Toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil to the mitochondrion and NAD+/NADH dehydrogenase in Tribolium confusum
- Published
- Accepted
- Subject Areas
- Bioinformatics, Entomology, Toxicology
- Keywords
- Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil, Tribolium confusum, Transcriptome, NAD+/NADH, Transmission electron microscopy
- Copyright
- © 2018 Liao et al.
- Licence
- This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ Preprints) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.
- Cite this article
- 2018. Toxicity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil to the mitochondrion and NAD+/NADH dehydrogenase in Tribolium confusum. PeerJ Preprints 6:e27142v1 https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.27142v1
Abstract
Background. In our previous study, Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil (EO) was considered to have an insecticidal effect by acting on the mitochondrial respiratory chain in insects. However, the mode of action is not fully understood.
Methods. In this study, we investigated the insecticidal efficacy of the M. alternifolia EO against another major stored-product pest, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. Rarefaction and vacuolization of the mitochondrial matrix were evident in oil-fumigated T. confusum adults. Results. Alterations to the mitochondria confirmed the insecticidal effect of the M. alternifolia EO. Furthermore, comparative transcriptome analysis of T. confusum using RNA-seq indicated that most of the differentially expressed genes were involved in insecticide detoxification and mitochondrial function. The biochemical analysis showed that the intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio is involved in the differential effect of the M. alternifolia EO. Discussion. These results led us to conclude that NAD+/NADH dehydrogenase may be the prime target site for the M. alternifolia EO in insects, leading to blocking of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
Author Comment
This is a submission to PeerJ for review.
Supplemental Information
Fig S1. GO (a) and KEGG (b) pathway analysis of DEGs of S. zeamais after oil- fumigation
Table S1. qRT-PCR was used to further validate and quantify the RNA levels for 20 selected genes that encode NADH or NAD+
qPCR primers and primer efficiency
Fig.1. Fumigant toxicity of M. alternifolia essential oil (a) and itsconstituents (c) against T. confusum adults and the correspondingregression analysis (b).
Results are reported as mean ± SE (calculated from three independent experiments). The LC50 values were subjected to probit analysis. (Fong et al. 2016) Different lowercase letters at the top of the columns mean significant differences at a p value of 0.05. The error in Figure 3c represents the 95% fiducial limits.
Table S2. Top 22 enriched KEGG pathways between oil-fumigated and control samples
Table S3. Genes associated with mitochondrial functions were differentially expressed
Differentially expressed genes in respiration- related enzymes
Table S4. T. confusum transcriptome revealed 54 transcripts that encode cytochrome P450s, with 18 differentially expressed more than 2-fold and 33 significantly increased (p < 0.05) under oil exposure
Differentially expressed genes in xenobiotic detoxification- related enzymes