title: PeerJ description: Articles published in PeerJ link: https://peerj.com/articles/index.rss3?journal=peerj&page=664 creator: info@peerj.com PeerJ errorsTo: info@peerj.com PeerJ language: en title: Acute effects of variable resistance training on force, velocity, and power measures: a systematic review and meta-analysis link: https://peerj.com/articles/13870 last-modified: 2022-08-17 description: ObjectiveAcute effects of variable resistance training (VRT) and constant resistance training (CRT) on neuromuscular performance are still equivocal. We aimed to determine the differences between VRT and CRT in terms of force, velocity, and power outcomes.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus electronic databases for articles until June 2021. Crossover design studies comparing force, velocity, and power outcomes while performing VRT and CRT were included. Two reviewers independently applied the modified version of the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool to assess the risk of bias. A three-level random effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions were used to compute standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals.ResultsWe included 16 studies with 207 participants in the quantitative synthesis. Based on the pooled results, VRT generated greater mean velocity (SMD = 0.675; moderate Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) quality evidence) and mean power (SMD = 1.022; low) than CRT. Subgroup analyses revealed that VRT considerably increased the mean velocity (SMD = 0.903; moderate) and mean power (SMD = 1.456; moderate) in the equated loading scheme and the mean velocity (SMD = 0.712; low) in the CRT higher loading scheme. However, VRT marginally significantly reduced peak velocity (SMD = −0.481; low) in the VRT higher loading scheme. Based on the meta-regression analysis, it was found that mean power (p = 0.014–0.043) was positively moderated by the contribution of variable resistance and peak velocity (p = 0.018) and peak power (p = 0.001–0.004) and RFD (p = 0.003) were positively moderated by variable resistance equipment, favoring elastic bands.ConclusionsVRT provides practitioners with the means of emphasizing specific force, velocity, and power outcomes. Different strategies should be considered in context of an individual’s needs. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42021259205. creator: Lin Shi creator: Zhidong Cai creator: Sitong Chen creator: Dong Han uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13870 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2022 Shi et al. title: Complex interactions between p.His558Arg and linked variants in the sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5 (NaV1.5) link: https://peerj.com/articles/13913 last-modified: 2022-08-17 description: Common genetic polymorphisms may modify the phenotypic outcome when co-occurring with a disease-causing variant, and therefore understanding their modulating role in health and disease is of great importance. The polymorphic p.His558Arg variant of the sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5 (NaV1.5) encoded by the SCN5A gene is a case in point, as several studies have shown it can modify the clinical phenotype in a number of cardiac diseases. To evaluate the genetic backgrounds associated with this modulating effect, we reanalysed previous electrophysiological findings regarding the p.His558Arg variant and further assessed its patterns of genetic diversity in human populations. The NaV1.5 p.His558Arg variant was found to be in linkage disequilibrium with six other polymorphic variants that previously were also associated with cardiac traits in GWAS analyses. On account of this, incongruent reports that Arg558 allele can compensate, aggravate or have no effect on NaV1.5, likely might have arose due to a role of p.His558Arg depending on the additional linked variants. Altogether, these results indicate a major influence of the epistatic interactions between SCN5A variants, revealing also that phenotypic severity may depend on the polymorphic background associated to each individual genome. creator: Monica Lopes-Marques creator: Raquel Silva creator: Catarina Serrano creator: Verónica Gomes creator: Ana Cardoso creator: Maria João Prata creator: Antonio Amorim creator: Luisa Azevedo uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13913 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2022 Lopes-Marques et al. title: Aluminum phosphate sludge as a phosphorus source for maize production under low soil phosphorus availability link: https://peerj.com/articles/13885 last-modified: 2022-08-17 description: BackgroundWith increasing food demand as a consequence of the growing world population, there is a corresponding demand for additional sources of phosphorus (P). Alum-phosphate (Al-P) sludge is a by-product of wastewater treatment and can be a good source of P. In this study, the