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Supplemental Information

List of barcode sequences and ERS accession numbers used in this study

Sample codes indicate H. panicea (P1-P3), H. xena (X1-X3), S. massa (M1-M3), P. ficiformis (F1-F3), A. aerophoba (A1-A3), A. damicornis (D1-D3), A. verrucosa (V1-V3) and sea water (WNS & WMS).

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.3049v1/supp-1

Blastn query at 11-Jan-2017 of selected representative OTUs with highest number of sponge (Porifera) reads from pyrosequencing data against the non-redundant nucleotide database

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.3049v1/supp-2

BLASTn of OTUs 514, 392 and 404 representative sequence against the NCBI nr/nt database

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.3049v1/supp-3

Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) ordinations of fungal communities in the different sponge hosts and seawaters

Only samples with more than 10 fungal reads were included. Plots are based on square root transformed relative abundance data of OTUs (A) or presence-absence data (B). The percentage of total variation that is explained by each PCo axis is given in the parentheses.

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.3049v1/supp-4

Additional Information

Competing Interests

Hauke Smidt is an Academic Editor for PeerJ.

Author Contributions

Mohd Azrul Naim conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Hauke Smidt conceived and designed the experiments, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Detmer Sipkema conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Field Study Permissions

The following information was supplied relating to field study approvals (i.e., approving body and any reference numbers):

A. For the North Sea sponges:

Sponge collection of the North Sea sponges was approved by the Provincie Zeeland (document number 0501560).

B. For the Mediterranean sponges:

The collection of sponge samples was conducted in strict accordance with Spanish and European regulations within the rules of the Spanish National Research Council with the approval of the Directorate of Research of the Spanish Government. The study was found exempt from ethics approval by the ethics commission of the University of Barcelona since, according to article 3.1 of the European Union directive (2010/63/UE) from the 22/9/2010, no approval is needed for sponge sacrification, as they are the most primitive animals and lack a nervous system. Moreover, the collected sponges are not listed in CITES.

DNA Deposition

The following information was supplied regarding the deposition of DNA sequences:

Pyrosequencing data was deposited at the European Bioinformatics Institute with accession numbers ERS225550 - ERS225575.

Data Deposition

The following information was supplied regarding data availability:

The raw data has already been deposited at the European Bioinformatics Institute with accession numbers ERS225550 - ERS225575.

Funding

M.A.N was funded by Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (KPT: BS-830623115465) for “Skim Latihan Akademik IPTA (SLAI)” program and D.S. was funded by European Community’s Seventh Framework Program projects MetaExplore (grant agreement number 222625) and BluePharmTrain (grant agreement number 607786). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.


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