title: PeerJ description: Articles published in PeerJ link: https://peerj.com/articles/index.rss3?journal=peerj&page=5 creator: info@peerj.com PeerJ errorsTo: info@peerj.com PeerJ language: en title: Effects of different rehydration temperatures on rehydration and nutritional quality of dried daylily link: https://peerj.com/articles/20408 last-modified: 2025-12-16 description: Daylily is a unique cash crop in China which uses the unopened flower buds as food organs. Fresh daylily easily deteriorates and dried daylily is the main supply form in the market at present. The main goal of this work is to determine dried daylily water rehydration properties and sugar, lignin, cellulose, carotenoid, flavonoid and polyphenol retention properties under different temperatures and time periods. In this study, daylily was soaked at room temperature (25 °C), 50 °C and 70 °C for different durations. The results showed that after rehydration, the brightness index of daylily increased, while the redness and yellowness value decreased. The higher the water temperature, the faster the water absorption expansion rate and the higher the rehydration rate of the dried daylily, but the higher water temperature can cause the destruction of the microstructure of the daylily. The soluble sugars of dried daylily were easily lost in the rehydration process, the contents of lignin, cellulose and carotenoid were relatively stable. The contents of polyphenols and flavonoids decreased significantly with the increase of rehydration time. The rehydration of dried daylily can be carried out at room temperature, and it is recommended that the rehydration time take 0.5 h. creator: Pei-Zhuo Liu creator: Ya-Hui Wang creator: De-Bao Xu creator: Jing-Wen Li creator: Jie-Xia Liu creator: Li-Xiang Wang creator: Ai-Sheng Xiong uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20408 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2025 Liu et al. title: Acclimation and degradation characteristic of the microbial system in corn straw link: https://peerj.com/articles/20386 last-modified: 2025-12-16 description: BackgroundLignocellulose represents a significant biological resource in corn straw, yet its efficient degradation presents challenges.PurposeThis study aimed to enhance the degradation rate of lignocellulose to expand the utility of corn straw.MethodsA microbial system capable of degrading corn straw was acclimatized at an initial temperature of 30 °C using a static temperature limiting cultivation method.ResultsDuring the biodegradation process via fermentation, the concentration of organic acids peaked on the third day before gradually declining. Concurrently, the concentration of soluble sugars reached a maximum of 8.9 µg mL−1 on the third day, while the total sugar content swiftly reduced from 4 mg mL−1 to 1.6 mg mL−1 within the initial three days and subsequently stabilized. The glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and glycosyl transferases (GTs) emerged as two pivotal enzyme groups, comprising 4,837 and 1,882 genes, respectively. Notably, the hemicellulase and cellulase family genes within the GHs played a crucial role in breaking down hemicellulose and cellulose. A variety of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes were identified among the GHs. Under optimal conditions, the microbial system demonstrated a high efficiency in degrading corn straw, achieving degradation rates of 56.83% for lignin, 39.45% for cellulose, and 32.86% for hemicelluloses.ConclusionThe microbial system domesticated by the restrictive culture method has a good ability to degrade lignocellulose of corn straw, which can further promote the process of corn straw feed. creator: Jiang Yu creator: Chun Wang creator: Yuena Qi creator: Jie Lian creator: Zhenhua Yu creator: Guoquan Fan creator: Jianming Sun creator: Xitao Liu creator: Xiaofei Liu uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20386 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2025 Yu et al. title: Accuracy of high-frequency musculoskeletal ultrasound in hand trauma: a retrospective surgical field-based validation study at a single center link: https://peerj.com/articles/20514 last-modified: 2025-12-15 description: BackgroundThis study aims to assess the diagnostic accuracy of high-frequency musculoskeletal ultrasound in hand trauma patients, with a specific focus on tendon injury, avulsion fracture, and nerve damage, compared to surgical observations.MethodsA retrospective study was carried out on 47 hand trauma patients who received high-frequency ultrasound examinations followed by surgical intervention from January 2022 to December 2024. Ultrasound assessment with the echoes, continuity, and alterations of tendons, nerves, and bone cortex, and the surgical findings were compared with the ultrasound features. The diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound was evaluated according to surgical outcomes.ResultsHigh-frequency ultrasound exhibited excellent diagnostic accuracy for tendon ruptures, achieving 92.86% for flexor tendons and 100% for extensor tendons, as well as 100% for avulsion fractures. Nonetheless, the accuracy was lower for tendon tears and nerve injuries, with 33.33% and 40%, respectively. Adding passive motion during ultrasound examination can enhance the accuracy of diagnosing tendon injury.ConclusionHigh-frequency ultrasound provided a dependable imaging technique for the diagnosis of tendon rupture and avulsion fracture in hand trauma. It may enhance clinical assessment and guide treatment selection for hand trauma patients. creator: Jiajia Wang creator: Lan Gao creator: Mingdi Fang creator: Fan Jiang creator: Mei Peng uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20514 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2025 Wang et al. title: Evaluation of awareness, attitudes, and practices towards disaster preparedness among Saudi healthcare professionals: implications for enhancing emergency response and training link: https://peerj.com/articles/20464 last-modified: 2025-12-15 description: Background and AimDisaster management and preparedness by healthcare professionals (HCPs) are integral to safeguarding public health. The present study assessed the awareness, attitude, and practice of disaster preparedness among HCPs of the central Saudi Arabia region. Furthermore, the present study determined the predictors associated with these three domains.MethodsThe present study was conducted among 390 HCPs from central Saudi Arabia using a cross-sectional design. The authors used a standard and validated data collection tool to gather the required information. We conducted the Spearman correlation analysis to identify the correlation among these three domains. Finally, the authors applied a multivariate analysis to identify the factors associated with the low levels of awareness, attitude, and practice.ResultsAmong the HCPs studied, we observed a sizable proportion had low knowledge (36.2%), attitude (45.9%), and practice (49.2%) towards disaster preparedness. The present study showed a significant positive correlation between awareness and attitude (rho = 0.649) and awareness and practice (rho = 0.565). Nursing professionals had significantly higher awareness (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.187, p = 0.007), attitude (AOR = 4.564, p = 0.001), and practice (AOR = 3.235, p = 0.007) scores. Furthermore, married healthcare professionals had significantly higher practice scores (AOR = 4.102, p = 0.020).ConclusionThere is a need to plan, design, and develop targeted educational programs to improve the awareness, attitude, and practice of the HCPs in disaster preparedness. Targeted interventions are essential to enhance HCPs’ preparedness for diverse disaster scenarios. creator: Ashokkumar Thirunavukkarasu creator: Aseel Awad Alsaidan creator: Sayer T. Aldhafeeri creator: Doaa Mazen Abdel-Salam creator: Nasser T. Aldhafeeri creator: Muzun Ali Alanazi creator: Randa Mansour Almughamisi creator: Diyam Khalid Alkawkbei creator: Wijdan Al-Zahrany uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20464 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2025 Thirunavukkarasu et al. title: Development and characterization of SSR markers in Phoebe zhennan link: https://peerj.com/articles/20434 last-modified: 2025-12-15 description: Phoebe zhennan S. K. Lee & F. N. Wei is a valuable endemic species in China, widely recognized for its high-quality timber and ornamental value. It has been classified as an endangered species under national protection, with its primary distribution areas including Guizhou, Sichuan, and Hunan. Investigating the genetic diversity (GD) of this species plays a crucial role in developing effective strategies for its conservation and sustainable utilization. Nevertheless, the progress in molecular marker development has been constrained by the scarcity of reported reference genomes for P. zhennan. In this study, the genomic gap of the endangered and precious tree species P. zhennan was filled. The simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers of the P. zhennan genome were analyzed using magnetic bead enrichment technology. A total of 794,128 SSR loci were identified. From a random selection of 108 primer pairs, 20 primer pairs with high polymorphism and excellent stability were screened and subsequently utilized to assess the GD of 24 Phoebe populations comprising 174 individuals primarily from Guizhou Province. The results demonstrated that the SSR loci were predominantly dinucleotide repeats (accounting for 54.31%), among which the AG/CT motif exhibited the highest frequency. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of the 20 SSR primer pairs ranged from 0.777 to 0.903, with an average value of 0.859, reflecting their substantial polymorphism. The Shannon information index of the Guizhou P. zhennan population ranged from 1.196 to 1.928, with an average value of 1.518. The Nei’s genetic diversity index (H) varied between 0.661 and 0.832, averaging 0.743. The SN population exhibited relatively high genetic diversity, whereas the MT population demonstrated relatively low genetic diversity. Further investigation revealed that the populations in Gulin, Sichuan; Zigong, Sichuan; Tongnan, Chongqing; and Baijia, Hunan possessed high and stable genetic diversity values. Genetic differentiation analysis indicated that the genetic variation within the Guizhou P. zhennan population primarily stemmed from intra-population variation. Additionally, frequent gene flow was observed among populations, with alleles being widely distributed across populations. Based on the phylogenetic tree, the species Phoebe bournei, Phoebe sheareri, and Phoebe chekiangensis, as well as the populations of P. zhennan from different regions, were clearly differentiated. The SSR molecular markers developed in this study confirmed at the molecular level that these species represent distinct evolutionary lineages. These findings provide valuable SSR molecular markers and a robust scientific foundation for breeding programs, species identification, and genetic diversity studies of germplasm resources within the genus Phoebe. creator: Qing Liang creator: Yuhuan Jia creator: Ruxia Shi creator: Dan