PeerJ
type: channel
link: https://peerj.com/articles/
description: Articles published in PeerJ
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
publication name: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359
items: Drivers and hazards of consumption of unpasteurised bovine milk and milk products in high-income countries
items: Search for morphological indicators that predict implantation by principal component analysis using images of blastocyst
items: Malformations in Late Devonian brachiopods from the western Junggar, NW China and their potential causes
items: Genome-wide identification and response stress expression analysis of the BES1 family in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)
items: Anatomical indicators of Eucalyptus spp. resistance to Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae)
items: Genome-wide identification and expression profile of GhGRF gene family in Gossypium hirsutum L.
items: Prevalence of hyperglycemia in masters athletes
items: https://peerj.com/articles/13397
items: Tracing RNA viruses associated with Nudibranchia gastropods
items: Exploring the spatiotemporal changes in carbon storage under different development scenarios in Jiangsu Province, China

Drivers and hazards of consumption of unpasteurised bovine milk and milk products in high-income countries
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Introduction The consumption of dairy products contributes to health, nutrition, and livelihoods globally. However, dairy products do not come without microbiological food safety risks for consumers. Despite this risk, common hygiene measures in high-income countries, particularly pasteurisation, ensures that milk is safe, and is indeed frequently mandated by law. Nevertheless, over the past two decades, there has been a global increase in the number of consumers in high-income developed countries actively seeking out unpasteurised milk in liquid and product forms for perceived nutritional and health benefits, and improved taste. The often-anecdotal claims upon which consumers make such choices are not all supported by scientific evidence; however, some recent research studies have investigated (and in some cases demonstrated) the positive impact of unpasteurised milk consumption on the prevalence of asthma, atopy, rectal cancer and respiratory illness. Methods To investigate the significance of unpasteurised milk and milk product consumption for human health in high-income countries, outbreak data between the years 2000 and 2018 were obtained for the United States of America, Canada, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Japan, New Zealand and Australia, which were then categorized into three World Health Organisation subregions: AMR A, EUR A and WPR A. Outbreak dynamic variables such as pathogens, the place of consumption, numbers of outbreaks and deaths per million capita, the average number of cases per outbreak and regulations were described and analysed using R Studio. To provide an overview of unpasteurised milk-related disease outbreaks, a rapid evidence review was also undertaken to establish an overview of what is known in the current literature about hazards and drivers of consumption. Results Foodborne outbreaks associated with unpasteurised dairy consumption have risen in high-income countries over the period 2000 to 2018, with Campylobacter spp. bein…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Joanna N. de Klerk
creator: Philip A. Robinson
subject: Food Science and Technology
subject: Global Health
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: Nutrition
subject: Public Health
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13426
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 de Klerk and Robinson
abstract: Introduction The consumption of dairy products contributes to health, nutrition, and livelihoods globally. However, dairy products do not come without microbiological food safety risks for consumers. Despite this risk, common hygiene measures in high-income countries, particularly pasteurisation, ensures that milk is safe, and is indeed frequently mandated by law. Nevertheless, over the past two decades, there has been a global increase in the number of consumers in high-income developed countries actively seeking out unpasteurised milk in liquid and product forms for perceived nutritional and health benefits, and improved taste. The often-anecdotal claims upon which consumers make such choices are not all supported by scientific evidence; however, some recent research studies have investigated (and in some cases demonstrated) the positive impact of unpasteurised milk consumption on the prevalence of asthma, atopy, rectal cancer and respiratory illness. Methods To investigate the significance of unpasteurised milk and milk product consumption for human health in high-income countries, outbreak data between the years 2000 and 2018 were obtained for the United States of America, Canada, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Japan, New Zealand and Australia, which were then categorized into three World Health Organisation subregions: AMR A, EUR A and WPR A. Outbreak dynamic variables such as pathogens, the place of consumption, numbers of outbreaks and deaths per million capita, the average number of cases per outbreak and regulations were described and analysed using R Studio. To provide an overview of unpasteurised milk-related disease outbreaks, a rapid evidence review was also undertaken to establish an overview of what is known in the current literature about hazards and drivers of consumption. Results Foodborne outbreaks associated with unpasteurised dairy consumption have risen in high-income countries over the period 2000 to 2018, with Campylobacter spp. bein…
bibliographic citation: de Klerk et al. (2022) Drivers and hazards of consumption of unpasteurised bovine milk and milk products in high-income countries. PeerJ 10:e13426 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13426
date submitted: 2021-10-25
date accepted: 2022-04-21
issued: 2022-05-16
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: de Klerk
  given name: Joanna N.
