10-16Elena BiasibettiTiziana CoccaMaria Teresa CapucchioStefano TogniLuca GiacomelliLeonardo GiraudoMauro BigliatiMarco Barbara
Background: Liver pathology in cats represents a frequent clinical condition occurring in animals of any age. Dietary supplementation with hepatoprotective and antioxidant products could represent a beneficial strategy to prevent and treat these disorders. We evaluated the tolerability and efficacy of long-term treatment with a multi-component, dietary supplement containing functional natural ingredients with recognized hepatoprotective properties in cats suffering from liver diseases
Methods: 20 European domestic cats of either gender, 10 with hepatic lipidosis and 10 with cholangitis received for 180 consecutive days a multi-component formulation based on the silibinin-phosphatidylcholine complex as paste or tablet. Clinical assessment and blood and urine parameters were evaluated at T0 (inclusion time) and after 7, 28, 60, 90 and 180 days from the initiation of the study.
Results: The oral supplementation with the silibinin-phosphatidylcholine complex significantly reduced the activity of liver enzymes in serum (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ -glutamyl transferase) and the content of total bilirubin, albumin, pre- and post- bile acids, in cats with hepatic lipidosis or cholangitis, normalizing their liver function parameters. Moreover, following the supplementation, the appetite was restored in all cats and the frequent episodes of diarrhea and vomit reported at inclusion almost disappeared.
Discussion: Dietary supplementation with the silibinin-phosphatidylcholine complex containing functional natural ingredients with recognized hepatoprotective and antioxidant actions might represent an effective strategy to improve the conditions of liver dysfunction, such as hepatitis lipidosis and cholangitis, in cats.
Background: Liver pathology in cats represents a frequent clinical condition occurring in animals of any age. Dietary supplementation with hepatoprotective and antioxidant products could represent a beneficial strategy to prevent and treat these disorders. We evaluated the tolerability and efficacy of long-term treatment with a multi-component, dietary supplement containing functional natural ingredients with recognized hepatoprotective properties in cats suffering from liver diseasesMethods: 20 European domestic cats of either gender, 10 with hepatic lipidosis and 10 with cholangitis received for 180 consecutive days a multi-component formulation based on the silibinin-phosphatidylcholine complex as paste or tablet. Clinical assessment and blood and urine parameters were evaluated at T0 (inclusion time) and after 7, 28, 60, 90 and 180 days from the initiation of the study.Results: The oral supplementation with the silibinin-phosphatidylcholine complex significantly reduced the activity of liver enzymes in serum (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ -glutamyl transferase) and the content of total bilirubin, albumin, pre- and post- bile acids, in cats with hepatic lipidosis or cholangitis, normalizing their liver function parameters. Moreover, following the supplementation, the appetite was restored in all cats and the frequent episodes of diarrhea and vomit reported at inclusion almost disappeared.Discussion: Dietary supplementation with the silibinin-phosphatidylcholine complex containing functional natural ingredients with recognized hepatoprotective and antioxidant actions might represent an effective strategy to improve the conditions of liver dysfunction, such as hepatitis lipidosis and cholangitis, in cats.Molecular assessment of the fecal microbiota in healthy cats and dogs before and during supplementation with fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin using high-throughput 454-pyrosequencinghttps://peerj.com/preprints/28142017-02-172017-02-17Jose F Garcia-MazcorroJose R Barcenas-WallsJan S SuchodolskiJörg M Steiner
Prebiotics are selectively fermentable dietary compounds that result in changes in the composition and/or activity of the intestinal microbiota, thus conferring benefits upon host health. In veterinary medicine, commercially available products containing prebiotics have not been well studied with regard to the changes they trigger on the composition of the gut microbiota. This study evaluated the effect of a commercially available nutraceutical containing fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin on the fecal microbiota of healthy cats and dogs when administered for 16 days. Fecal samples were collected at two time points before and at two time points during prebiotic administration. Total genomic DNA was obtained from fecal samples and 454-pyrosequencing was used for 16S rRNA gene bacterial profiling. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) method was used for detecting bacterial taxa that may respond (i.e., increase or decrease in its relative abundance) to prebiotic administration. Prebiotic administration was associated with a good acceptance and no side effects (e.g. diarrhea) were reported by the owners. A low dose of prebiotics (50 mL total regardless of body weight with the end product containing 0.45% of prebiotics) revealed a lower abundance of Gammaproteobacteria and a higher abundance of Veillonellaceae during prebiotic administration in cats, while Staphylococcaceae showed a higher abundance during prebiotic administration in dogs. These differences were not sufficient to separate bacterial communities as shown by analysis of weighted UniFrac distance metrics. A predictive approach of the fecal bacterial metagenome using PICRUSt also did not reveal differences between the period before and during prebiotic administration. A second trial using a higher dose of prebiotics (3.2 mL/kg body weight with the end product containing 3.1% of prebiotics) was tested in dogs and revealed a lower abundance of Dorea (family Clostridiaceae) and a higher abundance of Megamonas and other (unknown) members of Veillonellaceae during prebiotic administration. Again, these changes were not sufficient to separate bacterial communities or predicted metabolic profiles according to treatment. A closer analysis of bacterial communities at all time-points revealed highly individualized patterns of variation. This study shows a high interindividual variation of fecal bacterial communities from pet cats and dogs, that these communities are relatively stable over time, and that some of this variation can be attributable to prebiotic administration, a phenomenon that may be affected by the amount of the prebiotic administered in the formulation. This study also provides insights into the response of gut bacterial communities in pet cats and dogs during administration of commercially available products containing prebiotics. More studies are needed to explore potentially beneficial effects on host health beyond changes in bacterial communities.
