PeerJ
type: channel
link: https://peerj.com/articles/
description: Articles published in PeerJ
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
publication name: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359
items: Screen time exposure and academic performance, anxiety, and behavioral problems among school children
items: Host specificity of gastrointestinal parasites in free-ranging sloths from Costa Rica
items: Allelopathic effects and composition of aqueous extracts from different parts of Galinsoga parviflora Cav. on Medicago sativa L. and Avena sativa L
items: Oral health status, oral hygiene behaviors, and caries risk assessment of individuals with special needs: a comparative study of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia
items: Development of an immune-related gene signature applying Ridge method for improving immunotherapy responses and clinical outcomes in lung adenocarcinoma
items: Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) rice lines using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and population structure analysis
items: Unveiling the immune and vitamin profiles of blood: the potential biomarkers for alopecia areata
items: Retrospective study on the correlation between CXCL13, immune infiltration, and tertiary lymphoid structures in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
items: Sterile seed germination and seedling cultivation of Idesia polycarpa
items: Integrin signaling in tumor biology: mechanisms of intercellular crosstalk and emerging targeted therapies

Screen time exposure and academic performance, anxiety, and behavioral problems among school children
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background The growth of the digital landscape has surely outpaced research on the effects of screen media on the health, learning, and development of children. The potential risk-to-benefit ratio of screen media exposure for education and entertainment purposes warrants further exploration. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationships between screen time and academic performance, anxiety, and outdoor playing among school children in India. Methods A total of 537 parents responded to this online survey and reported approximately 537 Indian school children (mean age 10.9 years) from five schools. Data was collected using an e-questionnaire which consisted of a socio-demographic domain, recreational activities, self-reported physical measures, academic performance, information related to children’s screen time, the Spence Children Anxiety Scale (SCAS), and the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (parent version) instruments. We employed multivariate linear regression models to estimate the association between children’s screen time and the predictor variables with 0.05 alpha as level of significance. Results The mean screen time was 3.06 ± 1.22 h/day, the average duration of outdoor play per week was 11.23 ± 4.1 h, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 18.2 ± 3.2. Screen time (h) in a typical week was positively correlated with BMI, the SCAS anxiety score, and behavioral problems and negatively correlated with academic performance. School children’s screen time was a predictor of their BMI, behavioral symptoms, and academic performance according to the linear regression analysis. Conclusion Our findings pointed out that screen time was associated with increased BMI, behavioral problems and poor academic performance. These insights shall be used for development of targeted tailored interventions and strategies to reduce childhood obesity related to screen time. Further research is necessary to rule out the influence of other intricate factors, such as sleep, parental …
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Mohammad Sidiq
creator: Balamurugan Janakiraman
creator: Faizan Kashoo
creator: Rayan Jastania
creator: Abdullah Ibrahim Alhusayni
creator: Abdullah Alzahrani
creator: Aksh Chahal
creator: Alagappan Thiyagarajan
creator: Imran Khan
creator: Chandan Kumar
creator: Rajkumar Krishnan Vasanthi
creator: Fahad Alanazi
creator: Mehrunnisha Ahmad
creator: Chhavi Arora Sehgal
creator: Shabnam Khan
creator: Mshari Alghadier
subject: Pediatrics
subject: Obesity
subject: Mental Health
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.19409
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 Sidiq et al.
abstract: Background The growth of the digital landscape has surely outpaced research on the effects of screen media on the health, learning, and development of children. The potential risk-to-benefit ratio of screen media exposure for education and entertainment purposes warrants further exploration. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationships between screen time and academic performance, anxiety, and outdoor playing among school children in India. Methods A total of 537 parents responded to this online survey and reported approximately 537 Indian school children (mean age 10.9 years) from five schools. Data was collected using an e-questionnaire which consisted of a socio-demographic domain, recreational activities, self-reported physical measures, academic performance, information related to children’s screen time, the Spence Children Anxiety Scale (SCAS), and the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (parent version) instruments. We employed multivariate linear regression models to estimate the association between children’s screen time and the predictor variables with 0.05 alpha as level of significance. Results The mean screen time was 3.06 ± 1.22 h/day, the average duration of outdoor play per week was 11.23 ± 4.1 h, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 18.2 ± 3.2. Screen time (h) in a typical week was positively correlated with BMI, the SCAS anxiety score, and behavioral problems and negatively correlated with academic performance. School children’s screen time was a predictor of their BMI, behavioral symptoms, and academic performance according to the linear regression analysis. Conclusion Our findings pointed out that screen time was associated with increased BMI, behavioral problems and poor academic performance. These insights shall be used for development of targeted tailored interventions and strategies to reduce childhood obesity related to screen time. Further research is necessary to rule out the influence of other intricate factors, such as sleep, parental …
bibliographic citation: Sidiq et al. (2025) Screen time exposure and academic performance, anxiety, and behavioral problems among school children. PeerJ 13:e19409 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19409
date submitted: 2025-01-29
date accepted: 2025-04-10
issued: 2025-05-08
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Sidiq
  given name: Mohammad
author list: Agent
  family name: Janakiraman
  given name: Balamurugan
author list: Agent
  family name: Kashoo
  given name: Faizan
author list: Agent
  family name: Jastania
  given name: Rayan
author list: Agent
  family name: Alhusayni
  given name: Abdullah Ibrahim
author list: Agent
  family name: Alzahrani
  given name: Abdullah
author list: Agent
  family name: Chahal
  given name: Aksh
author list: Agent
  family name: Thiyagarajan
  given name: Alagappan
author list: Agent
  family name: Khan
  given name: Imran
author list: Agent
  family name: Kumar
  given name: Chandan
author list: Agent
  family name: Vasanthi
  given name: Rajkumar Krishnan
author list: Agent
  family name: Alanazi
  given name: Fahad
author list: Agent
  family name: Ahmad
  given name: Mehrunnisha
author list: Agent
  family name: Sehgal
  given name: Chhavi Arora
author list: Agent
  family name: Khan
  given name: Shabnam
author list: Agent
  family name: Alghadier
  given name: Mshari
doi: 10.7717/peerj.19409
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-05-08
copyright: © 2025 Sidiq et al.
attribution name: Sidiq et al.