author list: Agent
  family name: Robinson
  given name: Philip A.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13426
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-05-16
copyright: ©2022 de Klerk and Robinson
attribution name: de Klerk and Robinson

Search for morphological indicators that predict implantation by principal component analysis using images of blastocyst
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Although the current evaluation of human blastocysts is based on the Gardner criteria, there may be other notable parameters. The purpose of our study was to clarify whether the morphology of blastocysts has notable indicators other than the Gardner criteria. Methods To find such indicators, we compared blastocysts that showed elevated human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels after transplantation (hCG-positive group; n = 129) and those that did not (hCG-negative group; n = 105) using principal component analysis of pixel brightness of the images. Results The comparison revealed that the hCG-positive group had grainy morphology and the hCG-negative group had non-grainy morphology. Classification of the blastocysts by this indicator did not make a difference in Gardner score. Interestingly, all embryos with ≥20% fragmentation were non-grainy. The visual classification based on this analysis was significantly more accurate than the prediction of implantation using the Gardner score ≥3BB. As graininess can be used in combination with the Gardner score, this indicator will enhance current reproductive technologies.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Daisuke Mashiko
creator: Mikiko Tokoro
creator: Masae Kojima
creator: Noritaka Fukunaga
creator: Yoshimasa Asada
creator: Kazuo Yamagata
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Anatomy and Physiology
subject: Data Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13441
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Mashiko et al.
abstract: Background Although the current evaluation of human blastocysts is based on the Gardner criteria, there may be other notable parameters. The purpose of our study was to clarify whether the morphology of blastocysts has notable indicators other than the Gardner criteria. Methods To find such indicators, we compared blastocysts that showed elevated human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels after transplantation (hCG-positive group; n = 129) and those that did not (hCG-negative group; n = 105) using principal component analysis of pixel brightness of the images. Results The comparison revealed that the hCG-positive group had grainy morphology and the hCG-negative group had non-grainy morphology. Classification of the blastocysts by this indicator did not make a difference in Gardner score. Interestingly, all embryos with ≥20% fragmentation were non-grainy. The visual classification based on this analysis was significantly more accurate than the prediction of implantation using the Gardner score ≥3BB. As graininess can be used in combination with the Gardner score, this indicator will enhance current reproductive technologies.
bibliographic citation: Mashiko et al. (2022) Search for morphological indicators that predict implantation by principal component analysis using images of blastocyst. PeerJ 10:e13441 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13441
date submitted: 2022-02-23
date accepted: 2022-04-25
issued: 2022-05-16
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Mashiko
  given name: Daisuke
author list: Agent
  family name: Tokoro
  given name: Mikiko
author list: Agent
  family name: Kojima
  given name: Masae
author list: Agent
  family name: Fukunaga
  given name: Noritaka
author list: Agent
  family name: Asada
  given name: Yoshimasa
author list: Agent
  family name: Yamagata
  given name: Kazuo
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13441
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-05-16
copyright: © 2022 Mashiko et al.
attribution name: Mashiko et al.