Prebiotics are selectively fermentable dietary compounds that result in changes in the composition and/or activity of the intestinal microbiota, thus conferring benefits upon host health. In veterinary medicine, commercially available products containing prebiotics have not been well studied with regard to the changes they trigger on the composition of the gut microbiota. This study evaluated the effect of a commercially available nutraceutical containing fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin on the fecal microbiota of healthy cats and dogs when administered for 16 days. Fecal samples were collected at two time points before and at two time points during prebiotic administration. Total genomic DNA was obtained from fecal samples and 454-pyrosequencing was used for 16S rRNA gene bacterial profiling. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) method was used for detecting bacterial taxa that may respond (i.e., increase or decrease in its relative abundance) to prebiotic administration. Prebiotic administration was associated with a good acceptance and no side effects (e.g. diarrhea) were reported by the owners. A low dose of prebiotics (50 mL total regardless of body weight with the end product containing 0.45% of prebiotics) revealed a lower abundance of Gammaproteobacteria and a higher abundance of Veillonellaceae during prebiotic administration in cats, while Staphylococcaceae showed a higher abundance during prebiotic administration in dogs. These differences were not sufficient to separate bacterial communities as shown by analysis of weighted UniFrac distance metrics. A predictive approach of the fecal bacterial metagenome using PICRUSt also did not reveal differences between the period before and during prebiotic administration. A second trial using a higher dose of prebiotics (3.2 mL/kg body weight with the end product containing 3.1% of prebiotics) was tested in dogs and revealed a lower abundance of Dorea (family Clostridiaceae) and a higher abundance of Megamonas and other (unknown) members of Veillonellaceae during prebiotic administration. Again, these changes were not sufficient to separate bacterial communities or predicted metabolic profiles according to treatment. A closer analysis of bacterial communities at all time-points revealed highly individualized patterns of variation. This study shows a high interindividual variation of fecal bacterial communities from pet cats and dogs, that these communities are relatively stable over time, and that some of this variation can be attributable to prebiotic administration, a phenomenon that may be affected by the amount of the prebiotic administered in the formulation. This study also provides insights into the response of gut bacterial communities in pet cats and dogs during administration of commercially available products containing prebiotics. More studies are needed to explore potentially beneficial effects on host health beyond changes in bacterial communities.High-throughput sequencing identifies distinct fecal and mucosal gut microbiota correlating with different mucosal proteinshttps://peerj.com/preprints/25262016-10-162016-10-16Li-na DongJun-ping WangPing LiuYun-feng YangJing FengYi Han
The intestinal microbiota is associated with human health. The luminal microbiota (LM) and mucosa-associated microbiota (MAM) are distinct ecosystems with different metabolic and immunological functions. Several studies have examined the correlations between the gut microbiota and clinical indices, but few have investigated the relationships between the microbiota and mucosal proteins. We characterized the intestinal LM and MAM in Chinese people and examined the association between these communities and the expression of mucosal proteins. Fresh fecal samples and distal colonic mucosal biopsies were collected from 32 subjects before (fecal) and during (mucosal) flexible sigmoidoscopy. We used high-throughput sequencing targeting the 16SrRNA gene V3–V4 region to analyze the samples and reverse transcription(RT)–PCR to detect the expression of colonic proteins BDNF, ZO1, TLR2, TLR4, AQP3, and AQP8. Differences in the stool and mucosal microbiota were identified and a correlation network analysis performed. The LM and MAM populations differed significantly. In LM, the microbiota composition correlated significantly positively with host age, and Firmicutes (phylum) correlated positively with body mass index (BMI), but inversely with ZO1.At the genus level, systemic indices, such as age, BMI, and BDNF, correlated predominantly with LM, whereas systemic and local indices, such as TLR2, correlated with both MAM and LM. ZO1 and TLR4 which usually exert a local effect, mainly correlated with MAM. Different bacteria were associated with the expression of different proteins. Our data suggest that The microbial compositions of LM and MAM differed. Different gut bacteria may play different roles by regulating the expression of different proteins.
