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A novel bioassay for evaluating the efficacy of biocides to inhibit settling and early establishment of marinebiofilms

, , , , ,
1 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
2 Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland
DOI
10.7287/peerj.preprints.240v3
Published
Accepted
Subject Areas
Environmental Sciences, Marine Biology, Microbiology, Taxonomy, Toxicology
Keywords
Photoautotrophic biofilm, Ecotoxicology, Microfouler, Microfouling, Slime, Biocide, Microalgae, antifouling
Copyright
© 2017 Arrhenius et al.
Licence
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ Preprints) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.
Cite this article
Arrhenius Å, Backhaus T, Hilvarsson A, Wendt I, Zgrundo A, Blanck H. 2017. A novel bioassay for evaluating the efficacy of biocides to inhibit settling and early establishment of marinebiofilms. PeerJ Preprints 5:e240v3

Abstract

This paper presents a novel assay that allows a quick and robust assessment of the effects of biocides on the initial settling and establishment of marine photoautotrophic biofilms. The assay integrates the response of the multitude of indigenous fouling organisms, which overcomes a major limitation of existing assays which are largely limited to testing only lab-cultivatable species. The assay was evaluated using eight antifouling biocides, for which full concentration-response curves are presented. The efficacy ranking, based on EC 98 values from most to least efficacious compound is: copper pyrithione >TPBP >DCOIT >tolylfluanid>zinc pyrithione >medetomidine >copper (Cu 2+ ), while the ecotoxicological ranking (based on E C10 values) is irgarol, copper pyrithione >zinc pyrithione >TPBP >tolylfluanid >DCOIT >copper (Cu 2+ ) > medetomidine. The algaecide irgarol did not cause full inhibition. Instead the inhibition leveled out at 95% effect at 30 nmol l -1 , a concentration that was clearly lower than for any other of the tested biocides.

Author Comment

This paper is now published in Marine Pollution Bulletin 87 (2014) 292–299.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.011

Additional Information

Competing Interests

Thomas Backhaus is an Academic Editor for PeerJ. Arch Chemicals, Dow Chemicals, Ciba Specialty Chemicals GmbH, I-Tech AB, and Lanxess provided the biocides for testing. None of the companies was involved in the actual work, the interpretation of the results or the writing of this paper.

Author Contributions

Åsa Arrhenius conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Thomas Backhaus conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Annelie Hilvarsson conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Ida Wendt conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Aleksandra Zgrundo performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Hans Blanck conceived and designed the experiments, wrote the paper, reviewed drafts of the paper.

Funding

The study was funded by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, MISTRA, through the research program Marine Paint. Additional grants were received from the Birgit och Birger Whålströms foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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A novel bioassay for evaluating the efficacy of biocides to inhibit settling and early establishment of marinebiofilms
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