Host specificity of gastrointestinal parasites in free-ranging sloths from Costa Rica
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: The diversity and host specificity of gastrointestinal parasites infecting free-ranging sloths is poorly known. We compared gastrointestinal parasites of two sloth species from Costa Rica—three-fingered sloths (Bradypus variegatus) and two-fingered sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni)—for the first time in both a primary forest and an urban habitat. We asked whether host-parasite interactions were predominantly structured by host identity, the habitats in which hosts occurred, or both. Coproparasitology revealed protozoa and nematode eggs from both host species, but cestode eggs were recorded only in C. hoffmanni. We found eight parasitic morphotypes in 38 samples, which matches the total number of these parasites described in sloths over the past 100 years. We found no significant difference in overall parasite richness between sloth species or habitats, but the parasite richness of C. hoffmanni was 2-fold greater in the primary forest vs. urban habitat. As no parasite sharing was observed between sloth species, we found strong and significant differences in parasite composition between host species regardless of habitat. In B. variegatus, we observed eggs of four nematode taxa (Spirocercidae, Subuluroidea, Spirurida, Ascaridida) and cysts of Eimeriidae (Apicomplexa). By contrast, in C. hoffmanni, we observed cestodes (Anoplocephalidae), a different nematode from the family Spirocercidae, and also different cysts of Eimeriidae (Apicomplexa). Many rare taxa were recorded only in samples from the primary forest, and these did not match any sloth parasites that had been previously described in the literature, suggesting that at least some could be undescribed species. Together, these results highlight the paucity of comparative parasitology involving tropical wildlife, the importance of characterizing host-parasite transmission networks, and the potential relevance of intermediate hosts that may be relevant to sloth health.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Ezequiel A. Vanderhoeven
creator: Madeleine Florida
creator: Rebecca N. Cliffe
creator: José Guzmán
creator: Juliana Notarnicola
creator: Tyler R. Kartzinel
subject: Ecology
subject: Parasitology
subject: Taxonomy
subject: Veterinary Medicine
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.19408
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 Vanderhoeven et al.
abstract: The diversity and host specificity of gastrointestinal parasites infecting free-ranging sloths is poorly known. We compared gastrointestinal parasites of two sloth species from Costa Rica—three-fingered sloths (Bradypus variegatus) and two-fingered sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni)—for the first time in both a primary forest and an urban habitat. We asked whether host-parasite interactions were predominantly structured by host identity, the habitats in which hosts occurred, or both. Coproparasitology revealed protozoa and nematode eggs from both host species, but cestode eggs were recorded only in C. hoffmanni. We found eight parasitic morphotypes in 38 samples, which matches the total number of these parasites described in sloths over the past 100 years. We found no significant difference in overall parasite richness between sloth species or habitats, but the parasite richness of C. hoffmanni was 2-fold greater in the primary forest vs. urban habitat. As no parasite sharing was observed between sloth species, we found strong and significant differences in parasite composition between host species regardless of habitat. In B. variegatus, we observed eggs of four nematode taxa (Spirocercidae, Subuluroidea, Spirurida, Ascaridida) and cysts of Eimeriidae (Apicomplexa). By contrast, in C. hoffmanni, we observed cestodes (Anoplocephalidae), a different nematode from the family Spirocercidae, and also different cysts of Eimeriidae (Apicomplexa). Many rare taxa were recorded only in samples from the primary forest, and these did not match any sloth parasites that had been previously described in the literature, suggesting that at least some could be undescribed species. Together, these results highlight the paucity of comparative parasitology involving tropical wildlife, the importance of characterizing host-parasite transmission networks, and the potential relevance of intermediate hosts that may be relevant to sloth health.
bibliographic citation: Vanderhoeven et al. (2025) Host specificity of gastrointestinal parasites in free-ranging sloths from Costa Rica. PeerJ 13:e19408 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19408
date submitted: 2025-01-09
date accepted: 2025-04-10
issued: 2025-05-08
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Vanderhoeven
  given name: Ezequiel A.
author list: Agent
  family name: Florida
  given name: Madeleine
author list: Agent
  family name: Cliffe
  given name: Rebecca N.
author list: Agent
  family name: Guzmán
  given name: José
author list: Agent
  family name: Notarnicola
  given name: Juliana
author list: Agent
  family name: Kartzinel
  given name: Tyler R.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.19408
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-05-08
copyright: © 2025 Vanderhoeven et al.
attribution name: Vanderhoeven et al.