The intestinal microbiota is associated with human health. The luminal microbiota (LM) and mucosa-associated microbiota (MAM) are distinct ecosystems with different metabolic and immunological functions. Several studies have examined the correlations between the gut microbiota and clinical indices, but few have investigated the relationships between the microbiota and mucosal proteins. We characterized the intestinal LM and MAM in Chinese people and examined the association between these communities and the expression of mucosal proteins. Fresh fecal samples and distal colonic mucosal biopsies were collected from 32 subjects before (fecal) and during (mucosal) flexible sigmoidoscopy. We used high-throughput sequencing targeting the 16SrRNA gene V3–V4 region to analyze the samples and reverse transcription(RT)–PCR to detect the expression of colonic proteins BDNF, ZO1, TLR2, TLR4, AQP3, and AQP8. Differences in the stool and mucosal microbiota were identified and a correlation network analysis performed. The LM and MAM populations differed significantly. In LM, the microbiota composition correlated significantly positively with host age, and Firmicutes (phylum) correlated positively with body mass index (BMI), but inversely with ZO1.At the genus level, systemic indices, such as age, BMI, and BDNF, correlated predominantly with LM, whereas systemic and local indices, such as TLR2, correlated with both MAM and LM. ZO1 and TLR4 which usually exert a local effect, mainly correlated with MAM. Different bacteria were associated with the expression of different proteins. Our data suggest that The microbial compositions of LM and MAM differed. Different gut bacteria may play different roles by regulating the expression of different proteins.The effects of cooling conditions on EDTA whole canine blood sampleshttps://peerj.com/preprints/23982016-08-282016-08-28Karen M TobiasLeslie SerranoXiaocun SunBente Flatland
Background. Preanalytic factors such as time and temperature can have significant effects on laboratory test results. For example, ammonium concentration will increase 31% in blood samples stored at room temperature for 30 minutes before centrifugation. To reduce preanalytic error, blood samples may be placed in precooled tubes and chilled on ice or in ice water baths; however, the effectiveness of these modalities in cooling blood samples has not been formally evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of various cooling modalities on reducing temperature of EDTA whole blood samples.
Methods. Pooled samples of canine EDTA whole blood were divided into two aliquots. Saline was added to one aliquot to produce a packed cell volume (PCV) of 40% and to the second aliquot to produce a PCV of 20% (simulated anemia). Thirty samples from each aliquot were warmed to 37.7°C and cooled in 2 ml allotments under one of three conditions: in ice, in ice after transfer to a precooled tube, or in an ice water bath. Temperature of each sample was recorded at one minute intervals for 15 minutes.
Results. Within treatment conditions, sample PCV had no significant effect on cooling. Cooling in ice water was significantly faster than cooling in ice only or transferring the sample to a precooled tube and cooling it on ice. Mean temperature of samples cooled in ice water was significantly lower at 15 minutes than mean temperatures of those cooled in ice, whether or not the tube was precooled. By 4 minutes, samples cooled in an ice water bath had reached mean temperatures less than 4°C (refrigeration temperature), while samples cooled in other conditions remained above 4.0°C for at least 11 minutes. For samples with a PCV of 40%, precooling the tube had no significant effect on rate of cooling on ice. For samples with a PCV of 20%, transfer to a precooled tube resulted in a significantly faster rate of cooling than direct placement of the warmed tube onto ice.
Discussion. Canine EDTA whole blood samples cool most rapidly and to a greater degree when placed in an ice-water bath rather than in ice. Samples stored on ice water can rapidly drop below normal refrigeration temperatures; this should be taken into consideration when using this cooling modality.
