title: PeerJ description: Articles published in PeerJ link: https://peerj.com/articles/index.rss3?journal=peerj&page=708 creator: info@peerj.com PeerJ errorsTo: info@peerj.com PeerJ language: en title: Animal reactivity to camera traps and its effects on abundance estimate using distance sampling in the Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire link: https://peerj.com/articles/13510 last-modified: 2022-05-27 description: The use of camera traps (CTs) has become an increasingly popular method of studying wildlife, as CTs are able to detect rare, nocturnal, and elusive species in remote and difficult-to-access areas. It thus makes them suited to estimate animal density and abundance, identify activity patterns and new behaviours of animals. However, animals can react when they see the CTs and this can lead to bias in the animal population estimates. While CTs may provide many advantages, an improved understanding of their impacts on individual’s behaviour is necessary to avoid erroneous density estimates. Yet, the impact of CTs on detected individuals, such as human odour near the device and the environment, or the infrared illumination, has received relatively little attention. To date, there is no clear procedure to remove this potential bias. Here, we use camera trap distance sampling (CTDS) to (1) quantify the bias resulting from the different animal responses to the CTs when determining animal density and abundance, and (2) test if olfactory, visual and auditory signals have an influence on the animals’ reaction to CTs. Between March 2019 and March 2020, we deployed CTs at 267 locations distributed systematically over the entire Taï National Park. We obtained 58,947 videos from which we analysed four medium- to-large-bodied species (Maxwell’s duiker (Philantomba maxwellii), Jentink’s duiker (Cephalophus jentinki), pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) and Western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus)) displaying different behaviours towards the CTs. We then established species-specific ethograms describing the behavioural responses to the CTs. Using these species-specific responses, we observed that the Maxwell’s duiker reacted weakly to CTs (about 0.11% of the distance data), contrary to Jentink’s duiker, pygmy hippopotamus and Western chimpanzee which reacted with relatively high frequencies, representing 32.82%, 52.96% and 16.14% of the distance data, respectively. Not taking into account the species-specific responses to the CTs can lead to an artificial doubling or tripling of the populations’ sizes. All species reacted more to the CTs at close distances. Besides, the Jentink’s duiker and the pygmy hippopotamus reacted significantly more to the CTs at night than during the day. Finally, as for olfactory signals, the probability of reaction to the CTs during the first days after CTs installation was weak in Maxwell’s duiker, but concerned 18% of the video captures in Western chimpanzees which decreasing with time, but they remained high in pygmy hippopotamus and Jentink’s duiker (65% and 70% of the video captures respectively). Careful consideration should be given to animal’s response to CTs during the analysis and in the field, by reducing human’s impact around the CTs installation. creator: Noël Adiko Houa creator: Noémie Cappelle creator: Eloi Anderson Bitty creator: Emmanuelle Normand creator: Yves Aka Kablan creator: Christophe Boesch uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13510 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2022 Houa et al. title: Trajectory patterns and factors influencing perinatal fatigue among Chinese women from late pregnancy to 6 months after delivery link: https://peerj.com/articles/13387 last-modified: 2022-05-26 description: BackgroundPerinatal fatigue among women is related to the clinical outcomes of mothers and infants. Perinatal fatigue changes over time, and the trajectory varies according to the predictors and outcomes of the mothers. This, however, has not been documented in any study.ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify and characterize the trajectory patterns of perinatal fatigue among women from late pregnancy to 6 months after delivery.MethodsWe used growth mixture modeling to estimate the trajectory of perinatal fatigue at 28 gestational weeks (T0), 37 gestational weeks (T1), 3 days (T2), 1 week (T3), 6 weeks (T4), and 6 months (T5) after delivery with (n = 1,030). The Mann-Whitney U test and binary logistic regression were used to tie the selected trajectory classes to predictors and outcomes.ResultsThere were two distinct patterns of perinatal fatigue in women: “persistently high” (11.1%, n = 114) and “persistently low” (88.9%, n = 916). Levels of perinatal fatigue among women in the “persistently high” group were higher than those in the “persistently low” group across the six measurements. Complications, fatigue at T0, and employment status in late pregnancy were all significant predictors of trajectories. Additionally, the “persistently high” group had a greater prevalence of difficult baby care and weight retention and a lower prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding.ConclusionsOur study proved the heterogeneity and characteristics of perinatal fatigue among women. Future research should concentrate on developing intervention packages targeted at specific individuals in order to alleviate perinatal fatigue in women. creator: Xiaoxiao Zhu creator: Haiou Xia uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13387 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2022 