Allelopathic effects and composition of aqueous extracts from different parts of Galinsoga parviflora Cav. on Medicago sativa L. and Avena sativa L
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Galinsoga parviflora Cav. is a high-risk invasive plant that seriously threatens the development of grasslands in southern China. However, the allelopathic effects on Medicago sativa L. and Avena sativa L., which are widely cultivated forages around the world, have not been reported. Methods To explore the allelopathic mechanism of G. parviflora, the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts from different parts of G. parviflora on M. sativa and A. sativa were investigated. The germination rate (GR), germination potential (GP), seedling height, fresh weight, and chlorophyll content of M. sativa and A. sativa seedlings were measured to elucidate the allelopathy of G. parviflora on the two forages. Based on the five indicators, synthetical allelopathic effects (SAE) of extracts was also calculated. In addition, the allelopathic components of the extracts in G. parviflora were quantitatively revealed by untargeted metabolomics detection. Furthermore, two key allelopathic substances, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (CHDA) and trehalose, were selected to explore the inhibitory effect on two notorious weed species in China, such as gramineous Digitaria sanguinalis L. and broad-leaved Amaranthus retroflexus L. Result (1) The inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts from different parts of G. parviflora on recipient plants were different, the root was the weakest, and the whole plants was the strongest, with the values of synthetical allelopathic effects (SAE) on M. sativa at the highest concentration being −0.12 and −0.40, respectively. (2) Compared with A. sativa, M. sativa was generally more susceptible to the extracts. (3) The differences in the content of CHDA or trehalose might be a reason why extracts from different parts of G. parviflora exhibited different allelopathic effects. (4) The herbicidal activity test of key allelopathic substances found that CHDA has a strong inhibitory effect on the germination of D. sanguinalis and almost does not affect M. sat…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Shipu Cheng
creator: Fanru Xu
creator: Zhiyong Lu
creator: Huairui Xu
creator: Mengqi Cai
creator: Juan Sun
creator: Yufang Xu
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Plant Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.19378
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 Cheng et al.
abstract: Background Galinsoga parviflora Cav. is a high-risk invasive plant that seriously threatens the development of grasslands in southern China. However, the allelopathic effects on Medicago sativa L. and Avena sativa L., which are widely cultivated forages around the world, have not been reported. Methods To explore the allelopathic mechanism of G. parviflora, the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts from different parts of G. parviflora on M. sativa and A. sativa were investigated. The germination rate (GR), germination potential (GP), seedling height, fresh weight, and chlorophyll content of M. sativa and A. sativa seedlings were measured to elucidate the allelopathy of G. parviflora on the two forages. Based on the five indicators, synthetical allelopathic effects (SAE) of extracts was also calculated. In addition, the allelopathic components of the extracts in G. parviflora were quantitatively revealed by untargeted metabolomics detection. Furthermore, two key allelopathic substances, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (CHDA) and trehalose, were selected to explore the inhibitory effect on two notorious weed species in China, such as gramineous Digitaria sanguinalis L. and broad-leaved Amaranthus retroflexus L. Result (1) The inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts from different parts of G. parviflora on recipient plants were different, the root was the weakest, and the whole plants was the strongest, with the values of synthetical allelopathic effects (SAE) on M. sativa at the highest concentration being −0.12 and −0.40, respectively. (2) Compared with A. sativa, M. sativa was generally more susceptible to the extracts. (3) The differences in the content of CHDA or trehalose might be a reason why extracts from different parts of G. parviflora exhibited different allelopathic effects. (4) The herbicidal activity test of key allelopathic substances found that CHDA has a strong inhibitory effect on the germination of D. sanguinalis and almost does not affect M. sat…
bibliographic citation: Cheng et al. (2025) Allelopathic effects and composition of aqueous extracts from different parts of Galinsoga parviflora Cav. on Medicago sativa L. and Avena sativa L. PeerJ 13:e19378 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19378
date submitted: 2025-01-09
date accepted: 2025-04-07
issued: 2025-05-08
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
author list: Agent
  family name: Cheng
  given name: Shipu
author list: Agent
  family name: Xu
  given name: Fanru
author list: Agent
  family name: Lu
  given name: Zhiyong
author list: Agent
  family name: Xu
  given name: Huairui
author list: Agent
  family name: Cai
  given name: Mengqi
author list: Agent
  family name: Sun
  given name: Juan
author list: Agent
  family name: Xu
  given name: Yufang
doi: 10.7717/peerj.19378
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-05-08
copyright: ©2025 Cheng et al.
attribution name: Cheng et al.

Oral health status, oral hygiene behaviors, and caries risk assessment of individuals with special needs: a comparative study of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Individuals with disabilities often experience greater challenges in managing oral diseases, including dental caries and periodontal conditions, due to functional limitations. This study aims to: (1) assess the oral health status of disabled individuals in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, (2) evaluate their oral hygiene knowledge and behaviors, and (3) determine their caries risk using the Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) protocol. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 189 participants aged 13 years and older, including both young people and adults with hearing, visual, or intellectual disabilities from Pakistan and Saudi Arabia between September 2023 and April 2024. The participants were recruited from the Institute of Special Education, Pakistan, and the Saudi Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Saudi Arabia. Intraoral examinations and bitewing radiographs assessed oral health, including Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, Gingival Index, visible plaque, and molar alignment. A self-administered questionnaire gathered sociodemographic data and evaluated oral hygiene knowledge and behaviors. Caries risk was analyzed using the CAMBRA tool. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression. Results The mean DMFT score was 6.30 (SD = 1.83), with a statistically significant difference between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia (p = 0.007). Gingival health was fair to poor in 47% of participants, while 43.4% exhibited bleeding on probing and 34.9% had visible plaque. Class III malocclusion affected approximately 30% of participants in both countries. Tooth brushing frequency showed a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.005). Most participants (76% in Pakistan, 62% in Saudi Arabia) were classified as high caries risk. Deep pits and fissures (69.4%) and frequent snacking (63.8%) were the main risk factors in Pakistan, while frequent snacking (71.6%) and heavy plaque (60.4%) …
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Osama Khattak
creator: Farooq Ahmad Chaudhary
creator: Shahzad Ahmad
creator: Muhammad Amber Fareed
creator: Shazia Iqbal
creator: Asma Shakoor
creator: Mohammed Nadeem Baig
creator: Haifa Ali Almutairi
creator: Rakhi Issrani
creator: Azhar Iqbal
subject: Dentistry
subject: Global Health
subject: Psychiatry and Psychology
subject: Public Health
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.19286
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 Khattak et al.
