title: PeerJ description: Articles published in PeerJ link: https://peerj.com/articles/index.rss3?journal=peerj&page=1130 creator: info@peerj.com PeerJ errorsTo: info@peerj.com PeerJ language: en title: Plant-derived angiogenin fusion protein’s cytoprotective effect on trabecular meshwork damage induced by Benzalkonium chloride in mice link: https://peerj.com/articles/9084 last-modified: 2020-05-22 description: BackgroundBenzalkonium chloride (BAK), commonly used in glaucoma treatment, is an eye drop preservative with dose-dependent toxicity. Previous studies have observed the multi-functional benefits of angiogenin (ANG) against glaucoma. In our study, we evaluated ANG’s cytoprotective effect on the trabecular meshwork (TM) damage induced by BAK. Additionally, we developed a plant-derived ANG fusion protein and evaluated its effect on TM structure and function.MethodsWe synthesized plant-derived ANG (ANG-FcK) by fuzing immunoglobulin G’s Fc region and KDEL to conventional recombinant human ANG (Rh-ANG) purified from transgenic tobacco plants. We established a mouse model using BAK to look for degenerative changes in the TM, and to evaluate the protective effects of ANG-FcK and Rh-ANG. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured for 4 weeks and ultrastructural changes, deposition of fluorescent microbeads, type I and IV collagen, fibronectin, laminin and α-SMA expression were analyzed after the mice were euthanized.ResultsTM structural and functional degeneration were induced by 0.1% BAK instillation in mice. ANG co-treatment preserved TM outflow function, which we measured using IOP and a microbead tracer. ANG prevented phenotypic and ultrastructure changes, and that protective effect might be related to the anti-fibrosis mechanism. We observed a similar cytoprotective effect in the BAK-induced degenerative TM mouse model, suggesting that plant-derived ANG-FcK could be a promising glaucoma treatment. creator: Jae Hoon Jeong creator: Soo Jin Lee creator: Kisung Ko creator: Jeong Hwan Lee creator: Jungmook Lyu creator: Moon Hyang Park creator: Jaeku Kang creator: Jae Chan Kim uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9084 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2020 Jeong et al. title: Oldest co-occurrence of Varanus and Python from Africa—first record of squamates from the early Miocene of Moghra Formation, Western Desert, Egypt link: https://peerj.com/articles/9092 last-modified: 2020-05-22 description: Lizard and snake remains from the early Miocene (Burdigalian) of the Moghra Formation, Egypt, are described herein. This material comprises the first fossil remains of squamates recovered from the otherwise rich and well known vertebrate assemblage of Moghra. The material pertains to two different genera, the varanid lizard Varanus and the pythonid snake Python and adds to the so far rather poorly known squamate fossil record from Africa. On the basis of the new remains, Moghra marks the oldest so far described co-occurrence of Varanus and Python in the African continent. The close sympatry of these two genera in the African fossil record is thoroughly analyzed and discussed, a co-existence, which is still widespread in the extant herpetofauna of the continent. Situated rather close to the so called “Levantine Corridor” and dated at the Burdigalian, practically when Afro-Arabia collided with Eurasia, the Moghra squamate assemblage offers the potential of important insights in the biogeography and dispersal events of vertebrate groups during the early Miocene. creator: Georgios L. Georgalis creator: Mohamed K. Abdel Gawad creator: Safiya M. Hassan creator: Ahmed N. El-Barkooky creator: Mohamed A. Hamdan uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9092 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2020 Georgalis et al. title: Comparative analysis of four Zantedeschia chloroplast genomes: expansion and contraction of the IR region, phylogenetic analyses and SSR genetic diversity assessment link: https://peerj.com/articles/9132 last-modified: 2020-05-22 description: The horticulturally important genus Zantedeschia (Araceae) comprises eight species of herbaceous perennials. We sequenced, assembled and analyzed the chloroplast (cp) genomes of four species of Zantedeschia (Z. aethiopica, Z. odorata, Z. elliottiana, and Z. rehmannii) to investigate the structure of the cp genome in the genus. According to our results, the cp genome of Zantedeschia ranges in size from 169,065 bp (Z. aethiopica) to 175,906 bp (Z. elliottiana). We identified a total of 112 unique genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and four ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Comparison of our results with cp genomes from other species in the Araceae suggests that the relatively large sizes of the Zantedeschia cp genomes may result from inverted repeats (IR) region expansion. The sampled Zantedeschia species formed a monophylogenetic clade in our phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, the long single copy (LSC) and short single copy (SSC) regions in Zantedeschia are more divergent than the IR regions in the same genus, and non-coding regions showed generally higher divergence than coding regions. We identified a total of 410 cpSSR sites from the four Zantedeschia species studied. Genetic diversity analyses based on four polymorphic SSR markers from 134 cultivars of Zantedeschia suggested that high genetic diversity (I = 0.934; Ne = 2.371) is present in