title: PeerJ description: Articles published in PeerJ link: https://peerj.com/articles/index.rss3?journal=peerj&page=1466 creator: info@peerj.com PeerJ errorsTo: info@peerj.com PeerJ language: en title: Investigating leaf beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) on the west coast islands of Sabah via checklist-taking and DNA barcoding link: https://peerj.com/articles/5811 last-modified: 2018-10-25 description: Sabah is a province of Malaysia located on the northern part of the island of Borneo. Most of the leaf beetle fauna studies from this region conducted over the past 15 years have focussed on the mainland habitats while the leaf beetle fauna from island habitats (ca. 500 islands) have largely been overlooked. This study looks into the leaf beetle fauna of 13 small satellite islands off the west coast of Sabah. All specimens were first sorted into morpho-species operational taxonomic unit (OTU) before being identified to species rank where possible based on morphological characters and species names assigned when the specimens fitted the description of species in the literature. We collected 75 OTUs from 35 genera and five subfamilies according to morphology, 12 of which were identifiable to species level. In addition, the DNA barcode for each OTU was cross checked with records in GenBank and Barcoding of Life Data system (BOLD) to verify their identity. The number of species recorded was reduced from 12 species and 63 OTUs (total 75 OTUs) to 12 species and 56 OTUs (total 68 OTUs) after removal of the colour polymorphic species based on DNA barcode analyses. Pulau Gaya has the highest species richness and Pulau Sulug has the lowest species richness. A total of 64 Barcode Index Numbers consisting of 101 DNA barcodes were obtained from the 12 leaf beetle species and 48 OTUs. Based on the DNA barcode analyses, it was possible to confirm several polymorphic OTUs and cryptic species. The mean intraspecific and interspecific genetic divergence were determined as 0.77% and 16.11%, respectively. DNA barcodes of this study show a low similarity with records in GenBank and BOLD, highlighting the lack of representation and the urgency of studying leaf beetles from this region. The study provides the first documentation of leaf beetle fauna from island habitats of Sabah and the first DNA barcoding data for leaf beetles from this part of the world, with the next steps being larger scale sampling over a wider geographical scale for a better understanding of tropical arthropod diversity. creator: Kam-Cheng Yeong creator: Haruo Takizawa creator: Thor-Seng Liew uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5811 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2018 Yeong et al. title: Recent advances and challenges on application of tissue engineering for treatment of congenital heart disease link: https://peerj.com/articles/5805 last-modified: 2018-10-25 description: Congenital heart disease (CHD) affects a considerable number of children and adults worldwide. This implicates not only developmental disorders, high mortality, and reduced quality of life but also, high costs for the healthcare systems. CHD refers to a variety of heart and vascular malformations which could be very challenging to reconstruct the malformed region surgically, especially when the patient is an infant or a child. Advanced technology and research have offered a better mechanistic insight on the impact of CHD in the heart and vascular system of infants, children, and adults and identified potential therapeutic solutions. Many artificial materials and devices have been used for cardiovascular surgery. Surgeons and the medical industry created and evolved the ball valves to the carbon-based leaflet valves and introduced bioprosthesis as an alternative. However, with research further progressing, contracting tissue has been developed in laboratories and tissue engineering (TE) could represent a revolutionary answer for CHD surgery. Development of engineered tissue for cardiac and aortic reconstruction for developing bodies of infants and children can be very challenging. Nevertheless, using acellular scaffolds, allograft, xenografts, and autografts is already very common. Seeding of cells on surface and within scaffold is a key challenging factor for use of the above. The use of different types of stem cells has been investigated and proven to be suitable for tissue engineering. They are the most promising source of cells for heart reconstruction in a developing body, even for adults. Some stem cell types are more effective than others, with some disadvantages which may be eliminated in the future. creator: Antonia Mantakaki creator: Adegbenro Omotuyi John Fakoya creator: Fatemeh Sharifpanah uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5805 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2018 Mantakaki et al. title: Molecular assessment of Pocillopora verrucosa (Scleractinia; Pocilloporidae) distribution along a depth gradient in Ludao, Taiwan link: https://peerj.com/articles/5797 last-modified: 2018-10-25 description: It can be challenging to identify scleractinian corals from the genus Pocillopora Lamarck 1816 in the field because of their large range of inter- and intra-specific morphological variation that co-occur with changes in the physical environment. This task is made