abstract: Background Individuals with disabilities often experience greater challenges in managing oral diseases, including dental caries and periodontal conditions, due to functional limitations. This study aims to: (1) assess the oral health status of disabled individuals in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, (2) evaluate their oral hygiene knowledge and behaviors, and (3) determine their caries risk using the Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) protocol. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 189 participants aged 13 years and older, including both young people and adults with hearing, visual, or intellectual disabilities from Pakistan and Saudi Arabia between September 2023 and April 2024. The participants were recruited from the Institute of Special Education, Pakistan, and the Saudi Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Saudi Arabia. Intraoral examinations and bitewing radiographs assessed oral health, including Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, Gingival Index, visible plaque, and molar alignment. A self-administered questionnaire gathered sociodemographic data and evaluated oral hygiene knowledge and behaviors. Caries risk was analyzed using the CAMBRA tool. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression. Results The mean DMFT score was 6.30 (SD = 1.83), with a statistically significant difference between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia (p = 0.007). Gingival health was fair to poor in 47% of participants, while 43.4% exhibited bleeding on probing and 34.9% had visible plaque. Class III malocclusion affected approximately 30% of participants in both countries. Tooth brushing frequency showed a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.005). Most participants (76% in Pakistan, 62% in Saudi Arabia) were classified as high caries risk. Deep pits and fissures (69.4%) and frequent snacking (63.8%) were the main risk factors in Pakistan, while frequent snacking (71.6%) and heavy plaque (60.4%) …
bibliographic citation: Khattak et al. (2025) Oral health status, oral hygiene behaviors, and caries risk assessment of individuals with special needs: a comparative study of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. PeerJ 13:e19286 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19286
date submitted: 2024-12-19
date accepted: 2025-03-18
issued: 2025-05-08
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Khattak
  given name: Osama
author list: Agent
  family name: Chaudhary
  given name: Farooq Ahmad
author list: Agent
  family name: Ahmad
  given name: Shahzad
author list: Agent
  family name: Fareed
  given name: Muhammad Amber
author list: Agent
  family name: Iqbal
  given name: Shazia
author list: Agent
  family name: Shakoor
  given name: Asma
author list: Agent
  family name: Baig
  given name: Mohammed Nadeem
author list: Agent
  family name: Almutairi
  given name: Haifa Ali
author list: Agent
  family name: Issrani
  given name: Rakhi
author list: Agent
  family name: Iqbal
  given name: Azhar
doi: 10.7717/peerj.19286
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-05-08
copyright: ©2025 Khattak et al.
attribution name: Khattak et al.

Development of an immune-related gene signature applying Ridge method for improving immunotherapy responses and clinical outcomes in lung adenocarcinoma
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a major cause of cancer mortality. Considering the critical role of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in effective immunotherapy, this study was designed to screen molecular markers related to tumor infiltrating cells in LUAD, aiming to improve immunotherapy response during LUAD therapy. Methods The ConsensusClusterPlus method was used for clustering immune molecular subtypes of LUAD. Immune cell infiltration and immunotherapeutic potential in each subtype was evaluated employing single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE), and Immunophenoscore (IPS). Immune-related co-expression modules were classified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) analysis. The sequencing data of immune-related genes were comprehensively analyzed by introducing a new computational framework and 10 machine learning algorithms (a total of 101 combinations) to determine the prognostic genes, which were further combined to develop an immune prognostic signature (IMMPS) using the stepCox and Ridge methods. The expression of the signature genes was validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Results Samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset (TCGA-LUAD) were divided into two subtypes (immunosuppressive subgroup C1 and immune-activated subgroup C2); notably, the C2 subgroup was more likely to benefit from immunotherapy (p < 0.05). An IMMPS developed based on seven immune infiltrating cell-related genes (SEMA7A, EFHD2, CHST11, SLC24A4, MAL, JCHAIN, and SCARF1) could accurately predict the overall survival of LUAD in five LUAD cohorts, with an average C-index higher than 0.69. LUAD patients with a low IMMPS value had a higher immune cell infiltration (p < 0.05). In addition, the IMMPS exhibited better prediction performance in comparison to 154 published gene signatures, suggesting that the IMMPS was an independent prognostic risk factor for evaluating the overall survival of LUAD…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Zhen Chen
creator: Yongjun Zhang
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Computational Biology
subject: Cardiology
subject: Immunology
subject: Oncology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.19121
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 Chen and Zhang
abstract: Background Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a major cause of cancer mortality. Considering the critical role of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in effective immunotherapy, this study was designed to screen molecular markers related to tumor infiltrating cells in LUAD, aiming to improve immunotherapy response during LUAD therapy. Methods The ConsensusClusterPlus method was used for clustering immune molecular subtypes of LUAD. Immune cell infiltration and immunotherapeutic potential in each subtype was evaluated employing single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE), and Immunophenoscore (IPS). Immune-related co-expression modules were classified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) analysis. The sequencing data of immune-related genes were comprehensively analyzed by introducing a new computational framework and 10 machine learning algorithms (a total of 101 combinations) to determine the prognostic genes, which were further combined to develop an immune prognostic signature (IMMPS) using the stepCox and Ridge methods. The expression of the signature genes was validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Results Samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset (TCGA-LUAD) were divided into two subtypes (immunosuppressive subgroup C1 and immune-activated subgroup C2); notably, the C2 subgroup was more likely to benefit from immunotherapy (p < 0.05). An IMMPS developed based on seven immune infiltrating cell-related genes (SEMA7A, EFHD2, CHST11, SLC24A4, MAL, JCHAIN, and SCARF1) could accurately predict the overall survival of LUAD in five LUAD cohorts, with an average C-index higher than 0.69. LUAD patients with a low IMMPS value had a higher immune cell infiltration (p < 0.05). In addition, the IMMPS exhibited better prediction performance in comparison to 154 published gene signatures, suggesting that the IMMPS was an independent prognostic risk factor for evaluating the overall survival of LUAD…