Zhao creator: Mei Luo uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20434 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2025 Liang et al. title: Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of a Resistance Training Skill Battery for use in Chinese-speaking adolescents link: https://peerj.com/articles/20387 last-modified: 2025-12-15 description: PurposeAlthough the Resistance Training Skills Battery (RTSB) is a well-established instrument for assessing resistance training (RT) skill competency in Western populations, its applicability to Chinese adolescents remains unvalidated. This study aimed to translate, cross-culturally adapted, and validated the RTSB for Mandarin-speaking Chinese adolescents.MethodsEmploying established guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation, our study involved translating the RTSB into Chinese (RTSB-C), followed by back-translation, adaptation, and validation. The study quantified test-retest reliability, intra- and inter-rater reliability, and construct validity. Adolescents aged 12–16 years (n = 64) underwent two RTSB-C assessments, two weeks apart. Muscular fitness was evaluated using muscle fitness tests (handgrip strength, timed push-up, and countermovement jumps) to establish criterion validity.ResultsThe RTSB-C demonstrated fair to excellent test-retest reliability across the two timepoints, the intra-class coefficient (ICC) for the RTSB-C was notably high at 0.94 (95% CI [0.90–0.95]); The intra-rater reliability was 0.94 (p < 0.001), and inter-rater reliability was 0.41–0.93 (p < 0.05). Construct validity was confirmed through linear regression analysis, with the model accounting for 46.8% of the variance in muscle fitness scores (MFS), and with gender (r = 0.47, p < 0.001) and RTSB-C scores (r = 0.45, p < 0.001) emerging as significant predictors.ConclusionsWe successfully translated and cross-culturally adapted the RTSB from English to Chinese, affirming its reliability and validity in assessing the RT skills of Chinese-speaking adolescents. The RTSB-C is recommended for accurate evaluation of RT competence in this demographic. creator: Xiaolu Zha creator: David Lubans creator: Jordan Smith creator: Ran Wang uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20387 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2025 Zha et al. title: gllvm 2.0: fast fitting of advanced ordination methods and joint species distribution models link: https://peerj.com/articles/20338 last-modified: 2025-12-12 description: BackgroundOver the past decade, joint species distribution models (JSDMs) and model-based ordination have emerged as powerful tools for the analysis of community ecology data. Generalized linear latent variable models (GLLVMs) offer a flexible framework for multivariate analysis of a wide range of data types, based on including a small number of latent variables to perform dimension reduction while accounting for residual correlation between species.Fast estimation methodsThe R package gllvm implements a wide range of GLLVMs, with estimation performed via fast approximate likelihood-based techniques; including the recently proposed extended variational approximation, which is applicable to almost any combination of response type and link function. Since its original development and accompanying software paper, the gllvm package has undergone a significant overhaul, consolidating its place as a general framework for joint modeling of community ecology datasets.Expanded functionalitiesSome of the key new features of gllvm include model-based constrained and concurrent ordination methods, capacity to account for nested/hierarchical sampling designs, and (phylogenetic) random effects. On top of this, other notable improvements include a great expansion of the response types that it can handle, enhanced capabilities of GLLVM inference, selection and prediction, and an easier-to-use interface for model fitting. creator: Pekka Korhonen creator: Francis K.C. Hui creator: Jenni Niku creator: Sara Taskinen creator: Bert van der Veen uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20338 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2025 Korhonen et al. title: Revisiting the Poison Dart Frog Ameerega ingeri (Anura: Dendrobatidae): external morphology, tadpoles, natural history, distribution, advertisement call, phylogenetic position and conservation link: https://peerj.com/articles/20078 last-modified: 2025-12-12 description: Many amphibian species have been described based solely on preserved specimens, leaving significant gaps in our understanding of their behavior, natural history, population status, and phylogenetic relationships—factors essential for effective conservation. Ameerega ingeri, a dark poison frog originally believed to be endemic to Colombia, exemplifies this challenge. Described from only four specimens, its coloration in life, ecological traits, and distribution remained poorly understood for decades, leading to taxonomic confusion with closely related species. In this study, we revisit A. ingeri by providing new distribution records that extend its known range, along with detailed morphological and acoustic descriptions, dietary analysis, and population data. By integrating molecular and acoustic data with ecological and natural history observations, we clarify its taxonomic identity and distinguish it from congeners. Furthermore, we assess its conservation status based on updated occurrence and population data, and propose its inclusion in a threat category according to IUCN criteria. Our findings enhance the understanding of dendrobatid diversity and highlight