more arduous in the context of a depth gradient, where light and water current could greatly affect the morphology of the corallum. Pocillopora verrucosa (Ellis & Solander 1786) in Taiwan was previously reported exclusively from shallow waters (<10 m in depth), but a recent observation of this species in the mesophotic zone (>40 m in depth) questions this bathymetric distribution. We used the mitochondrial open reading frame and the histone 3 molecular markers to investigate the vertical and horizontal spatial distribution of P. verrucosa around Ludao (Green Island), Taiwan. We genotyped 101 P. verrucosa-like colonies collected from four depth zones, ranging from 7 to 45 m, at three sites around the island. Of the 101 colonies sampled, 85 were genotyped as P. verrucosa, 15 as P. meandrina, and one specimen as an undescribed Pocillopora species. P. verrucosa was found at all depths, while P. meandrina and the undescribed Pocillopora specimen were limited to 15 m depth. P. verrucosa has a large bathymetric distribution around Ludao and could benefit from the refuge that the mesophotic zone offers. This study illustrates the difficulty of identifying Pocillopora corals in the field and emphasizes the relevance of molecular taxonomy as an important and complementary tool to traditional taxonomy for clarifying vertical and horizontal species distribution. Our results also illustrate the need in conservation biology to target species genetic diversity rather than just species diversity. creator: Stéphane De Palmas creator: Derek Soto creator: Vianney Denis creator: Ming-Jay Ho creator: Chaolun Allen Chen uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5797 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2018 De Palmas et al. title: Phylogenomics picks out the par excellence markers for species phylogeny in the genus Staphylococcus link: https://peerj.com/articles/5839 last-modified: 2018-10-24 description: Although genome sequencing has become a very promising approach to conduct microbial taxonomy, few labs have the resources to afford this especially when dealing with data sets of hundreds to thousands of isolates. The goal of this study was to identify the most adequate loci for inferring the phylogeny of the species within the genus Staphylococcus; with the idea that those who cannot afford whole genome sequencing can use these loci to carry out species assignation confidently. We retrieved 177 orthologous groups (OGs) by using a genome-based phylogeny and an average nucleotide identity analysis. The top 26 OGs showed topologies similar to the species tree and the concatenation of them yielded a topology almost identical to that of the species tree. Furthermore, a phylogeny of just the top seven OGs could be used for species assignment. We sequenced four staphylococcus isolates to test the 26 OGs and found that these OGs were far superior to commonly used markers for this genus. On the whole, our procedure allowed identification of the most adequate markers for inferring the phylogeny within the genus Staphylococcus. We anticipate that this approach will be employed for the identification of the most suitable markers for other bacterial genera and can be very helpful to sort out poorly classified genera. creator: Lucia Graña-Miraglia creator: César Arreguín-Pérez creator: Gamaliel López-Leal creator: Alan Muñoz creator: Angeles Pérez-Oseguera creator: Estefan Miranda-Miranda creator: Raquel Cossío-Bayúgar creator: Santiago Castillo-Ramírez uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5839 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2018 Graña-Miraglia et al. title: Infection and coinfection by human papillomavirus, Epstein–Barr virus and Merkel cell polyomavirus in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx: a retrospective study link: https://peerj.com/articles/5834 last-modified: 2018-10-24 description: BackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as an important risk factor for laryngeal carcinogenesis. Although HPV-16 and 18 have been strongly implicated, the presence of other high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) genotypes or the coinfection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPV) may increase the risk, but their etiological association has not been definitively established.MethodsWe characterized the genotype-specific HPV and the frequency of EBV and MCPV infections through the detection of their DNA in 195 laryngeal specimens of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) histologically confirmed.ResultsHPV DNA was detected in 93 (47.7%) specimens. HPV-11 was the most frequent with 68 cases (73.1%), and HPV-52 was the most frequently HR-HPV found with 51 cases, which corresponds to 54.8% of all HPV-positive specimens. EBV DNA was detected in 54 (27.7%) tumor tissue specimens of which 25 (46.3%) were in coinfection with HPV. MCPV DNA was detected only in 11 (5.6%) cases of which 5 (45.4%) were in coinfection with an HR-HPV. No association between the presence of DNA of the three examined viruses and the patient smoking habits, alcohol consumption, age, the keratinization status, differentiation grade, or localization of the tumor in the larynx were found.DiscussionHPV-52 was the most prevalent HR-HPV, which may suggest that this and other genotypes in addition to HPV-16 and 18 