bibliographic citation: Chen et al. (2025) Development of an immune-related gene signature applying Ridge method for improving immunotherapy responses and clinical outcomes in lung adenocarcinoma. PeerJ 13:e19121 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19121
date submitted: 2024-11-13
date accepted: 2025-02-17
issued: 2025-05-08
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Chen
  given name: Zhen
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhang
  given name: Yongjun
doi: 10.7717/peerj.19121
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-05-08
copyright: © 2025 Chen and Zhang
attribution name: Chen and Zhang

Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) rice lines using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and population structure analysis
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) lines in rice are crucial for hybrid breeding, enhancing genetic diversity by eliminating the need for manual emasculation and restorer genes. These lines induce sterility at high temperatures and restore fertility at low temperatures, in contrast to cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems that require specific restorative genes. This temperature-sensitive mechanism allows for greater flexibility in pairing parent lines, increasing genetic diversity and enabling recombination of beneficial traits in hybrids. A randomized block design (RBD) with three replications was employed for the evaluation of these TGMS rice lines. This study investigates the molecular diversity and genetic variability among TGMS rice lines. Traits such as single plant yield, grains per panicle, glume angle, and pollen fertility showed significant phenotypic and genotypic variation, indicated by high coefficients of variation (PCV and GCV), heritability estimates, and genetic advance as a percentage of mean (GAM). These results highlight substantial genetic variation and selection potential. Euclidean distance matrix analysis of morphological data revealed notable genetic differences. TNAU 137S 1 and TNAU 137S 2 were the most genetically similar, while TNAU 112S and TNAU 114S showed the greatest divergence. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinct genetic profiles among lines such as TNAU 136S, TNAU 113S, TNAU 142S, and TNAU 126S, important for hybrid development. Molecular diversity analysis using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers identified 90 alleles and eight genetic clusters. Bayesian analysis further confirmed two major subpopulations with significant genetic divergence. These findings support the selective use of parent lines for hybrid rice breeding.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: B Nagendra Naidu
creator: Manonmani Swaminathan
creator: Pushpam Ramamoorthy
creator: Kumaresan Dharmalingam
creator: Raveendran Muthurajan
creator: Selvi Duraisamy
creator: Nivedha Rakkimuthu
creator: Abirami Subramanian
creator: Rithesh Natarajan
creator: Bonipas Antony John
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Genetics
subject: Population Biology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.18975
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 Nagendra Naidu et al.
abstract: Thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) lines in rice are crucial for hybrid breeding, enhancing genetic diversity by eliminating the need for manual emasculation and restorer genes. These lines induce sterility at high temperatures and restore fertility at low temperatures, in contrast to cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems that require specific restorative genes. This temperature-sensitive mechanism allows for greater flexibility in pairing parent lines, increasing genetic diversity and enabling recombination of beneficial traits in hybrids. A randomized block design (RBD) with three replications was employed for the evaluation of these TGMS rice lines. This study investigates the molecular diversity and genetic variability among TGMS rice lines. Traits such as single plant yield, grains per panicle, glume angle, and pollen fertility showed significant phenotypic and genotypic variation, indicated by high coefficients of variation (PCV and GCV), heritability estimates, and genetic advance as a percentage of mean (GAM). These results highlight substantial genetic variation and selection potential. Euclidean distance matrix analysis of morphological data revealed notable genetic differences. TNAU 137S 1 and TNAU 137S 2 were the most genetically similar, while TNAU 112S and TNAU 114S showed the greatest divergence. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinct genetic profiles among lines such as TNAU 136S, TNAU 113S, TNAU 142S, and TNAU 126S, important for hybrid development. Molecular diversity analysis using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers identified 90 alleles and eight genetic clusters. Bayesian analysis further confirmed two major subpopulations with significant genetic divergence. These findings support the selective use of parent lines for hybrid rice breeding.
bibliographic citation: Nagendra Naidu et al. (2025) Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) rice lines using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and population structure analysis. PeerJ 13:e18975 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18975
date submitted: 2024-10-02
date accepted: 2025-01-21
issued: 2025-05-08
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Nagendra Naidu
  given name: B
author list: Agent
  family name: Swaminathan
  given name: Manonmani
author list: Agent
  family name: Ramamoorthy
  given name: Pushpam
author list: Agent
  family name: Dharmalingam
  given name: Kumaresan
author list: Agent
  family name: Muthurajan
  given name: Raveendran
author list: Agent
  family name: Duraisamy
  given name: Selvi
author list: Agent
  family name: Rakkimuthu
  given name: Nivedha
author list: Agent
  family name: Subramanian
  given name: Abirami
author list: Agent
  family name: Natarajan
  given name: Rithesh
author list: Agent
  family name: John
  given name: Bonipas Antony
doi: 10.7717/peerj.18975
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-05-08
copyright: ©2025 Nagendra Naidu et al.
attribution name: Nagendra Naidu et al.