Zhu and Xia title: Development of a bead-based assay for detection of three banana-infecting viruses link: https://peerj.com/articles/13409 last-modified: 2022-05-26 description: BackgroundBanana bunchy top virus (BBTV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and banana streak virus (BSV) are important banana viruses, there are possible infections frequently with several viruses in field. Since the viruses are readily trasmitted in vegetative propagules, which pose a threat to banana production in banana-growing areas.MethodsA multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol combined with LiquiChip analysis to identify BSV, BBTV, and CMV, with consistent amplification of plant ubiquitin (UBQ), the banana plant messenger RNA used as a procedural control. Multiplex reverse transcription (RT)-PCR amplicons were extended by allele-specific primers, followed by hybridization with carboxylated microspheres containing unique fluorescent oligonucleotides, which were detected using the LiquiChip 200 workstation.ResultsIn this study, we aimed to develop a rapid, sensitive, and simultaneous detection method for BSV, BBTV, and CMV using a bead-based multiplex assay that can be applied in routine diagnosis. We demonstrated that this detection system was extremely efficient and highly specialized for differentiating individual in a mixture of viruses while being ten times more sensitive than traditional RT-PCR. The development of this method makes it feasible to detect banana viruses in field collected leaf samples. creator: Cheng-Ping Kuan creator: Chia-Hsin Tsai creator: Ching-Shan Tseng creator: Tso-Chi Yang uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13409 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2022 Kuan et al. title: Dementia-related user-based collaborative filtering for imputing missing data and generating a reliability scale on clinical test scores link: https://peerj.com/articles/13425 last-modified: 2022-05-26 description: Medical doctors may struggle to diagnose dementia, particularly when clinical test scores are missing or incorrect. In case of any doubts, both morphometrics and demographics are crucial when examining dementia in medicine. This study aims to impute and verify clinical test scores with brain MRI analysis and additional demographics, thereby proposing a decision support system that improves diagnosis and prognosis in an easy-to-understand manner. Therefore, we impute the missing clinical test score values by unsupervised dementia-related user-based collaborative filtering to minimize errors. By analyzing succession rates, we propose a reliability scale that can be utilized for the consistency of existing clinical test scores. The complete base of 816 ADNI1-screening samples was processed, and a hybrid set of 603 features was handled. Moreover, the detailed parameters in use, such as the best neighborhood and input features were evaluated for further comparative analysis. Overall, certain collaborative filtering configurations outperformed alternative state-of-the-art imputation techniques. The imputation system and reliability scale based on the proposed methodology are promising for supporting the clinical tests. creator: Savas Okyay creator: Nihat Adar uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13425 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2022 Okyay and Adar title: Pachygenium laurense (Orchidaceae, Spiranthinae), a new orchid species from Argentina—morphological evidence and phylogenetic reconstruction link: https://peerj.com/articles/13433 last-modified: 2022-05-26 description: BackgroundPachygenium embraces a group of terrestrial species formerly placed in Pelexia sensu lato. The genus currently comprises some 60 species, most of which are known from the southern parts of Brazil and Paraguay, with few species distributed in the Andean countries—only four species have been recorded from Argentina so far. In Jujuy Province, Argentina a new species of Pachygenium was found during our fieldwork. The aim of this article was to provide morphological and molecular evidence for its membership in this genus.MethodsMaterials from specimens were collected in the field and examined by classical taxonomic and molecular biological techniques, e.g., PCR and sequencing DNA. Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed by maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference.ResultsPachygenium laurense from Argentina is described and illustrated based on morphological evidence and its taxonomic position was confirmed by phylogenetic analyses. A new combination for Pachygenium gutturosa is also proposed. A key for identification is provided for the Pachygenium species occurring in Argentina.ConclusionPachygenium laurense is the fifth species of the genus recorded from Argentina. creator: Claudia M. Martin creator: Adriana Marisel Morales creator: Magdalena Dudek creator: Dariusz L. Szlachetko uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13433 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2022 M. Martin et al. title: The impact of different feeds on DNA methylation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis signaling pathway, and gene expression of sheep muscle link: https://peerj.com/articles/13455 last-modified: 2022-05-26 description: DNA methylation is an important epigenetic regulatory form that regulates gene expression and tissue development. This study compared the effects of high fiber, low protein (HFLP) and low fiber, high protein (LFHP) diets on the DNA methylation profile of twin lambs’ muscles, their effect on glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and related pathways by transcriptome and deep whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). Results identified 1,945 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and 1,471 differentially methylated genes (DMGs). Also, 487 differentially expressed transcripts belonging to 368 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were discovered between the twin lambs under different diets. Eleven overlapped genes were detected between the DEGs and the DMGs. FKBP5 and FOXO1 were detected to be significantly different. The FOXO1 regulated cAMP and the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways. The glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and the FOXO pathways were significantly enriched. The expressions of HOMER1 and FOXO1 in the HFLP group were significantly higher than those in the LFHP group. There is a significant correlation between the upregulated gene expression and hypomethylation of HOMER1 and FOXO1 gene in HFLP group. The results showed that FOXO1 induces PDK4 expression in muscle while regulating FKBP5 activity, which stimulates glucose production by activating specific gluconeogenesis target genes. The FOXO1 was able to regulate the glucose metabolism, the cAMP and the occurrence of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways. This study showed that feed type can affect the methylation levels of the glycolysis related gluconeogenesis genes and interaction pathways, providing new ideas for a better understanding of the regulation of muscle energy metabolism and feed development. creator: Feng Song creator: Zaccheaus Pazamilala Akonyani creator: Ying Li creator: Deqiqige Su creator: Lantuya Wu creator: Yue Pang creator: Sile Hu creator: Dubala Wu creator: Chun Li creator: Ding Yang creator: Jianghong Wu uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13455 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2022 Song et al. title: Application of hydrophilic polymers for the preparation of tadalafil solid dispersions: micromeritics properties, release and erectile dysfunction studies in male rats link: https://peerj.com/articles/13482 last-modified: 2022-05-26 description: The objective of the present study was to improve the dissolution rate and aphrodisiac activity of tadalafil by using hydrophilic polymers. Solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation-Rota evaporator using Koliphore 188, Kollidon® VA64, and Kollidon® 30 polymers in a 1:1 ratio. Prepared tadalafil-solid dispersions (SDs) evaluated for yield, drug content, micromeritics properties, physicochemical characterizations, and aphrodisiac activity assessment. The optimized SDs TK188 showed size (2.175 ± 0.24 µm), percentage of content (98.89 ± 1.23%), yield (87.27 ± 3.13%), bulk density (0.496 ± 0.005 g/cm3), true density (0.646 ± 0.003 g/cm3), Carr’s index (23.25 ± 0.81), Hausner ratio (1.303 ± 0.003) and angle of repose (<25°). FTIR spectrums revealed tadalafil doesn’t chemically interact with used polymers. XRD and DSC analysis represents TK188 SDs were in the amorphous state. Drug release was 97.17 ± 2.43% for TK188, whereas it was 32.76 ± 2.65% for pure drug at the end of 2 h with 2.96-fold increase in dissolution and followed release kinetics of Korsmeyer Peppa’s model. MDT and DE were noted to be 17.48 minutes and 84.53%, respectively. Furthermore, TK188 SDs showed relative improvement in the sexual behavior of the male rats. Thus the developed SDs TK188 could be potential tadalafil carriers for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. creator: Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed creator: Md Khalid Anwer creator: Gamal A. Soliman creator: Mohammed F. Aldawsari creator: Abdul Aleem Mohammed creator: Sultan Alshehri creator: Mohammed M. Ghoneim creator: Amer S. Alali creator: Abdullah Alshetaili creator: Ahmed Alalaiwe creator: Sarah I. Bukhari creator: Ameeduzzafar Zafar uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13482 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2022 Ahmed et al. title: Healthcare applications of single camera markerless motion capture: a scoping review link: https://peerj.com/articles/13517 last-modified: 2022-05-26 description: BackgroundSingle camera markerless motion capture has the potential to facilitate at home movement assessment due to the ease of setup, portability, and affordable cost of the technology. However, it is not clear what the current healthcare applications of single camera markerless motion capture are and what information is being collected that may be used to inform clinical decision making. This review aims to map the available literature to highlight potential use cases and identify the limitations of the technology for clinicians and researchers interested in the collection of movement data.Survey MethodologyStudies were collected up to 14 January 2022 using Pubmed, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus using a systematic search. Data recorded included the description of the markerless system, clinical outcome measures, and biomechanical data mapped to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Framework (ICF). Studies were grouped by patient population.ResultsA total of 50 studies were included for data collection. Use cases for single camera markerless motion capture technology were identified for Neurological Injury in Children and Adults; Hereditary/Genetic Neuromuscular Disorders; Frailty; and Orthopaedic or Musculoskeletal groups. Single camera markerless systems were found to perform well in studies