could be considered for prophylaxis. However, further studies including non-cancer larynx cases and the evaluation of other molecular markers and viral co-infection mechanisms are needed to determine the role of the different HR-HPV genotypes, EBV, and MCPV in the etiology of SCC of the larynx. creator: Jose Manuel Vazquez-Guillen creator: Gerardo C. Palacios-Saucedo creator: Lydia Guadalupe Rivera-Morales creator: Monica Valeria Alonzo-Morado creator: Saira Berenice Burciaga-Bernal creator: Maribel Montufar-Martinez creator: Rocio Ortiz-Lopez creator: Vianey Gonzalez-Villasana creator: Ana Carolina Martinez-Torres creator: Julio Cesar Serna-Hernandez creator: Silvia Judith Hernandez-Martinez creator: Edmundo Erbey Castelan-Maldonado creator: Angel Zavala-Pompa creator: Martha Socorro Montalvo-Bañuelos creator: Ricardo Garcia-Cabello creator: Ethel Corinthia Sanchez-Fresno creator: Cristina Rodriguez-Padilla uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5834 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2018 Vazquez-Guillen et al. title: Meta-analysis of microarray datasets identify several chromosome segregation-related cancer/testis genes potentially contributing to anaplastic thyroid carcinoma link: https://peerj.com/articles/5822 last-modified: 2018-10-24 description: AimAnaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is the most lethal thyroid malignancy. Identification of novel drug targets is urgently needed.Materials & MethodsWe re-analyzed several GEO datasets by systematic retrieval and data merging. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were filtered out. We also performed pathway enrichment analysis to interpret the data. We predicted key genes based on protein–protein interaction networks, weighted gene co-expression network analysis and genes’ cancer/testis expression pattern. We also further characterized these genes using data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project and gene ontology annotation.ResultsCell cycle-related pathways were significantly enriched in upregulated genes in ATC. We identified TRIP13, DLGAP5, HJURP, CDKN3, NEK2, KIF15, TTK, KIF2C, AURKA and TPX2 as cell cycle-related key genes with cancer/testis expression pattern. We further uncovered that most of these putative key genes were critical components during chromosome segregation.ConclusionWe predicted several key genes harboring potential therapeutic value in ATC. Cell cycle-related processes, especially chromosome segregation, may be the key to tumorigenesis and treatment of ATC. creator: Mu Liu creator: Yu-lu Qiu creator: Tong Jin creator: Yin Zhou creator: Zhi-yuan Mao creator: Yong-jie Zhang uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5822 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2018 Liu et al. title: Species diversity of drifting fish eggs in the Yangtze River using molecular identification link: https://peerj.com/articles/5807 last-modified: 2018-10-24 description: The dam constructions greatly changed the hydrologic conditions in the Yangtze River, and then significantly affected the spawning activities of indigenous river fish. Monitoring the species composition of drifting eggs during spawning season is important for protection issues. In this study, we have sampled drifting fish eggs in nine locations from 2014 to 2016. Eggs were identified using the mitochondrial cyt b gene sequence. A total of 7,933 fish eggs were sequenced successfully and blasted into the NCBI database. Thirty-nine fish species were identified, and were assigned to four families and two orders. Approximately 64% of the species identified, and 67% of the eggs, were classified in the Family Cyprinidae. Abundance and Shannon–Wiener diversity index of species were higher in the main river than in tributaries of the river. However, tributaries may be important spawning grounds for some fish species. The Jaccard’s similarity index and river-way distances among sampled stations were negatively correlated suggesting the environment shapes species composition in the sampled spawning grounds. These results showed that mitochondrial DNA sequence is a powerful and effective tool for fish egg identification in Yangtze River and these data are useful for conservation efforts. creator: Mingdian Liu creator: Dengqiang Wang creator: Lei Gao creator: Huiwu Tian creator: Shaoping Liu creator: Daqing Chen creator: Xinbin Duan uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5807 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2018 Liu et al. title: Integrative analysis of microRNA and mRNA expression profiles in fetal rat model with anorectal malformation link: https://peerj.com/articles/5774 last-modified: 2018-10-24 description: BackgroundAnorectal malformations (ARMs) are the most common congenital malformation of the gut, and regulated by multiple signal transduction pathways. The microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles and their biologial functions in anorectal malformations (ARMs) remain unclear. The aim of our study was to evaluate miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in the ARM rats.Methods and MaterialsARM was induced with ethylenethiourea (ETU) on gestational day 10. Cesarean deliveries were performed to harvest the embryos on gestional day 20. For the extraction of total RNA, 1 cm terminal hindgut