response of maize (Zea mays L.) to Al-P sludge was tested. Maize was chosen as the test crop due to its prevalent use as human and animal food and as a source of biofuel. The objective of the study was to investigate Al-P sludge as a source of P compared to a commercial fertilizer (monoammonium phosphate, MAP).MethodsA growth chamber assay was conducted over four cropping cycles (45 d each). The application rate was 9.7, 19.4, 29.1 and 38.8 mg P kg−1 dry soil. Amendments were applied once at the start of the first cropping cycle. Plants were harvested after each cycle and pots were re-seeded. Dry matter yield (DMY), total P uptake, Al-P uptake, soil total P and Olsen-P concentrations, pH, and EC were measured.ResultsDMY was significantly greater in pots amended with Al-P sludge than in pots treated with MAP. There was a significant rate × cropping cycle interaction effect on DMY with the differences among rates in cycle 1 different from those in cycle 4. Phosphorus uptake depended on cropping cycle, P source and P application rate. With sludge uptake higher than MAP in all cycles, the highest P uptake was observed at the highest application rate except for cycle 2 where this was observed at the rate of 29.1 mg kg−1. For MAP, phosphorus recovery efficiency (PRE) at the highest rate was significantly greater than that at the lowest rate whereas PRE in cycle 1 was significantly higher than that in cycle 4. In the first two cycles, aluminum uptake was negligible in both MAP and Al-P sludge treatments; however, in cycles 3 and 4, there was significantly more Al in maize from sludge amended pots. Our results show that Al-P sludge was as effective as MAP in supplying enough P for biomass yield. We, therefore, conclude that Al-P sludge could be an alternative source of P, especially for growing maize as feedstock for bioenergy. creator: Ayaobu Tolofari creator: Theresa Adesanya creator: Francis Zvomuya creator: Qiuyan Yuan uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13885 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2022 Tolofari et al. title: The blunted vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) response to high-altitude hypoxia and genetic variants in the promoter region of the VEGFA gene in Sherpa highlanders link: https://peerj.com/articles/13893 last-modified: 2022-08-17 description: BackgroundSherpa highlanders demonstrate extraordinary tolerance to hypoxia at high altitudes, which may be achieved by mechanisms promoting microcirculatory blood flow and capillary density at high altitudes for restoring oxygen supply to tissues. Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are important signaling proteins involved in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis which are stimulated by hypoxia. We hypothesize that the VEGF-A, the major member of the VEGF family, and the gene encoding VEGF-A (VEGFA) play a part in the adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia in Sherpa highlanders.MethodsFifty-one Sherpa highlanders in Namche Bazaar village at a high altitude of 3,440 meters (m) above sea level and 76 non-Sherpa lowlanders in Kathmandu city at 1,300 m in Nepal were recruited for the study. Venous blood was sampled to obtain plasma and extract DNA from each subject. The plasma VEGF-A concentrations were measured and five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, rs699947, rs833061, rs1570360, rs2010963, and rs3025039) in the VEGFA were genotyped. The VEGF-A levels and allelic frequencies of the SNPs were compared between the two populations.ResultsA significant difference in oxygen saturation (SpO2) was observed between the two ethnic groups locating at different elevations (93.7 ± 0.2% in Sherpas at 3,440 m vs. 96.7 ± 0.2% in non-Sherpas at 1,300 m, P < 0.05). The plasma VEGF-A concentration in the Sherpas at high altitude was on the same level as that in the non-Sherpas at low altitude (262.8 ± 17.9 pg/ml vs. 266.8 ± 21.8 pg/ml, P = 0.88). This result suggested that the plasma VEGF-A concentration in Sherpa highlanders was stable despite a high-altitude hypoxic stimulus and that therefore the Sherpas exhibited a phenotype of blunted response to hypoxic stress. Moreover, the allele frequencies of the SNPs rs699947, rs833061, and rs2010963 in the promoter region of the VEGFA were different between the Sherpa highlanders and non-Sherpa lowlanders (corrected P values = 3.30 ×10−5, 4.95 ×10−4, and 1.19 ×10−7, respectively).ConclusionsSherpa highlanders exhibited a blunted VEGF-A response to hypoxia at high altitudes, which was speculated to be associated with the distinctive genetic variations of the SNPs and haplotype in the promoter region of VEGFA in Sherpa highlanders. creator: Yunden Droma creator: Masayuki Hanaoka creator: Takumi Kinjo creator: Nobumitsu Kobayashi creator: Masanori Yasuo creator: Yoshiaki Kitaguchi creator: Masao Ota uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13893 