Unveiling the immune and vitamin profiles of blood: the potential biomarkers for alopecia areata
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Alopecia areata is a hair follicle disorder characterized by the development of multiple circular bald patches on the scalp, often accompanied by elevated cytokine production and immune cell infiltration around hair follicles. Our aspiration is to explore whether blood analysis can reveal additional factors that contribute to the disparities between individuals with alopecia areata and those who are healthy. Such research could potentially establish a robust foundation for the advancement of future therapeutic strategies. Methods In Fujian, China, we have collected blood samples from a cohort of 28 alopecia areata patients and a control group of 28 healthy individuals for comparative analysis. A detailed assessment of cytokines, eosinophil counts, vitamin levels, and immunoglobulin profiles within these samples was conducted. Subsequently, statistical analysis was applied to elucidate the differences between the two groups. Results While the blood analysis revealed higher average levels of IL-4, IL-10, and TNF-α in alopecia areata patients compared to healthy individuals, these differences were not statistically significant. Similarly, vitamin levels showed no significant variation between the patient and healthy groups. However, the Wilcoxon rank sum test identified a significant increase in IFN-γ and a significant decrease in immunoglobulin IgG4 levels among alopecia areata patients, pointing to a possible role in the disease’s pathogenesis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis had demonstrated that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for IFN-γ and IgG4 was 0.656 and 0.704, respectively, suggesting that IFN-γ and IgG4 had a certain discrimination effect on alopecia areata. Utilizing the Youden index to optimize specificity, we propose that IgG4 levels below 824.85 mg/L and IFN-γ levels above 0.565 pg/mL could serve as biomarkers for assessing the risk of alopecia areata. Conclusions These findings highlight the need for further explorat…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Jincheng Ke
creator: Fangfang Chen
creator: Yu-Pei Chen
creator: Mingli Zhang
creator: Li Ma
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Dermatology
subject: Immunology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.19430
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 Ke et al.
abstract: Background Alopecia areata is a hair follicle disorder characterized by the development of multiple circular bald patches on the scalp, often accompanied by elevated cytokine production and immune cell infiltration around hair follicles. Our aspiration is to explore whether blood analysis can reveal additional factors that contribute to the disparities between individuals with alopecia areata and those who are healthy. Such research could potentially establish a robust foundation for the advancement of future therapeutic strategies. Methods In Fujian, China, we have collected blood samples from a cohort of 28 alopecia areata patients and a control group of 28 healthy individuals for comparative analysis. A detailed assessment of cytokines, eosinophil counts, vitamin levels, and immunoglobulin profiles within these samples was conducted. Subsequently, statistical analysis was applied to elucidate the differences between the two groups. Results While the blood analysis revealed higher average levels of IL-4, IL-10, and TNF-α in alopecia areata patients compared to healthy individuals, these differences were not statistically significant. Similarly, vitamin levels showed no significant variation between the patient and healthy groups. However, the Wilcoxon rank sum test identified a significant increase in IFN-γ and a significant decrease in immunoglobulin IgG4 levels among alopecia areata patients, pointing to a possible role in the disease’s pathogenesis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis had demonstrated that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for IFN-γ and IgG4 was 0.656 and 0.704, respectively, suggesting that IFN-γ and IgG4 had a certain discrimination effect on alopecia areata. Utilizing the Youden index to optimize specificity, we propose that IgG4 levels below 824.85 mg/L and IFN-γ levels above 0.565 pg/mL could serve as biomarkers for assessing the risk of alopecia areata. Conclusions These findings highlight the need for further explorat…
bibliographic citation: Ke et al. (2025) Unveiling the immune and vitamin profiles of blood: the potential biomarkers for alopecia areata. PeerJ 13:e19430 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19430
date submitted: 2025-01-21
date accepted: 2025-04-15
issued: 2025-05-07
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Ke
  given name: Jincheng
author list: Agent
  family name: Chen
  given name: Fangfang
author list: Agent
  family name: Chen
  given name: Yu-Pei
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhang
  given name: Mingli
author list: Agent
  family name: Ma
  given name: Li
doi: 10.7717/peerj.19430
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-05-07
copyright: © 2025 Ke et al.
attribution name: Ke et al.