the Zantedeschia cultivars. High genetic polymorphism from the cpSSR region suggests that cpSSR could be an effective tool for genetic diversity assessment and identification of Zantedeschia varieties. creator: Shuilian He creator: Yang Yang creator: Ziwei Li creator: Xuejiao Wang creator: Yanbing Guo creator: Hongzhi Wu uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9132 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2020 He et al. title: Creatinine is a biochemical marker for assessing how untrained people adapt to fitness training loads link: https://peerj.com/articles/9137 last-modified: 2020-05-22 description: BackgroundTo study the peculiarities of changes in creatinine concentration in blood serum of untrained men during the prolonged usage of training loads different in volume and intensity, and to determine the value of this biochemical marker for the assessment of adaptive body changes during fitness training.MethodsWe examined 50 untrained men aged 18–20 years who had no contraindications for practicing fitness. Taking into account the aim of the research, we divided these people into two groups: group A and group B. The research participants used training load regimes different in volume and intensity: representatives of group Aused low intensity training load regime (Ra = 0.53) and representatives of group B used high intensity training load regime (Ra = 0.72). To assess the adaptive body changes in the examined contingent, we used the anthropometry method (circumference body size) and bioimpedansometry (body composition indicators). We also determined the features of adaptation-compensatory body reactions to different training loads by means of biochemical control of creatinine concentration in blood serum.ResultsThe obtained results showed a significant increase in basal level of creatinine concentration in blood serum (by 17.6%) of group B representatives fixed after 3 months of practicing fitness in high intensity training load regime (Ra = 0.72). This group representative also revealed the most pronounced manifestation of adaptive body changes confirmed by the results of the maximal muscle strength growth (1RM) and circumference body size, which was almost 2.5 times higher than the results of group A representatives for the same period of time. The parameters indicating the load volume in a set (Wn) were almost 62.0 % higher in group A representatives in comparison with group B during all stages of control. Nonetheless, the highest creatinine concentration in blood serum (by 11.1 % (p < 0.05) was fixed in group A representatives in response to training load after 3 months of practicing. This fact testifies to the important role of the creatine phosphokinase mechanism of energy supply of muscular activity in the conditions of high volume and low intensity training load regime (Ra = 0.53).ConclusionThe analysis of the results obtained during a series of experimental studies indicates the need and feasibility of using the indicator of basal level of creatinine concentration in blood during fitness training, especially in the conditions of high intensity and low volume training load regime (Ra = 0.72), as an informative marker for assessing the process of long-term adaptation. creator: Andrii Chernozub creator: Vladimir Potop creator: Georgiy Korobeynikov creator: Olivia Carmen Timnea creator: Oleg Dubachinskiy creator: Oksana Ikkert creator: Yuriy Briskin creator: Yuriy Boretsky creator: Lesia Korobeynikova uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9137 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2020 Chernozub et al. title: Endosymbiotic adaptations in three new bacterial species associated with Dictyostelium discoideum: Paraburkholderia agricolaris sp. nov., Paraburkholderia hayleyella sp. nov., and Paraburkholderia bonniea sp. nov link: https://peerj.com/articles/9151 last-modified: 2020-05-22 description: Here we give names to three new species of Paraburkholderia that can remain in symbiosis indefinitely in the spores of a soil dwelling eukaryote, Dictyostelium discoideum. The new species P. agricolaris sp. nov., P. hayleyella sp. nov., and P. bonniea sp. nov. are widespread across the eastern USA and were isolated as internal symbionts of wild-collected D. discoideum. We describe these sp. nov. using several approaches. Evidence that they are each a distinct new species comes from their phylogenetic position, average nucleotide identity, genome-genome distance, carbon usage, reduced length, cooler optimal growth temperature, metabolic tests, and their previously described ability to invade D. discoideum amoebae and form a symbiotic relationship. All three of these new species facilitate the prolonged carriage of food bacteria by D. discoideum, though they themselves are not food. Further studies of the interactions of these three new species with D. discoideum should be fruitful for understanding the ecology and evolution of symbioses. creator: Debra A. Brock creator: Suegene Noh creator: Alicia N.M. Hubert creator: Tamara S. Haselkorn creator: Susanne DiSalvo creator: Melanie K. Suess creator: Alexander S. Bradley creator: Mahboubeh Tavakoli-Nezhad creator: Katherine S. Geist creator: David C. Queller creator: Joan E. Strassmann uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9151 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2020 Brock et al. title: In silico analysis on the functional and structural impact of Rad50 mutations involved in DNA strand