involving single plane measurements, such as in the analysis of infant general movements or spatiotemporal parameters of gait, when evaluated against 3D marker-based systems and a variety of clinical outcome measures. However, they were less capable than marker-based systems in studies requiring the tracking of detailed 3D kinematics or fine movements such as finger tracking.ConclusionsSingle camera markerless motion capture offers great potential for extending the scope of movement analysis outside of laboratory settings in a practical way, but currently suffers from a lack of accuracy where detailed 3D kinematics are required for clinical decision making. Future work should therefore focus on improving tracking accuracy of movements that are out of plane relative to the camera orientation or affected by occlusion, such as supination and pronation of the forearm. creator: Bradley Scott creator: Martin Seyres creator: Fraser Philp creator: Edward K. Chadwick creator: Dimitra Blana uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13517 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2022 Scott et al. title: Prevalence of food addiction using the Yale-C scale in Mexican children with overweight and obesity link: https://peerj.com/articles/13500 last-modified: 2022-05-25 description: BackgroundThe prevalence of excess weight and obesity in children has increased significantly worldwide. The concept of food addiction (FA) has been associated with eating-related problems and obesity. Studies on this topic have primarily examined adult samples and little is known about addictive-like eating among Mexican children and adolescents.MethodsWe conducted this study to examinate the prevalence of FA in a group of 291 overweight and obese children and adolescents using YFAS scale for children (YFAS-C) in Mexico.ResultsAccording to the YFAS-C approximately 14.4% of participants met for FA diagnosis. Forty-two (14.4%) received a FA diagnosis: 14 children and 28 adolescents. The number of FA symptoms in participants who received an FA diagnosis (M = 4.35, SD = 1.07) compared to participants with no FA diagnosis (M = 1.70, SD = 1.53) was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.001). There were no statistically significant gender differences and the proportion of subjects with an FA diagnosis did not differ by age between children and adolescents. FA is a focus of interest in attempting to explain certain behaviors that may contribute to the development of obesity and explain the failure of the weight loose programs in children. creator: Idalia Cura-Esquivel creator: Juan Ramos-Álvarez creator: Edna Delgado creator: Airam Regalado-Ceballos uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13500 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2022 Cura-Esquivel et al. title: Ageing- and AAA-associated differentially expressed proteins identified by proteomic analysis in mice link: https://peerj.com/articles/13129 last-modified: 2022-05-25 description: BackgroundAbdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a disease of high prevalence in old age, and its incidence gradually increases with increasing age. There were few studies about differences in the circulatory system in the incidence of AAA, mainly because younger patients with AAA are fewer and more comorbid nonatherosclerotic factors.MethodWe induced AAA in ApoE−/− male mice of different ages (10 or 24 weeks) and obtained plasma samples. After the top 14 most abundant proteins were detected, the plasma was analyzed by a proteomic study using the data-dependent acquisition (DDA) technique. The proteomic results were compared between different groups to identify age-related differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the circulation that contribute to AAA formation. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analyses were performed by R software. The top 10 proteins were determined with the MCC method of Cytoscape, and transcription factor (TF) prediction of the DEPs was performed with iRegulon (Cytoscape).ResultsThe aortic diameter fold increase was higher in the aged group than in the youth group (p < 0.01). Overall, 92 DEPs related to age and involved in AAA formation were identified. GO analysis of the DEPs showed enrichment of the terms wounding healing, response to oxidative stress, regulation of body fluid levels, ribose phosphate metabolic process, and blood coagulation. The KEGG pathway analysis showed enrichment of the terms platelet activation, complement and coagulation cascades, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, carbon metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, and ECM-receptor interaction. The top 10 proteins were Tpi1, Eno1, Prdx1, Ppia, Prdx6, Vwf, Prdx2, Fga, Fgg, and Fgb, and the predicted TFs of these proteins were Nfe2, Srf, Epas1, Tbp, and Hoxc8.ConclusionThe identified proteins related to age and involved in AAA formation were associated with the response to oxidative stress, coagulation and platelet activation, and complement and inflammation pathways, and the TFs of these proteins might be potential targets for AAA treatments. Further experimental and biological studies are needed to elucidate the role of these age-associated and AAA-related proteins in the progression of AAA. creator: Jinrui Ren creator: Jianqiang Wu creator: Xiaoyue Tang creator: Siliang Chen creator: Wei Wang creator: Yanze Lv creator: Lianglin Wu creator: Dan Yang creator: Yuehong Zheng uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13129 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2022 Ren et al.