Retrospective study on the correlation between CXCL13, immune infiltration, and tertiary lymphoid structures in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) is a crucial chemokine for the recruitment of immune cells and the formation of tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) in the tumor microenvironment. However, the relationship between CXCL13 and immune infiltration in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) remains unclear. Objective We aimed to investigate the expression of CXCL13 and explore its association with immune activation and TLS in cSCC. Methods A total of 63 cSCC patients were involved in the present study. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used for pathological examination of cSCC. Bioinformatics analyses and immunohistochemical staining were employed to access the expression of CXCL13 and TLS states. Public single cell RNA-sequencing atlas of skin disorders and multiplex immunofluorescence were used to explore CXCL13-producing cells. Results Utilizing the public database and our clinical cohort, we observed robust CXCL13 expression in cSCC tissues and a significant correlation with immune activation. Higher expression levels of CXCL13 were associated with lower histopathological grades and increased TLS formation. Furthermore, we confirmed that T cells and fibroblasts were the predominant cell types of CXCL13 secretion in cSCC. Conclusions CXCL13 is up-regulated in cSCC, which shows a significant positive correlation with immune infiltration and TLS formation. Our results underscore the role of CXCL13 in shaping the cSCC microenvironment, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Yulu Chen
creator: Yuhao Wu
creator: Zijun Zhao
creator: Long Wen
creator: Mingshun Wu
creator: Dekun Song
creator: Qingyu Zeng
creator: Yeqiang Liu
creator: Guorong Yan
creator: Guolong Zhang
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Allergy and Clinical Immunology
subject: Dermatology
subject: Immunology
subject: Oncology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.19398
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 Chen et al.
abstract: Background C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) is a crucial chemokine for the recruitment of immune cells and the formation of tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) in the tumor microenvironment. However, the relationship between CXCL13 and immune infiltration in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) remains unclear. Objective We aimed to investigate the expression of CXCL13 and explore its association with immune activation and TLS in cSCC. Methods A total of 63 cSCC patients were involved in the present study. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used for pathological examination of cSCC. Bioinformatics analyses and immunohistochemical staining were employed to access the expression of CXCL13 and TLS states. Public single cell RNA-sequencing atlas of skin disorders and multiplex immunofluorescence were used to explore CXCL13-producing cells. Results Utilizing the public database and our clinical cohort, we observed robust CXCL13 expression in cSCC tissues and a significant correlation with immune activation. Higher expression levels of CXCL13 were associated with lower histopathological grades and increased TLS formation. Furthermore, we confirmed that T cells and fibroblasts were the predominant cell types of CXCL13 secretion in cSCC. Conclusions CXCL13 is up-regulated in cSCC, which shows a significant positive correlation with immune infiltration and TLS formation. Our results underscore the role of CXCL13 in shaping the cSCC microenvironment, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target.
bibliographic citation: Chen et al. (2025) Retrospective study on the correlation between CXCL13, immune infiltration, and tertiary lymphoid structures in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. PeerJ 13:e19398 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19398
date submitted: 2024-12-06
date accepted: 2025-04-09
issued: 2025-05-07
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Chen
  given name: Yulu
author list: Agent
  family name: Wu
  given name: Yuhao
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhao
  given name: Zijun
author list: Agent
  family name: Wen
  given name: Long
author list: Agent
  family name: Wu
  given name: Mingshun
author list: Agent
  family name: Song
  given name: Dekun
author list: Agent
  family name: Zeng
  given name: Qingyu
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Yeqiang
author list: Agent
  family name: Yan
  given name: Guorong
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhang
  given name: Guolong
doi: 10.7717/peerj.19398
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-05-07
copyright: ©2025 Chen et al.
attribution name: Chen et al.

Sterile seed germination and seedling cultivation of Idesia polycarpa
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Idesia polycarpa Maxim. is a high-quality, high-yield, edible oil tree species native to eastern Asia, where it plays important roles in ensuring national food and oil security, promoting ecological development, and facilitating rural revitalization. However, the commercial development of I. polycarpa has been hampered by the fact that it is primarily propagated by seeds, the required dormancy of which leads to low natural germination rates. Tissue culture technology offers the advantages of rapid propagation, high multiplication rates, and independence from seasonal factors, enabling the rapid production of large quantities of high-quality seedlings. The aim of this study was to establish an efficient aseptic germination system for I. polycarpa seeds. Methods This study utilized I. polycarpa seeds as the experimental material to investigate the effects of different disinfection times, basic medium variations, activated carbon (AC) concentrations, and the types and concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on aseptic germination. Subsequently, sterile seedlings were used as explants to screen for the effects of sucrose concentration and the types and concentrations of PGRs on rooting. The study also investigated how different substrate ratios and container types influenced the post-transplant survival rate of tissue-cultured I. polycarpa seedlings. Results The results showed that the optimal time was 10 min for I. polycarpa seed disinfection with 0.1% HgCl2. The most suitable medium for I. polycarpa seed germination was 1/2 MS medium supplemented with GA3 (1.0 mg·L−1) and AC (1.0 g·L−1), achieving a germination rate of 96.0%. A sucrose concentration of 10.0 g·L−1 was most beneficial for rooting. When using a single plant growth regulator, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) had the most significant effect on I . polycarpa root induction. The optimal medium for root development was Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with IBA (0.3 mg·L−1) and α-nap…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Zhangtai Niu
creator: Juan Xiao
creator: Chuxi Hu
creator: Yunchen Yang
creator: Sijing Shi
creator: Xiaoyu Lu
creator: Yian Yin
creator: Ze Li
creator: Lingli Wu
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Plant Science
subject: Forestry
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.19395
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 Niu et al.
