title: PeerJ description: Articles published in PeerJ link: https://peerj.com/articles/index.rss3?journal=peerj&page=1506 creator: info@peerj.com PeerJ errorsTo: info@peerj.com PeerJ language: en title: Transcriptomic evidence for involvement of reactive oxygen species in Rhizoctonia solani AG1 IA sclerotia maturation link: https://peerj.com/articles/5103 last-modified: 2018-06-18 description: Rhizoctonia solani AG1 IA is a soil-borne fungal phytopathogen that can significantly harm crops resulting in economic loss. This species overwinters in grass roots and diseased plants, and produces sclerotia that infect future crops. R. solani AG1 IA does not produce spores; therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism of sclerotia formation is important for crop disease control. To identify the genes involved in this process for the development of disease control targets, the transcriptomes of this species were determined at three important developmental stages (mycelium, sclerotial initiation, and sclerotial maturation) using an RNA-sequencing approach. A total of 5,016, 6,433, and 5,004 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the sclerotial initiation vs. mycelial, sclerotial maturation vs. mycelial, and sclerotial maturation vs. sclerotial initiation stages, respectively. Moreover, gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that these DEGs were enriched in diverse categories, including oxidoreductase activity, carbohydrate metabolic process, and oxidation-reduction processes. A total of 12 DEGs were further verified using reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Among the genes examined, NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were highly induced in the stages of sclerotial initiation and maturation. In addition, the highest reactive oxygen species (ROS) production levels were detected during sclerotial initiation, and enzyme activities of NOX1, SOD, and catalase (CAT) matched with the gene expression profiles. To further evaluate the role of ROS in sclerotial formation, R. solani AG1 IA was treated with the CAT inhibitor aminotriazole and H2O2, resulting in the early differentiation of sclerotia. Taken together, this study provides useful information toward understanding the molecular basis of R. solani AG1 IA sclerotial formation and maturation, and identified the important role of ROS in these processes. creator: Bo Liu creator: Haode Wang creator: Zhoujie Ma creator: Xiaotong Gai creator: Yanqiu Sun creator: Shidao He creator: Xian Liu creator: Yanfeng Wang creator: Yuanhu Xuan creator: Zenggui Gao uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5103 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2018 Liu et al. title: Comparative demography of commercially-harvested snappers and an emperor from American Samoa link: https://peerj.com/articles/5069 last-modified: 2018-06-18 description: The age-based life history of two commercially-important species of snapper (Lutjanidae) and one emperor (Lethrinidae) were characterized from the nearshore fishery of Tutuila, American Samoa. Examination of sagittal otoliths across multiple months and years confirmed the annual deposition of increments and highlighted marked variation in life-history patterns among the three meso-predator species. The humpback red snapper Lutjanus gibbus is a medium-bodied gonochoristic species which exhibits striking sexual dimorphism in length-at-age and consequent growth trajectories and has a life span estimated to be at least 27 years. The yellow-lined snapper Lutjanus rufolineatus is a small-bodied gonochore with weak sexual dimorphism, early maturation, and a short life span of at least 12 years. The yellow-lip emperor Lethrinus xanthochilus is a large-bodied species with a moderate life span (estimated to be at least 19 years in this study), rapid initial growth, and a more complex sexual ontogeny likely involving pre- or post-maturational sex change, although this remains unresolved at present. Ratios of natural to fishing mortality indicate a low level of prevailing exploitation for all three species, which is supported by low proportions of immature female length classes captured by the fishery. However, considerable demographic variability among the three species highlights the value of detailed age-based information as a necessary component for informing monitoring efforts and future management decisions. creator: Brett M. Taylor creator: Zack S. Oyafuso creator: Cassandra B. Pardee creator: Domingo Ochavillo creator: Stephen J. Newman uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5069 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2018 Taylor et al. title: Intein-mediated backbone cyclization of entolimod confers enhanced radioprotective activity in mouse models link: https://peerj.com/articles/5043 last-modified: 2018-06-18 description: BackgroundEntolimod is a Salmonella enterica flagellin derivate. Previous work has demonstrated that entolimod effectively protects mice and non-human primates from ionizing radiation. However, it caused a “flu-like” syndrome after radioprotective and anticancer clinical application, indicating some type of immunogenicity and toxicity. Cyclization is commonly used to improve the in vivo stability and activity of peptides and proteins.MethodsWe designed and constructed cyclic entolimod using split Nostoc punctiforme DnaE intein with almost 100% cyclization efficiency. We adopted different strategies to purify the linear and circular entolimod due to their different topologies. Both of linear and circular entolimod were first purified by Ni-chelating affinity chromatography, and then the linear and circular entolimod were purified by size-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography, respectively.ResultsThe circular entolimod showed significantly increased both the in vitro NF-κB signaling and in vivo radioprotective activity in mice.ConclusionOur data indicates that circular entolimod might be a good candidate for further clinical investigation. creator: Bingyu Ye creator: Wenlong Shen creator: Minglei Shi creator: Yan Zhang creator: Cunshuan Xu creator: Zhihu Zhao uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5043 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2018 Ye et al. title: Individual-based simulation of the spatial and temporal dynamics of macroinvertebrate