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2022 Droma et al. title: A novel multi-layer perceptron model for assessing the diagnostic value of non-invasive imaging instruments for rosacea link: https://peerj.com/articles/13917 last-modified: 2022-08-17 description: BackgroundReflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), VISIA, and dermoscopy have emerged as promising tools for objective diagnosis and assessment of rosacea. However, little is known about the diagnostic value of these imaging systems for rosacea.ObjectivesTo assess the diagnostic value of RCM, VISIA, and dermoscopy for rosacea by establishing a novel multilayer perceptron (MLP) model.MethodsA total of 520 patients with rosacea and other facial diseases were included in this study. A total of 474 samples of dermoscopy data, 374 samples of RCM data, 434 samples of VISIA data, and 291 samples containing three data sources were collected. An MLP model was built with the total data to explore the association between the imageological features of each instrument and the probability of rosacea.ResultsOur MLP model revealed that the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) values of RCM, VISIA and dermoscopy for diagnosing rosacea were 0.5233, 0.5646 and 0.7971, respectively. The integration of these three tools with clinical data could further improve the accuracy of the predictive diagnosis to 0.8385. For the imageological features of each tool, abnormalities (hyperkeratosis or parakeratosis) in the stratum corneum were effective variables for excluding rosacea (odds ratio [OR], 0.4333) under RCM. The indicators of rosacea under VISIA included overall severity of erythema, erythema involving the cheek or superciliary arch, visible red blood vessels, and papules (OR = 2.2745, 3.1592, 1.8365, 2.8647, and 1.4260, respectively). The candidate variables of dermoscopy included yellow background, white background, uniform distribution of vessels, branched vessels, and reticular blood vessels (OR = 0.4259, 0.4949, 2.2858, 3.7444, and 2.4576, respectively).ConclusionsRCM, dermoscopy, and VISIA each can present several imageological features and were of certain value for assisting rosacea diagnosis. The combined analysis of these three tools using our MLP model may be useful for improving the accuracy of diagnosing rosacea. creator: Yingxue Huang creator: Jieyu He creator: Shuping Zhang creator: Yan Tang creator: Ben Wang creator: Dan Jian creator: Hongfu Xie creator: Ji Li creator: Feng Chen creator: Zhixiang Zhao uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13917 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2022 Huang et al. title: The greening reaction of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) metmyoglobin promoted by free cysteine during thermal treatment link: https://peerj.com/articles/13923 last-modified: 2022-08-17 description: BackgroundTuna muscle greening is a problem that occurs after heating. A hypothesis has been postulated to address this problem, involving a conserved Cys residue at position 10 (Cys-10) present on tuna myoglobin (Mb) that is exposed during the thermic treatment, forming a disulfide bond with free cysteine (Cys) in the presence of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), resulting in the greening of the tuna Mb.MethodsWe present a study using skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) metmyoglobin (MbFe(III)-H2O) where the effect of free Cys (1–6 mM), TMAO (1.33 mM), and catalase on the greening reaction (GR) was monitored by UV-vis spectrometry during thermal treatment at 60 °C for 30 min. Moreover, the participation of Cys-10 on the GR was evaluated after its blocking with N-ethymaleimide.ResultsThe GR occurred in tuna MbFe(III)-H2O after heat treatment with free Cys, forming sulfmyoglobin (MbFe(II)-S) as the responsible pigment for the tuna greening. However, the rate constants of MbFe(II)-S production depended on Cys concentration (up to 4 mM) and occurred regardless of the TMAO presence. We postulate that two consecutive reactions involve an intermediate ferrylmyoglobin (promoted by H2O2) species with a subsequent MbFe(II)-S formation since the presence of catalase fosters the reduction of the rate reaction. Moreover, GR occurred even with blocked Cys-10 residues in tuna Mb and horse Mb (without Cys in its sequence).DiscussionWe found that GR is not exclusive to tuna Mb´s, and it can be promoted in other muscle systems. Moreover, Cys and thermal treatment are indispensable for promoting this pigmentation anomaly. creator: Andrés Álvarez-Armenta creator: Ramón Pacheco-Aguilar creator: Alonso A. López-Zavala creator: David O. Corona-Martínez creator: Rogerio R. Sotelo-Mundo creator: Karina D. García-Orozco creator: Juan C. Ramírez-Suárez uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13923 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2022 Álvarez-Armenta et al. title: Effects of high Ca and Mg stress