abstract: Background Idesia polycarpa Maxim. is a high-quality, high-yield, edible oil tree species native to eastern Asia, where it plays important roles in ensuring national food and oil security, promoting ecological development, and facilitating rural revitalization. However, the commercial development of I. polycarpa has been hampered by the fact that it is primarily propagated by seeds, the required dormancy of which leads to low natural germination rates. Tissue culture technology offers the advantages of rapid propagation, high multiplication rates, and independence from seasonal factors, enabling the rapid production of large quantities of high-quality seedlings. The aim of this study was to establish an efficient aseptic germination system for I. polycarpa seeds. Methods This study utilized I. polycarpa seeds as the experimental material to investigate the effects of different disinfection times, basic medium variations, activated carbon (AC) concentrations, and the types and concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on aseptic germination. Subsequently, sterile seedlings were used as explants to screen for the effects of sucrose concentration and the types and concentrations of PGRs on rooting. The study also investigated how different substrate ratios and container types influenced the post-transplant survival rate of tissue-cultured I. polycarpa seedlings. Results The results showed that the optimal time was 10 min for I. polycarpa seed disinfection with 0.1% HgCl2. The most suitable medium for I. polycarpa seed germination was 1/2 MS medium supplemented with GA3 (1.0 mg·L−1) and AC (1.0 g·L−1), achieving a germination rate of 96.0%. A sucrose concentration of 10.0 g·L−1 was most beneficial for rooting. When using a single plant growth regulator, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) had the most significant effect on I . polycarpa root induction. The optimal medium for root development was Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with IBA (0.3 mg·L−1) and α-nap…
bibliographic citation: Niu et al. (2025) Sterile seed germination and seedling cultivation of Idesia polycarpa. PeerJ 13:e19395 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19395
date submitted: 2024-07-10
date accepted: 2025-04-08
issued: 2025-05-07
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Niu
  given name: Zhangtai
author list: Agent
  family name: Xiao
  given name: Juan
author list: Agent
  family name: Hu
  given name: Chuxi
author list: Agent
  family name: Yang
  given name: Yunchen
author list: Agent
  family name: Shi
  given name: Sijing
author list: Agent
  family name: Lu
  given name: Xiaoyu
author list: Agent
  family name: Yin
  given name: Yian
author list: Agent
  family name: Li
  given name: Ze
author list: Agent
  family name: Wu
  given name: Lingli
doi: 10.7717/peerj.19395
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-05-07
copyright: © 2025 Niu et al.
attribution name: Niu et al.

Integrin signaling in tumor biology: mechanisms of intercellular crosstalk and emerging targeted therapies
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Integrins, a family of transmembrane cell adhesion receptors, mediate intercellular and cell–extracellular matrix crosstalk via outside-in and inside-out signaling pathways. Integrins, categorized into 24 distinct combinations of α and β subunits, exhibit tissue-specific expression and perform unique or overlapping roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes. These roles encompass embryonic angiogenesis, tissue repair, and the modulation of tumor cell angiogenesis, progression, invasion, and metastasis. Notably, integrins are significant contributors to tumor development, offering valuable insights into the potential of integrin-targeted diagnostics and therapeutics. Currently, there are various preclinical and clinical trials aiming to harness integrin antagonists that are safe, efficacious, and exhibit low toxicity. Owing to the functional redundancy across integrin types and the complexity of the mechanisms of integrin-mediated multiple key processes associated with tumor biology, challenges exist that impede advancements in integrin-targeted therapy. Nevertheless, innovative strategies focused on integrin modulation represent significant breakthroughs for improving patient care and promoting comprehensive insights into the underlying mechanisms of tumor biology. This review elucidates the impact of integrins on three distinct cell types in multiple key processes associated with tumor biology and explores the emerging integrin-targeted therapeutic approaches for the treatment of tumors, which will provide ideas for optimal therapeutic approaches in the future.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Yifan Li
creator: Shantong Peng
creator: Jiatong Xu
creator: Wenjie Liu
creator: Qi Luo
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Oncology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.19328
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 Li et al.
abstract: Integrins, a family of transmembrane cell adhesion receptors, mediate intercellular and cell–extracellular matrix crosstalk via outside-in and inside-out signaling pathways. Integrins, categorized into 24 distinct combinations of α and β subunits, exhibit tissue-specific expression and perform unique or overlapping roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes. These roles encompass embryonic angiogenesis, tissue repair, and the modulation of tumor cell angiogenesis, progression, invasion, and metastasis. Notably, integrins are significant contributors to tumor development, offering valuable insights into the potential of integrin-targeted diagnostics and therapeutics. Currently, there are various preclinical and clinical trials aiming to harness integrin antagonists that are safe, efficacious, and exhibit low toxicity. Owing to the functional redundancy across integrin types and the complexity of the mechanisms of integrin-mediated multiple key processes associated with tumor biology, challenges exist that impede advancements in integrin-targeted therapy. Nevertheless, innovative strategies focused on integrin modulation represent significant breakthroughs for improving patient care and promoting comprehensive insights into the underlying mechanisms of tumor biology. This review elucidates the impact of integrins on three distinct cell types in multiple key processes associated with tumor biology and explores the emerging integrin-targeted therapeutic approaches for the treatment of tumors, which will provide ideas for optimal therapeutic approaches in the future.
bibliographic citation: Li et al. (2025) Integrin signaling in tumor biology: mechanisms of intercellular crosstalk and emerging targeted therapies. PeerJ 13:e19328 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19328
date submitted: 2024-12-11
date accepted: 2025-03-25
issued: 2025-05-07
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Li
  given name: Yifan
author list: Agent
  family name: Peng
  given name: Shantong
author list: Agent
  family name: Xu
  given name: Jiatong
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Wenjie
author list: Agent
  family name: Luo
  given name: Qi
doi: 10.7717/peerj.19328
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-05-07
copyright: ©2025 Li et al.
attribution name: Li et al.

PeerJ
type: Periodical
uri: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359