break repair link: https://peerj.com/articles/9197 last-modified: 2020-05-22 description: BackgroundDNA double strand break repair is important to preserve the fidelity of our genetic makeup after DNA damage. Rad50 is one of the components in MRN complex important for DNA repair mechanism. Rad50 mutations can lead to microcephaly, mental retardation and growth retardation in human. However, Rad50 mutations in human and other organisms have never been gathered and heuristically compared for their deleterious effects. It is important to assess the conserved region in Rad50 and its homolog to identify vital mutations that can affect functions of the protein.MethodIn this study, Rad50 mutations were retrieved from SNPeffect 4.0 database and literature. Each of the mutations was analyzed using various bioinformatic analyses such as PredictSNP, MutPred, SNPeffect 4.0, I-Mutant and MuPro to identify its impact on molecular mechanism, biological function and protein stability, respectively.ResultsWe identified 103 mostly occurred mutations in the Rad50 protein domains and motifs, which only 42 mutations were classified as most deleterious. These mutations are mainly situated at the specific motifs such as Walker A, Q-loop, Walker B, D-loop and signature motif of the Rad50 protein. Some of these mutations were predicted to negatively affect several important functional sites that play important roles in DNA repair mechanism and cell cycle signaling pathway, highlighting Rad50 crucial role in this process. Interestingly, mutations located at non-conserved regions were predicted to have neutral/non-damaging effects, in contrast with previous experimental studies that showed deleterious effects. This suggests that software used in this study may have limitations in predicting mutations in non-conserved regions, implying further improvement in their algorithm is needed. In conclusion, this study reveals the priority of acid substitution associated with the genetic disorders. This finding highlights the vital roles of certain residues such as K42E, C681A/S, CC684R/S, S1202R, E1232Q and D1238N/A located in Rad50 conserved regions, which can be considered for a more targeted future studies. creator: Juwairiah Remali creator: Wan Mohd Aizat creator: Chyan Leong Ng creator: Yi Chieh Lim creator: Zeti-Azura Mohamed-Hussein creator: Shazrul Fazry uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9197 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2020 Remali et al. title: Human milk microbiota associated with early colonization of the neonatal gut in Mexican newborns link: https://peerj.com/articles/9205 last-modified: 2020-05-22 description: BackgroundHuman milk microbiota plays a role in the bacterial colonization of the neonatal gut, which has important consequences in the health and development of the newborn. However, there are few studies about the vertical transfer of bacteria from mother to infant in Latin American populations.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study characterizing the bacterial diversity of 67 human milk-neonatal stool pairs by high-throughput sequencing of V3-16S rDNA libraries, to assess the effect of the human milk microbiota on the bacterial composition of the neonate’s gut at early days.ResultsHuman milk showed higher microbial diversity as compared to the neonatal stool. Members of the Staphylococcaceae and Sphingomonadaceae families were more prevalent in human milk, whereas the Pseudomonadaceae family, Clostridium and Bifidobacterium genera were in the neonatal stool. The delivery mode showed association with the neonatal gut microbiota diversity, but not with the human milk microbiota diversity; for instance, neonates born by C-section showed greater richness and diversity in stool microbiota than those born vaginally. We found 25 bacterial taxa shared by both ecosystems and 67.7% of bacteria found in neonate stool were predicted to originate from human milk. This study contributes to the knowledge of human milk and neonatal stool microbiota in healthy Mexican population and supports the idea of vertical mother-neonate transmission through exclusive breastfeeding. creator: Karina Corona-Cervantes creator: Igrid García-González creator: Loan Edel Villalobos-Flores creator: Fernando Hernández-Quiroz creator: Alberto Piña-Escobedo creator: Carlos Hoyo-Vadillo creator: Martín Noé Rangel-Calvillo creator: Jaime García-Mena uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9205 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2020 Corona-Cervantes et al. title: A within-subject comparison of different relaxation therapies in eliciting physiological and psychological changes in young women link: https://peerj.com/articles/9217 last-modified: 2020-05-22 description: BackgroundStress reactivity can be different in women compared to men, which might consequently influence disease risk.Stress in women may also generate adverse physiological effects on their offspring during pregnancy or lactation. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of different relaxation interventions on physiological outcomes and perceived relaxation in healthy young women, to assist in identifying the most appropriate intervention(s) for use in a subsequent trial for mothers who deliver prematurely.MethodsA within-subject study was conducted in 17 women of reproductive age comparing five different relaxation interventions (guided-imagery meditation audio (GIM), music listening (ML), relaxation lighting (RL), GIM+RL, ML+RL), with control (silence/sitting), assigned in random order over a 3–6 week period. Subjective feelings of relaxation (10-point scale), heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), and fingertip temperature (FT) were measured before and after each techniqueResultsAll interventions significantly increased perceived relaxation and FT, while music also significantly reduced SBP (p < 0.05). Compared to control, HR significantly decreased following GIM (mean difference = 3.2 bpm, p < 0.05), and FT increased (mean difference = 2.2 °C, p < 0.05) and SBP decreased (mean difference = 3.3 mmHg, p < 0.01) following ML. GIM + RL followed by GIM were the most preferred interventions.ConclusionsBased on preference, simplicity, and the physiological and psychological effects, GIM and ML were identified as the most effective tools for reducing stress and improving relaxation. These techniques warrant further research in larger samples and other populations. creator: Sarah Dib creator: Jonathan C.K. Wells creator: Mary Fewtrell uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9217 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: ©2020 Dib et al. title: Bioinformatics analyses of retinoblastoma reveal the retinoblastoma progression subtypes link: https://peerj.com/articles/8873 last-modified: 2020-05-21 description: IntroductionRetinoblastoma (RB) is one common pediatric malignant tumor with dismal outcomes. Heterogeneity of RB and subtypes of RB were identified but the association between the subtypes of RB and RB progression have not been fully investigated.MethodsFour public datasets were downloaded from Gene expression omnibus and normalization was performed to remove batch effect. Two public datasets were explored to obtain the RB progression gene signatures by differentially expression analysis while another two datasets were iterated for RB subtypes identification using consensus clustering. After the RB progressive subtype gene signatures were identified, we tested the diagnostic capacity of these gene signatures by receiver operation curve.ResultsThree hundreds and forty six genes that were enriched in cell cycle were identified as the progression signature in RB from two independent datasets. Four subtypes of RB were stratified by consensus clustering. A total of 21 genes from RB progression signature were differentially expressed between RB subtypes. One subtype with low expression cell division genes have less progression of all four subtypes. A panel of five RB subtype genes (CLUL1, CNGB1, ROM1, LRRC39 and RDH12) predict progression of RB.ConclusionRetinoblastoma is a highly heterogeneous tumor and the level of cell cycle related gene expression is associated with RB progression. A subpopulation of RB with high expression of visual perception has less progressive features. LRRC39 is potentially the RB progression subtype biomarker. creator: Manjing Cao creator: Sha Wang creator: Jing Zou creator: Wanpeng Wang uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8873 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2020 Cao et al. title: VIRdb: a comprehensive database for interactive analysis of genes/proteins involved in the pathogenesis of vitiligo link: https://peerj.com/articles/9119 last-modified: 2020-05-21 description: Vitiligo is a chronic asymptomatic disorder affecting melanocytes from the basal layer of the epidermis which leads to a patchy loss of skin color. Even though it is one of the neglected disease conditions, people suffering from vitiligo are more prone to psychological disorders. As of now, various studies have been done in order to project auto-immune implications as the root cause. To understand the complexity of vitiligo, we propose the Vitiligo Information Resource (VIRdb) that integrates both the drug-target and systems approach to produce a comprehensive repository entirely devoted to vitiligo, along with curated information at both protein level and gene level along with potential therapeutics leads. These 25,041 natural compounds are curated from Natural Product Activity and Species Source Database. VIRdb is an attempt to accelerate the drug discovery process and laboratory trials for vitiligo through the computationally derived potential drugs. It is an exhaustive resource consisting of 129 differentially expressed genes, which are validated through gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis. We also report 22 genes through enrichment analysis which are involved in the regulation of epithelial cell differentiation. At the protein level, 40 curated protein target molecules along with their natural hits that are derived through virtual screening. We also demonstrate the utility of the VIRdb by exploring the Protein–Protein Interaction Network and Gene–Gene Interaction Network of the target proteins and differentially expressed genes. For maintaining the quality and standard of the data in the VIRdb, the gold standard in bioinformatics toolkits like Cytoscape, Schrödinger’s GLIDE, along with the server installation of MATLAB, are used for generating results. VIRdb can be accessed through “http://www.vitiligoinfores.com/”. creator: Priyansh Srivastava creator: Alakto Choudhury creator: Mehak Talwar creator: Sabyasachi Mohanty creator: Priyanka Narad creator: Abhishek Sengupta uri: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9119 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ rights: © 2020 Srivastava et al.