functional groups provides insights into benthic community assembly mechanisms link: https://peerj.com/articles/5038 last-modified: 2018-06-18 description: The complexity and scales of the processes that shape communities of marine benthic macroinvertebrates has limited our understanding of their assembly mechanisms and the potential to make projections of their spatial and temporal dynamics. Individual-based models can shed light on community assembly mechanisms, by allowing observed spatiotemporal patterns to emerge from first principles about the modeled organisms. Previous work in the Rance estuary (Brittany, France) revealed the principal functional components of its benthic macroinvertebrate communities and derived a set of functional relationships between them. These elements were combined here for the development of a dynamic and spatially explicit model that operates at two spatial scales. At the fine scale, modeling each individual’s life cycle allowed the representation of recruitment, inter- and intra-group competition, biogenic habitat modification and predation mortality. Larval dispersal and environmental filtering due to the tidal characteristics of the Rance estuary were represented at the coarse scale. The two scales were dynamically linked and the model was parameterized on the basis of theoretical expectations and expert knowledge. The model was able to reproduce some patterns of α- and β-diversity that were observed in the Rance estuary in 1995. Model analysis demonstrated the role of local and regional processes, particularly early post-settlement mortality and spatially restricted dispersal, in shaping marine benthos. It also indicated biogenic habitat modification as a promising area for future research. The combination of this mechanism with different substrate types, along with the representation of physical disturbances and more trophic categories, could increase the model’s realism. The precise parameterization and validation of the model is expected to extend its scope from the exploration of community assembly mechanisms to the formulation of predictions about the responses of community structure and functioning to environmental change. creator: Nikolaos Alexandridis creator: Cédric Bacher creator: Nicolas Desroy creator: Fred Jean uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5038 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2018 Alexandridis et al. title: Safe exposure distances for transcranial magnetic stimulation based on computer simulations link: https://peerj.com/articles/5034 last-modified: 2018-06-18 description: The results of a computer simulation examining the compliance of a given transcranial magnetic stimulation device to the 2010 International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines are presented. The objective was to update the safe distance estimates with the most current safety guidelines, as well as comparing these to values reported in previous publications. The 3D data generated was compared against results available in the literature, regarding the MCB-70 coil by Medtronic. Regarding occupational exposure, safe distances of 1.46 m and 0.96 m are derived from the simulation according to the 2003 and 2010 ICNIRP guidelines, respectively. These values are then compared to safe distances previously reported in other studies. creator: Iam Palatnik de Sousa creator: Carlos R. H. Barbosa creator: Elisabeth Costa Monteiro uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5034 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2018 Palatnik de Sousa et al. title: Unusually low genetic divergence at COI barcode locus between two species of intertidal Thalassaphorura (Collembola: Onychiuridae) link: https://peerj.com/articles/5021 last-modified: 2018-06-18 description: Species classification is challenging when taxa display limited morphological differences. In this paper, we combined morphology and DNA barcode data to investigate the complicated taxonomy of two Onychiurid Collembolan species. Thalassaphorura thalassophila and Thalassaphorura debilis are among the most common arthropod species in intertidal ecosystems and are often considered to be synonymous. Based on morphological and barcode analyses of fresh material collected in their type localities, we redescribed and compared the two species. However, their morphological distinctiveness was supported by a molecular divergence much smaller than previously reported at the interspecific level among Collembola. This divergence was even smaller than inter-population divergences recognized in the related edaphic species T. zschokkei, as well as those known between MOTUs within many Collembolan species. Our results may indicate a link between low genetic interspecific divergence and intertidal habitat, as the only biological peculiarity of the two species of interest compared to other Collembolan species analyzed to date is their strict intertidal life. creator: Xin Sun creator: Anne Bedos creator: Louis Deharveng uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5021 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2018 Sun et al. title: Availability of Nanopore sequences in the genome taxonomy for Vibrionaceae systematics: Rumoiensis clade species as a test case link: https://peerj.com/articles/5018 last-modified: 2018-06-18 description: Whole genome sequence comparisons have become essential for establishing a robust scheme in bacterial taxonomy. To generalize this genome-based taxonomy, fast, reliable, and cost-effective genome sequencing methodologies are required. MinION, the palm-sized sequencer from Oxford Nanopore Technologies, enables rapid sequencing of bacterial genomes using minimal laboratory resources. Here we tested the ability of Nanopore sequences for the genome-based taxonomy of Vibrionaceae and compared Nanopore-only assemblies to complete genomes of five Rumoiensis clade species: Vibrio aphrogenes, V. algivorus, V. casei, V. litoralis, and V. rumoiensis. Comparison of overall genome relatedness indices (OGRI) and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) based on Nanopore-only assembly and Illumina or hybrid assemblies revealed that errors in Nanopore-only assembly do not influence average nucleotide identity (ANI), in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH), G+C content, or MLSA tree topology in Vibrionaceae. Our