on plants water use efficiency in a Karst ecosystem link: https://peerj.com/articles/13925 last-modified: 2022-08-17 description: BackgroundKarst ecosystems are widely distributed in the world, with one of the largest continuous Karst landforms in Southwest China. Karst regions are characterized by water shortage, high soil calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) content, and soil nutrient leaching, resulting in drought stress and growth limitation of plants.MethodsThis study compared nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), Ca, and Mg of herbaceous and woody plants in a small Karst ecosystem in Southwest China. The indexes of water use efficiency (WUE) were calculated to identify the drought stress of plants in this Karst ecosystem. Meanwhile, the relationship between Ca and Mg accumulation and WUE was evaluated in herbaceous and woody plants.ResultsHerbaceous plants showed a higher content of leaf N (13.4 to 40.1 g·kg−1), leaf P (2.2 to 4.8 g·kg−1) and leaf K (14.6 to 35.5 g·kg−1) than woody plants (N: 10.4 g to 22.4 g·kg−1; P: 0.4 to 2.3 g·kg−1; K: 5.7 to 15.5 g·kg−1). Herbaceous plants showed a significantly positive correlation between WUE and K:Ca ratio (R = 0.79), while WUE has a strongly positive correlation with K:Mg ratio in woody plants (R = 0.63).ConclusionHerbaceous plants suffered from nitrogen (N) limitation, and woody plants were constrained by P or N+P content. Herbaceous plants had higher leaf N, P, and K than woody plants, while Ca and Mg showed no significant differences, probably resulting from the Karst environment of high Ca and Mg contents. Under high Karst Ca and Mg stress, herbaceous and woody plants responded differently to Ca and Mg stress, respectively. WUE of herbaceous plants is more sensitive to Ca stress, while that of woody plants is more sensitive to Mg stress. These findings establish a link between plant nutrients and hydraulic processes in a unique Karst ecosystem, further facilitating studies of the nutrient-water cycling system in the ecosystem. creator: Rui Qu creator: Guilin Han uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13925 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2022 Qu and Han title: Have female twisted-wing parasites (Insecta: Strepsiptera) evolved tolerance traits as response to traumatic penetration? link: https://peerj.com/articles/13655 last-modified: 2022-08-16 description: Traumatic insemination describes an unusual form of mating during which a male penetrates the body wall of its female partner to inject sperm. Females unable to prevent traumatic insemination have been predicted to develop either traits of tolerance or of resistance, both reducing the fitness costs associated with the male-inflicted injury. The evolution of tolerance traits has previously been suggested for the bed bug. Here we present data suggesting that tolerance traits also evolved in females of the twisted-wing parasite species Stylops ovinae and Xenos vesparum. Using micro-indentation experiments and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we found that females of both investigated species possess a uniform resilin-rich integument that is notably thicker at penetration sites than at control sites. As the thickened cuticle does not seem to hamper penetration by males, we hypothesise that thickening of the cuticle resulted in reduced penetration damage and loss of haemolymph and in improved wound sealing. To evaluate the evolutionary relevance of the Stylops-specific paragenital organ and penis shape variation in the context of inter- and intraspecific competition, we conducted attraction and interspecific mating experiments, as well as a geometric-morphometric analysis of S. ovinae and X. vesparum penises. We found that S. ovinae females indeed attract sympatrically distributed congeneric males. However, only conspecific males were able to mate. In contrast, we did not observe any heterospecific male attraction by Xenos females. We therefore hypothesise that the paragenital organ in the genus Stylops represents a prezygotic mating barrier that prevents heterospecific matings. creator: Kenny Jandausch creator: Jan Michels creator: Alexander Kovalev creator: Stanislav N. Gorb creator: Thomas van de Kamp creator: Rolf Georg Beutel creator: Oliver Niehuis creator: Hans Pohl uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13655 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2022 Jandausch et al. title: Testing the effectiveness of rbcLa DNA-barcoding for species discrimination in tropical montane cloud forest vascular plants (Oaxaca, Mexico) using BLAST, genetic distance, and tree-based methods link: https://peerj.com/articles/13771 last-modified: 2022-08-16 description: DNA-barcoding is a species identification tool that uses a short section of the genome that provides a genetic signature of the species. The main advantage of this novel technique is that it requires a small sample