Solid phase extraction and metabolic profiling of exudates from living copepods
- Published
- Accepted
- Subject Areas
- Ecology, Marine Biology
- Keywords
- Copepod exudate, Exometabolome, Metabolomics, Infochemicals, Temora longicornis
- Copyright
- © 2015 Selander et al.
- Licence
- This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ PrePrints) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.
- Cite this article
- 2015. Solid phase extraction and metabolic profiling of exudates from living copepods. PeerJ PrePrints 3:e1397v1 https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1397v1
Abstract
Copepods are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats. They exude bioactive compounds that mediate mate finding and induce defensive traits in prey organisms. Little is, however, known about the chemical nature of the copepod exometabolome that contributes to the chemical landscape in pelagic habitats. Here we describe the development of a closed loop solid phase extraction setup that allows for extraction of exuded metabolites from live copepods. We captured exudates from male and female Temora longicornis and analyzed the content with high resolution LC-MS. Chemometric methods revealed 87 compounds that constitute a specific chemical pattern either qualitatively or quantitatively indicating copepod presence. The majority of the compounds were present in both female and male exudates, but nine compounds were mainly or exclusively present in female exudates and hence potential pheromone candidates. Copepodamide G, known to induce defensive responses in phytoplankton, was among the ten compounds of highest relative abundance in both male and female extracts. The presence of copepodamide G shows that the method can be used to capture and analyze chemical signals from living source organisms. We conclude that solid phase extraction in combination with metabolic profiling of exudates is a useful tool to develop our understanding of the chemical interplay between pelagic organisms.
Author Comment
This is a submission to PeerJ for review.
Supplemental Information
Alligned peak list showing intensities (peak area) of all measured compounds
Alligned peak list from mass spec data. Peak ID in column A, Compound specific mass@retentiontime in column B, and intensities of each compound for each sample in the following columns. below threshold entries denoted as "1".