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A novel rapid assay for evaluating the efficacy of biocides to inhibit the development of marine photoautotrophic biofilms

, , , , ,
1 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
2 Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland
DOI
10.7287/peerj.preprints.240v1
Published
Accepted
Subject Areas
Environmental Sciences, Marine Biology, Microbiology, Taxonomy, Toxicology
Keywords
Photoautotrophic biofilm, Ecotoxicology, Microfouler, Microfouling, Slime, Biocide, Microalgae, antifouling
Copyright
© 2014 Arrhenius et al.
Licence
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ PrePrints) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.
Cite this article
Arrhenius Å, Backhaus T, Hilvarsson A, Wendt I, Zgrundo A, Blanck H. 2014. A novel rapid assay for evaluating the efficacy of biocides to inhibit the development of marine photoautotrophic biofilms. PeerJ PrePrints 2:e240v1

Abstract

In this paper a novel settlement and growth assay is presented that uses field-collected marine photoautotrophic biofilms as inoculum. The multitude of indigenous species that are the potential foulers aretherefore included in the assay, which overcomes the limitation of testing only those species that can be cultivated in the laboratory. The assay was evaluated using eight antifouling biocides. The methodological considerations are discussed thoroughly and full concentration response curves are presented for all testedbiocides. The efficacy ranking based on EC 98 values from the most to the least efficacious compound is as follows: copper pyrithione > TPBP > DCOIT > tolylfluanid > zinc pyrithione > medetomidine > copper (Cu 2+ ). The algaecide irgarol did not cause a full inhibition of settlement and growth but the inhibition leveled out at 95% already at 30 nmol l -1 , at a concentration that is clearly lower than for any other of the tested biocides.

Author Comment

This is version 1 submitted to Bifouling.

Additional Information

Competing Interests

There are no competing interests.

Author Contributions

Åsa Arrhenius conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Thomas Backhaus conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Annelie Hilvarsson conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Ida Wendt conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Aleksandra Zgrundo performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Hans Blanck conceived and designed the experiments, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Funding

The study was funded by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, MISTRA, through the research program Marine Paint. Additional grants were received from the Birgit och Birger Whålströms foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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A novel rapid assay for evaluating the efficacy of biocides to inhibit the development of marine photoautotrophic biofilms
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