the importance of field-based research on poorly known and potentially threatened species to support informed conservation strategies. creator: Juan C. Diaz-Ricaurte creator: Alejandro Navarro-Morales creator: César Malambo creator: Junner F. González-Ibarra creator: Yulfreiler Garavito-David creator: Felipe Silva de Andrade creator: Mario A. Madrid-Ordoñez creator: Maykoll J. Parra-Olarte creator: Diego Huseth Ruiz-Valderrama creator: Betselene Murcia-Ordoñez creator: Amanda Varago creator: Diego J. Santana uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20078 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2025 Diaz-Ricaurte et al. title: Retrospective on decadal progress of the NOAA/NPS ocean noise reference station network link: https://peerj.com/articles/20382 last-modified: 2025-12-11 description: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), in partnership with the U.S. National Park Service (NPS), established the Ocean Noise Reference Station Network (NRS) in 2014 as a foundational component of NOAA’s Ocean Noise Strategy. This long-term effort aims to characterize baseline ocean ambient sound conditions across diverse marine environments and to inform management of noise impacts on protected species and habitats within U.S. waters. The NRS is now composed of 13 autonomous passive acoustic monitoring stations strategically positioned across the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), extending from Arctic regions to tropical waters in depths ranging from 33 to 4,790 m. These locations include several National Marine Sanctuaries and National Parks, such as the recently designated Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary off the coast of California. Each station is equipped to continuously sample low-frequency underwater sound at five kHz, enabling the detection of anthropogenic, geophysical, and biological acoustic signals. To date the network has sampled over 72 years of calibrated acoustic data. The spatial breadth and consistent methodology of the NRS allow for comparative acoustic assessments across diverse marine ecosystems. In addition to applied research functions, the NRS has served as a platform for education and training, offering opportunities for students to develop skills for marine science and data analysis. Looking forward, the NRS project team is focused on network expansion, improved data delivery, and broader integration with collaborative scientific initiatives. NRS recordings are being archived in partnership with NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information to enhance accessibility and long-term utility. Efforts are underway to develop standardized metadata and summary products to accompany raw audio files, making the data more usable for a wide range of stakeholders in the ocean science community. The NRS is evolving into a fully integrated national framework for ocean sound monitoring that supports scientific inquiry, management decision-making, national security interests, and public engagement with ocean acoustic environments. creator: Samara M. Haver creator: Robert P. Dziak creator: Leila T. Hatch creator: Joseph Haxel creator: Christopher Kavanagh creator: Haru Matsumoto creator: Megan F. McKenna creator: Lauren Roche creator: Sofie M. Van Parijs creator: Carrie C. Wall creator: Jason Gedamke uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20382 license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ rights: ©2025 Haver et al. title: Alleviation of cold stress impacts on grapes by the chitosan-salicylic acid nanocomposite (CS-SA NCs) application link: https://peerj.com/articles/20368 last-modified: 2025-12-11 description: Low temperature is a major abiotic stressor that limits the distribution of various fruit tree species worldwide. In this study, the effects of chitosan-salicylic acid nanocomposite (CS-SA NCs) treatment were evaluated on antioxidant enzyme activity, the antioxidant pool, and membrane stability indices in the grapevine cultivar ‘Flame seedless’ under cold stress conditions. Prolonged exposure to cold, compared to the control, led to a reduction in maximum fluorescence (Fm), variable fluorescence (Fv), the ratio of photochemical to non-photochemical use of light energy in photosystem II (Fv/F0), and the ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm). Levels of chlorophylls, carotenoids, total soluble protein content, antioxidant enzyme activity, ascorbate, and glutathione activity significantly decreased with increasing cold stress duration. Electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide content increased by 75%, 60%, and 80%, respectively, after 16 hours of cold stress compared to the control. Nanocomposite treatment significantly enhanced antioxidant activity and stabilized membranes under cold stress by reducing electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde release. Overall, CS-SA NCs act as a biological stimulant and can be effectively used to improve the physiological and biochemical responses of grapevines under cold stress. Further research is needed to gain a comparative understanding of various physiological responses, which will help guide the application of this nanocomposite in extension services and field production systems. creator: Mohammad Ali Aazami creator: Lamia Vojodi Mehrabani creator: Mohammad Bagher Hassanpouraghdam creator: Farzad Rasouli creator: Gholam Reza Mahdavinia creator: Sona Skrovankova creator: Sezai Ercisli creator: Jiri Mlcek uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20368 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2025 Aazami et al.