Malformations in Late Devonian brachiopods from the western Junggar, NW China and their potential causes
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Although malformations are found in both extant organisms and the fossil record, they are more rarely reported in the fossil record than in living organisms, and the environmental factors causing the malformations are much more difficult to identify for the fossil record. Two athyrid brachiopod taxa from the Upper Devonian Hongguleleng Formation in western Junggar (Xinjiang, NW China) show distinctive shell malformation. Of 198 Cleiothyridina and 405 Crinisarina specimens, 18 and 39 individuals were malformed, respectively; an abnormality ratio of nearly 10%. Considering the preservation status and buried environment of the abnormal specimens, and analysis of trace elements and rare earth elements from whole-rock and brachiopod shells, we conclude that the appearance of malformed athyrids is likely related to epi/endoparasites, or less likely the slightly higher content of heavy metal in the sea.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Ruiwen Zong
creator: Yiming Gong
subject: Evolutionary Studies
subject: Paleontology
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13447
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Zong and Gong
abstract: Although malformations are found in both extant organisms and the fossil record, they are more rarely reported in the fossil record than in living organisms, and the environmental factors causing the malformations are much more difficult to identify for the fossil record. Two athyrid brachiopod taxa from the Upper Devonian Hongguleleng Formation in western Junggar (Xinjiang, NW China) show distinctive shell malformation. Of 198 Cleiothyridina and 405 Crinisarina specimens, 18 and 39 individuals were malformed, respectively; an abnormality ratio of nearly 10%. Considering the preservation status and buried environment of the abnormal specimens, and analysis of trace elements and rare earth elements from whole-rock and brachiopod shells, we conclude that the appearance of malformed athyrids is likely related to epi/endoparasites, or less likely the slightly higher content of heavy metal in the sea.
bibliographic citation: Zong et al. (2022) Malformations in Late Devonian brachiopods from the western Junggar, NW China and their potential causes. PeerJ 10:e13447 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13447
date submitted: 2021-10-04
date accepted: 2022-04-26
issued: 2022-05-16
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Zong
  given name: Ruiwen
author list: Agent
  family name: Gong
  given name: Yiming
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13447
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-05-16
copyright: © 2022 Zong and Gong
attribution name: Zong and Gong

Genome-wide identification and response stress expression analysis of the BES1 family in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Brassinolide (BR) plays an important role in plant growth, development, and the adaptation adversity process. Moreover, BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1) genes are crucial transcription factors (TFs) in the BR signaling pathway. To realize the function of HbBES1 family is helpful to improve genetic resources for rubber tree breeding. Based on the rubber tree database, we used bioinformatics to characterize physicochemical properties, gene structure, cis-elements, and expression patterns. These results indicated that there were nine BES1 members in rubber tree, which we named HbBES1-1 to HbBES1-9 and divided into two groups (I and II) based on their genetic relationships. HbBES1 genes in the same group shared similar gene structures and motifs. Cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoter sequences of HbBES1 genes contained many regulator elements that were related to hormone and stress, indicating that HbBES1 genes might be involved in the regulation of hormone and stress signal pathways. Our analysis of tissue specificity revealed that all of the nine HbBES1 members expressed highly in branches. Gene expression profiles under different hormone treatments showed that the HbBES1 gene family was induced to varying degrees under different hormones, HbBES1-3 and HbBES1-9 were extremely induced by ethylene (ETH). These results lay the foundation for further exploration of the molecular mechanism of the BES1 gene family, especially HbBES1-3 and HbBES1-9, regulating plant stress tolerance in rubber tree.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Bingbing Guo
creator: Hong Yang
creator: Longjun Dai
creator: Xizhu Zhao
creator: Li-feng Wang
subject: Bioinformatics
subject: Genomics
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Plant Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13189
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Guo et al.