samples were obtained from three fetal rats that had similar weights. The microarrays and quantitative RT-PCR analysis were conducted to evaluate the miRNA and mRNA expression profiles in normal fetal rats (n = 3) and ARM fetal rats (n = 3).ResultsIn total, 33 miRNAs and 772 mRNAs were significantly and differentially expressed in terminal hindgut tissues of ARM group versus control group. Functional annotation was performed to understand the functions and pathways of differentially expressed mRNAs. Also, we constructed a miRNA-target gene regulatory network including 25 differentially expressed miRNAs and 76 mRNAs. Furthermore, the credibility of the microarray-based results were validated by using qRT-PCR.ConclusionThe miRNA and mRNA expression in terminal hindgut tissue of ARM fetal rats might provide a basis for further research on the pathogenesis of ARMs. creator: Hui Xiao creator: Rui Huang creator: Mei Diao creator: Long Li creator: XiaoDai Cui uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5774 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2018 Xiao et al. title: Effects of inconsistent reporting, regulation changes and market demand on abundance indices of sharks caught by pelagic longliners off southern Africa link: https://peerj.com/articles/5726 last-modified: 2018-10-24 description: The assumption of a proportional relationship between catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) and the abundance of sharks caught by pelagic longliners is tenuous when based on fisher logbooks that report only retained specimens. Nevertheless, commercial logbooks and landings statistics are often the only data available for stock status assessments. Logbook data collected from local and foreign pelagic longline vessels operating in four areas off southern Africa between 2000 and 2015 were used to construct standardized CPUE indices for blue sharks Prionace glauca and shortfin makos Isurus oxyrinchus. Generalized linear mixed models were used to explore the effects of year, month, vessel, fleet and presence of an observer on blue shark and shortfin mako variability. Landing statistics and auxiliary information on the history of the fishery, regulation changes, and market factors were superimposed on the CPUE indices, to test hypotheses that they would influence CPUE trends. Indices in the West and Southwest (Atlantic) areas were elevated for both species, compared to the South and East (Indian Ocean). The scale of year-on-year CPUE increments, up to an order of magnitude for blue sharks, reflected occasional targeting and retention, interspersed with periods where blue sharks were not caught, or discarded and not reported. Increments were smaller for higher value shortfin makos, suggesting that indices were less affected by unreported discarding. CPUE indices and landings of both shark species have increased in recent years, suggesting increased importance as target species. Analysis of logbook data resulted in unreliable indicators of shark abundance, but when trends were interpreted in conjunction with landings data, disaggregated by area and month, and with hindsight of market demand and regulation changes, anomalies could be explained. creator: Gareth L. Jordaan creator: Jorge Santos creator: Johan C. Groeneveld uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5726 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2018 Jordaan et al. title: Variations in the reproductive strategies of three populations of Phrynocephalus helioscopus in China link: https://peerj.com/articles/5705 last-modified: 2018-10-24 description: BackgroundEgg size and clutch size are key life history traits. During the breeding period, it is possible for females to increase their reproductive output either by increasing the number of eggs if the optimal egg size (OES) is maintained, or by increasing the allocation of energy to each egg. However, the strategies adopted are often influenced by animals’ morphology and environment.MethodsHere, we examined variation in female morphological and reproductive traits, tested for trade-offs between egg size and clutch size, and evaluated the relationship between egg size and female morphology in three populations of Phrynocephalus helioscopus.ResultsFemale body size, egg size, and clutch size were larger in the Yi Ning (YN) and Fu Yun (FY) populations than in the Bei Tun (BT) population (the FY and YN populations laid more, and rounder eggs). Egg size was independent of female body size in two populations (BT and FY), even though both populations had an egg-size/clutch size trade-off. In the YN population, egg size and clutch size were independent, but egg size was correlated with female body size, consistent with the hypothesis of morphological constraint.ConclusionsOur study found geographical variation in body size and reproductive strategies of P. helioscopus. Egg size was correlated with morphology in the larger-bodied females of the YN population, but not in the smaller-bodied females of the BT population, illustrating that constraints on female body size and egg size are not consistent between populations. creator: Tao Liang creator: Lu Zhou creator: Wenfeng He creator: Lirong Xiao creator: Lei Shi uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5705 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2018 Liang et al.