Crossing methods and cultivation conditions for rapid production of segregating populations in three grain amaranth species
- Published
- Accepted
- Subject Areas
- Agricultural Science, Genetics
- Keywords
- Hybridization, Genetic resources, Marker assisted breeding, Amaranth
- Copyright
- © 2016 Stetter et al.
- Licence
- This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ Preprints) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.
- Cite this article
- 2016. Crossing methods and cultivation conditions for rapid production of segregating populations in three grain amaranth species. PeerJ Preprints 4:e1951v1 https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1951v1
Abstract
Background: Grain amaranths (Amaranthus sp) have been cultivated for thousands of years in Central and South America. Their grains are of high nutritional value, but the low yield needs to be increased by selection of superior genotypes from genetically diverse breeding populations. Amaranths are adapted to harsh conditions and can be cultivated on marginal lands although little is known about their physiology. The development of controlled growing conditions and efficient crossing methods is important for research on and improvement of this ancient crop. Grain amaranth was domesticated in the Americas and is highly self-fertilizing with a large inflorescence consisting of thousands of very small flowers. We evaluated three different crossing methods (open pollination, hot water emasculation and hand emasculation) for their efficiency in amaranth and validated them with genetic markers. Results: We identified cultivation conditions that allow an easy control of flowering time by manipulating day length manipulation and achieved flowering times of four weeks and generation times of two months. All three different crossing methods successfully produced hybrid F1 offspring, but with different success rates. Open pollination had the lowest (10%) and hand emasculation the highest success rate (74%). Hot water emasculation showed an intermediate success rate (26%) with a maximum of 94% success. It is simple to perform and suitable for a more large-scale production of hybrids. We further evaluated 11 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and found that they were sufficient to validate all crosses of the genotypes used in this study for intra- and interspecific crosses. Conclusions: Despite its very small flowers, crosses in amaranth can be carried out efficiently and evaluated with inexpensive SNP markers. Suitable growth conditions strongly reduce the generation time and allow the control of plant height, flowering time and seed production. In combination, this enables the rapid production of segregating populations which makes amaranth an attractive model for basic plant research but also facilitates further the improvement of this ancient crop by plant breeding.
Author Comment
We describe different crossing methods for amaranth (Amaranthus sp) and study their efficiency. We also evaluated the use of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to identify hybrids. Additionally, we describe growth conditions that allow to control generation times in order to increase the number of generations per year. Our key findings are that the success rate strongly differed between methods, with high success rates after hand and hot water emasculation. Genetic markers were segregating between individuals and allowed early identification of crosses.