results show that the genome sequences from Nanopore-based approach can be used for rapid species identification based on the OGRI and MLSA. creator: Mami Tanaka creator: Sayaka Mino creator: Yoshitoshi Ogura creator: Tetsuya Hayashi creator: Tomoo Sawabe uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5018 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2018 Tanaka et al. title: Comparison of cryptobenthic reef fish communities among microhabitats in the Red Sea link: https://peerj.com/articles/5014 last-modified: 2018-06-18 description: Knowledge of community structure within an ecosystem is essential when trying to understand the function and importance of the system and when making related management decisions. Within the larger ecosystem, microhabitats play an important role by providing inhabitants with a subset of available resources. On coral reefs, cryptobenthic fishes encompass many groups and make up an important proportion of the biodiversity. However, these fishes are relatively small, exhibit extreme visual or behavioral camouflage, and, therefore, are often overlooked. We examined the differences in fish community structure between three common reef microhabitats (live hard coral, dead coral rubble, and sand) using ichthyocide stations in the central Red Sea. Using a combination of morphological and genetic (cytochrome oxidase I (COI) barcoding) techniques, we identified 326 individuals representing 73 species spread across 17 families, from fifteen 1 m2 quadrats. Fish assemblages in the three microhabitats were significantly different from each other. Rubble microhabitats yielded the highest levels of fish abundance, richness, and diversity, followed by hard coral, and then sand. The results show that benthic composition, even at a small scale, influences cryptobenthic communities. This study also provides new COI sequence data to public databases, in order to further the research of cryptobenthic fishes in the Red Sea region. creator: Emily M. Troyer creator: Darren J. Coker creator: Michael L. Berumen uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5014 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2018 Troyer et al. title: Is perfectionism associated with academic burnout through repetitive negative thinking? link: https://peerj.com/articles/5004 last-modified: 2018-06-18 description: Academic burnout is prevalent among university students, although understanding of what predicts burnout is limited. This study aimed to test the direct and indirect relationship between two dimensions of perfectionism (Perfectionistic Concerns and Perfectionistic Strivings) and the three elements of Academic Burnout (Exhaustion, Inadequacy, and Cynicism) through Repetitive Negative Thinking. In a cross-sectional survey, undergraduate students (n = 126, Mage = 23.64, 79% female) completed well-validated measures of Perfectionism, Repetitive Negative Thinking, and Academic Burnout. Perfectionistic Concerns was directly associated with all elements of burnout, as well as indirectly associated with Exhaustion and Cynicism via Repetitive Negative Thinking. Perfectionistic Strivings was directly associated with less Inadequacy and Cynicism; however, there were no indirect associations between Perfectionistic Strivings and Academic Burnout operating through Repetitive Negative Thinking. Repetitive Negative Thinking was also directly related to more burnout Exhaustion and Inadequacy, but not Cynicism. It is concluded that future research should investigate whether interventions targeting Perfectionistic Concerns and Repetitive Negative Thinking can reduce Academic Burnout in university students. creator: David Garratt-Reed creator: Joel Howell creator: Lana Hayes creator: Mark Boyes uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5004 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2018 Garratt-Reed et al. title: Ecotoxicity of disinfectant benzalkonium chloride and its mixture with antineoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil towards alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata link: https://peerj.com/articles/4986 last-modified: 2018-06-18 description: BackgroundBenzalkonium chloride (BAC) is one of the most common ingredients of the disinfectants. It is commonly detected in surface and wastewaters where it can interact with the residues of pharmaceuticals that are also common wastewater pollutants. Among the latter, the residues of antineoplastic drugs are of particular concern as recent studies showed that they can induce adverse effect in aquatic organisms at environmentally relevant concentrations.MethodsEcotoxicity of BAC as an individual compound and in a binary mixture with an antineoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was determined towards alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, a representative of primary producers. The toxicity of the BAC+5-FU binary mixture was predicted by the two basic models: concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA), and compared to the experimentally determined toxicity. Additionally combination index (CI) was calculated to determine the type of interaction.ResultsAfter 72 h exposure to BAC a concentration dependent growth inhibition of P. subcapitata was observed with an EC50 0.255 mg/L. Comparing the predicted no effect concentration to the measured concentrations in the surface waters indicate that BAC at current applications and occurrence in aquatic environment may affect algal populations. The measured toxicity of the mixture was higher from the predicted and calculated CI confirmed synergistic effect on the inhibition of algal growth, at least at EC50 concentration. The observed synergism may have impact on the overall toxicity of wastewaters, whereas it is less likely for general environments because the concentrations of 5-FU are several orders of magnitude lower from its predicted no effect concentration.DiscussionThese results indicate that combined effects of mixtures of disinfectants and antineoplastic drugs should be considered in particular when dealing with environmental risk assessment as well as the management of municipal and hospital wastewaters. creator: Tina Elersek creator: Maja Ženko creator: Metka Filipič uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4986 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2018 Elersek et al.