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Supplemental Information

Figure S1. Map of sample locations

Map showing the location of the 18 macroinvertebrate samples analysed in this study. Sample IDs are indicating the stream type: Sa = clayish catchments, K = mineral land catchments, T = peatland catchments.

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2759v3/supp-1

Figure S2. Flow chart detailing bioinformatics steps in our metabarcoding pipeline

Detailed overview of the bioinformatic processing of the Illumina high throughput sequencing data. Raw sequence data (A) is demultiplexed and preprocessed (PE merging, remove primers, trimming, reverse complement, removal of low quality reads) (B). The processed sequences are then pooled and demultiplexed with a minimum size of 3, to reduce noise by sequencing errors in clustering (C). Reads from all samples are then compared against the generated OTUs and OTUs with a minimum of 0.003% of sequences assigned in at least one replicate, are discarded (D). Only OTUs which are present with >0.003% abundance in both replicates are kept for statistical analysis of individual samples. All reads are again mapped against the OTU subset to generate the final OTU table, with taxonomy being assigned to each centroid using NCBI and BOLD (E). Only OTUs with >0.003% abundance in both replicates per sample are kept for statistical analysis, OTUs below are set to 0% (F).

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2759v3/supp-2

Figure S3. Scatterplot showing the number of reads obtained for the samples

Number of read pairs obtained for each of the 144 samples (= 18 DNA extractions * 2 replicates * 4 primer pairs) plotted against the concentration of each sample.

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2759v3/supp-3

Figure S4. Matrix indicating potential tag switching

Matrix showing the amount of sequences for all possible primer combinations. Combinations which were used for tagging samples are highlighted in green (with 6 samples marked with asterisks were excluded from the dataset, as they belong to another project). Other combinations with matching tags were highlighted in blue based on relative sequence abundance. Combinations in Orange and Red are highlighting mismatching tags likely due to sequencing errors or in the case of NA+NA PhiX reference sequences that were spiked into the Illumina run to increase sequence diversity.

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2759v3/supp-4

Figure S5. Plot showing the numbers of shared OTUs between primer sets

Bar plot showing which of the 750 OTUs are detected with which primer sets. Hypothesized OTU reliability is shown with a gradient of reds, assuming that OTUs detected with only one or few primer sets are more likely to be false positives. Plot generated with UpSetR (Lex et al. 2014).

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2759v3/supp-5

Figure S6. Plot showing reproducibility between replicates

Difference between OTU abundance between replicates sorted by read abundance indicated by color. If the ratio of maximum divided by minimum read abundance exceeds 10 the data point is plotted as an “x”. The total number of OTUs per sample is given in brackets, followed by the mean ratio. The mean ratio for rows and columns is given below the sample ID or right of the primer combinations.

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2759v3/supp-6

Figure S7. Morphotaxa presence across samples

Occurrence of taxa across all 18 samples.

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2759v3/supp-7

Figure S8. Comparison of taxonomic resolution between morphology and DNA metabarcoding

Taxonomic resolution of DNA metabarcoding and morphology based taxa determination across all 18 sample sites. Bars show the number of morphotaxa detected in each category, with relative abundance [%] given above individual bars.

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2759v3/supp-8

Figure S9. Principal component analysis (PCA) comparing performance of the 4 used primer sets

Principal component analysis (PCA) on macroinvertebrates detected with DNA metabarcoding (presence / absence) across the 3 stream types detected with all different 4 primer combinations. Sa = clayish catchments, K = mineral land catchments, T = peatland catchments.

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2759v3/supp-9

Table S1. Sample site coordinates and calculated assessment indices

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2759v3/supp-10

Table S2. Tagging combination used in the metabarcoding library

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2759v3/supp-11

Table S3. Overview of morphotaxa identified based on morphology across samples

DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.2759v3/supp-12

Additional Information

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author Contributions

Vasco Elbrecht conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Edith Vamos performed the experiments, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Kristian Meissner conceived and designed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Jukka Aroviita analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Florian Leese conceived and designed the experiments, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

DNA Deposition

The following information was supplied regarding the deposition of DNA sequences:

NCBI - SRA: SRR4112287 (HiSeq raw data)

Data Deposition

The following information was supplied regarding data availability:

Metabarcoding pipeline is available on GitHub:

https://github.com/VascoElbrecht/JAMP

Funding

FL and VE were supported by a grant of the Kurt Eberhard Bode Foundation to FL. KM was supported by the Academy of Finland project DETECT (289104). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.


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