Background. Preanalytic factors such as time and temperature can have significant effects on laboratory test results. For example, ammonium concentration will increase 31% in blood samples stored at room temperature for 30 minutes before centrifugation. To reduce preanalytic error, blood samples may be placed in precooled tubes and chilled on ice or in ice water baths; however, the effectiveness of these modalities in cooling blood samples has not been formally evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of various cooling modalities on reducing temperature of EDTA whole blood samples.Methods. Pooled samples of canine EDTA whole blood were divided into two aliquots. Saline was added to one aliquot to produce a packed cell volume (PCV) of 40% and to the second aliquot to produce a PCV of 20% (simulated anemia). Thirty samples from each aliquot were warmed to 37.7°C and cooled in 2 ml allotments under one of three conditions: in ice, in ice after transfer to a precooled tube, or in an ice water bath. Temperature of each sample was recorded at one minute intervals for 15 minutes.Results. Within treatment conditions, sample PCV had no significant effect on cooling. Cooling in ice water was significantly faster than cooling in ice only or transferring the sample to a precooled tube and cooling it on ice. Mean temperature of samples cooled in ice water was significantly lower at 15 minutes than mean temperatures of those cooled in ice, whether or not the tube was precooled. By 4 minutes, samples cooled in an ice water bath had reached mean temperatures less than 4°C (refrigeration temperature), while samples cooled in other conditions remained above 4.0°C for at least 11 minutes. For samples with a PCV of 40%, precooling the tube had no significant effect on rate of cooling on ice. For samples with a PCV of 20%, transfer to a precooled tube resulted in a significantly faster rate of cooling than direct placement of the warmed tube onto ice. Discussion. Canine EDTA whole blood samples cool most rapidly and to a greater degree when placed in an ice-water bath rather than in ice. Samples stored on ice water can rapidly drop below normal refrigeration temperatures; this should be taken into consideration when using this cooling modality.Reporting quality of animal experiments of gastric cancer based on the ARRIVE guidelineshttps://peerj.com/preprints/20492016-05-172016-05-17Yali LiuYuchen FengLili ZhangXiaohuan FengQin FengJIngyi LuoZhaodi BaiHaoyu WuXin TianYumin Li
Objective: The aim of this study was to use the Animals in Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines to evaluate the quality of reporting of recent gastric cancer animal experiments. Materials and Methods: A literature search of studies was performed using the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Chinese Journal Full-text Database, Chinese Scientific Journal Full-text Database, and Wanfang Database from January 2010 to December 2012. We extracted data using pre-prepared Excel data-extraction forms. Reporting quality was evaluated based on the ARRIVE guidelines. Results: Of the 1816 studies that were identified by our search, 170 were subjected to quantitative analysis using the ARRIVE guidelines. The results of the evaluation based on the ARRIVE guidelines were that 132 studies (77.61%) provided an accurate and concise description of baseline conditions and clinical conditions. Only 2 (1.18%) papers provided relevant certificates of ethical review or institutional guidelines, and 2 (1.18%) papers provided an explanation of animal experiments requiring algorithms and formulas for sample size. Forty-seven (27.65%) studies described in detail how animals were assigned to each experimental group, including the randomization procedure, 2 (1.18%) reported whether blinding was used, and 15 (8.82%) evaluated the limitations of the study. Conclusions: The reporting quality of recent animal experiments of gastric cancer is inadequate. We should improve not only the quality of the methodology but also the reporting quality of the animal experiments.
Objective: The aim of this study was to use the Animals in Research: Reporting InVivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines to evaluate the quality of reporting of recent gastric cancer animal experiments. Materials and Methods: A literature search of studies was performed using the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Chinese Journal Full-text Database, Chinese Scientific Journal Full-text Database, and Wanfang Database from January 2010 to December 2012. We extracted data using pre-prepared Excel data-extraction forms. Reporting quality was evaluated based on the ARRIVE guidelines. Results: Of the 1816 studies that were identified by our search, 170 were subjected to quantitative analysis using the ARRIVE guidelines. The results of the evaluation based on the ARRIVE guidelines were that 132 studies (77.61%) provided an accurate and concise description of baseline conditions and clinical conditions. Only 2 (1.18%) papers provided relevant certificates of ethical review or institutional guidelines, and 2 (1.18%) papers provided an explanation of animal experiments requiring algorithms and formulas for sample size. Forty-seven (27.65%) studies described in detail how animals were assigned to each experimental group, including the randomization procedure, 2 (1.18%) reported whether blinding was used, and 15 (8.82%) evaluated the limitations of the study. Conclusions: The reporting quality of recent animal experiments of gastric cancer is inadequate. We should improve not only the quality of the methodology but also the reporting quality of the animal experiments.