of tissue from the tested organism. In most animal groups, this technique is very effective. However, in plants, the recommended standard markers, such as rbcLa, may not always work, and their efficacy remains to be tested in many plant groups, particularly from the Neotropical region. We examined the discriminating power of rbcLa in 55 tropical cloud forest vascular plant species from 38 families (Oaxaca, Mexico). We followed the CBOL criteria using BLASTn, genetic distance, and monophyly tree-based analyses (neighbor-joining, NJ, maximum likelihood, ML, and Bayesian inference, BI). rbcLa universal primers amplified 69.0% of the samples and yielded 91.3% bi-directional sequences. Sixty-three new rbcLa sequences were established. BLAST discriminates 80.8% of the genus but only 15.4% of the species. There was nil minimum interspecific genetic distances in Quercus, Oreopanax, and Daphnopsis. Contrastingly, Ericaceae (5.6%), Euphorbiaceae (4.6%), and Asteraceae (3.3%) species displayed the highest within-family genetic distances. According to the most recent angiosperm classification, NJ and ML trees successfully resolved (100%) monophyletic species. ML trees showed the highest mean branch support value (87.3%). Only NJ and ML trees could successfully discriminate Quercus species belonging to different subsections: Quercus martinezii (white oaks) from Q. callophylla and Q. laurina (red oaks). The ML topology could distinguish species in the Solanaceae clade with similar BLAST matches. Also, the BI topology showed a polytomy in this clade, and the NJ tree displayed low-support values. We do not recommend genetic-distance approaches for species discrimination. Severe shortages of rbcLa sequences in public databases of neotropical species hindered effective BLAST comparisons. Instead, ML tree-based analysis displays the highest species discrimination among the tree-based analyses. With the ML topology in selected genera, rbcLa helped distinguish infra-generic taxonomic categories, such as subsections, grouping affine species within the same genus, and discriminating species. Since the ML phylogenetic tree could discriminate 48 species out of our 55 studied species, we recommend this approach to resolve tropical montane cloud forest species using rbcLa, as an initial step and improve DNA amplification methods. creator: Sonia Trujillo-Argueta creator: Rafael F. del Castillo creator: Abril Velasco-Murguía uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13771 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2022 Trujillo-Argueta et al. title: Social calls in humpback whale mother-calf groups off Sainte Marie breeding ground (Madagascar, Indian Ocean) link: https://peerj.com/articles/13785 last-modified: 2022-08-16 description: Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) use vocalizations during diverse social interactions or activities such as foraging or mating. Unlike songs produced only by males, social calls are produced by all types of individuals (adult males and females, juveniles and calves). Several studies have described social calls in the humpback whale’s breeding and the feeding grounds and from different geographic areas. We aimed to investigate for the first time the vocal repertoire of humpback whale mother-calf groups during the breeding season off Sainte Marie island, Madagascar, South Western Indian Ocean using data collected in 2013, 2014, 2016, and 2017. We recorded social calls using Acousonde tags deployed on the mother or the calf in mother-calf groups. A total of 21 deployments were analyzed. We visually and aurally identified 30 social call types and classified them into five categories: low, medium, high-frequency sounds, amplitude-modulated sounds, and pulsed sounds. The aural-visual classifications have been validated using random forest (RF) analyses. Low-frequency sounds constituted 46% of all social calls, mid-frequency 35%, and high frequency 10%. Amplitude-modulated sounds constituted 8% of all vocalizations, and pulsed sounds constituted 1%. While some social call types seemed specific to our study area, others presented similarities with social calls described in other geographic areas, on breeding and foraging grounds, and during migrating routes. Among the call types described in this study, nine call types were also found in humpback whale songs recorded in the same region. The 30 call types highlight the diversity of the social calls recorded in mother-calf groups and thus the importance of acoustic interactions in the relationships between the mother and her calf and between the mother-calf pair and escorts. creator: Anjara Saloma creator: Maevatiana N. Ratsimbazafindranahaka creator: Mathilde Martin creator: Aristide Andrianarimisa creator: Chloé Huetz creator: Olivier Adam creator: Isabelle Charrier uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13785 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2022 Saloma et al.