abstract: Brassinolide (BR) plays an important role in plant growth, development, and the adaptation adversity process. Moreover, BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1) genes are crucial transcription factors (TFs) in the BR signaling pathway. To realize the function of HbBES1 family is helpful to improve genetic resources for rubber tree breeding. Based on the rubber tree database, we used bioinformatics to characterize physicochemical properties, gene structure, cis-elements, and expression patterns. These results indicated that there were nine BES1 members in rubber tree, which we named HbBES1-1 to HbBES1-9 and divided into two groups (I and II) based on their genetic relationships. HbBES1 genes in the same group shared similar gene structures and motifs. Cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoter sequences of HbBES1 genes contained many regulator elements that were related to hormone and stress, indicating that HbBES1 genes might be involved in the regulation of hormone and stress signal pathways. Our analysis of tissue specificity revealed that all of the nine HbBES1 members expressed highly in branches. Gene expression profiles under different hormone treatments showed that the HbBES1 gene family was induced to varying degrees under different hormones, HbBES1-3 and HbBES1-9 were extremely induced by ethylene (ETH). These results lay the foundation for further exploration of the molecular mechanism of the BES1 gene family, especially HbBES1-3 and HbBES1-9, regulating plant stress tolerance in rubber tree.
bibliographic citation: Guo et al. (2022) Genome-wide identification and response stress expression analysis of the BES1 family in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). PeerJ 10:e13189 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13189
date submitted: 2021-11-19
date accepted: 2022-03-08
issued: 2022-05-13
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Guo
  given name: Bingbing
author list: Agent
  family name: Yang
  given name: Hong
author list: Agent
  family name: Dai
  given name: Longjun
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhao
  given name: Xizhu
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Li-feng
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13189
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-05-13
copyright: ©2022 Guo et al.
attribution name: Guo et al.

Anatomical indicators of Eucalyptus spp. resistance to Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae)
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: The total area of forest crops in Brazil is 9.55 million hectares, of which 7.5 million hectares are Eucalyptus. These crops are the most productive in the world, but may suffer losses due to exotic pests, including Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) found in Brazil since 2003. Interactions between Eucalyptus plants and insect pests may led to the selection of resistant genotypes. Eucalyptus species are either susceptible or resistant to this pest group, but the damage they suffer needs to be evaluated. The objective was to determine possible leaf anatomy indicators of different Eucalyptus species associated with G. brimblecombei infestations, focusing on plant resistance to this pest. The study was carried out with Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus urophylla saplings infested or not by G. brimblecombei eggs and nymphs. Eighteen anatomical characteristics of the leaves of these plants were analyzed. The number of stomata on the adaxial and abaxial sides and the glandular area in the central leaf vein are associated with greater or lesser infestation by G. brimblecombei in the Eucalyptus genotypes.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Fernando Henrique Moreno de Oliveira Del Piero
creator: Carlos Frederico Wilcken
creator: Maurício Magalhães Domingues
creator: Ana Laura Favoreto
creator: Roberto Antonio Rodella
creator: Alexandre Igor Azevedo Pereira
creator: Wiane Meloni Silva
creator: José Eduardo Serrão
creator: José Cola Zanuncio
subject: Entomology
subject: Plant Science
subject: Forestry
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13346
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Del Piero et al.
abstract: The total area of forest crops in Brazil is 9.55 million hectares, of which 7.5 million hectares are Eucalyptus. These crops are the most productive in the world, but may suffer losses due to exotic pests, including Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) found in Brazil since 2003. Interactions between Eucalyptus plants and insect pests may led to the selection of resistant genotypes. Eucalyptus species are either susceptible or resistant to this pest group, but the damage they suffer needs to be evaluated. The objective was to determine possible leaf anatomy indicators of different Eucalyptus species associated with G. brimblecombei infestations, focusing on plant resistance to this pest. The study was carried out with Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus urophylla saplings infested or not by G. brimblecombei eggs and nymphs. Eighteen anatomical characteristics of the leaves of these plants were analyzed. The number of stomata on the adaxial and abaxial sides and the glandular area in the central leaf vein are associated with greater or lesser infestation by G. brimblecombei in the Eucalyptus genotypes.
bibliographic citation: Del Piero et al. (2022) Anatomical indicators of Eucalyptus spp. resistance to Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae). PeerJ 10:e13346 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13346
date submitted: 2021-12-09
date accepted: 2022-04-06
issued: 2022-05-13
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Del Piero
  given name: Fernando Henrique Moreno de Oliveira
author list: Agent
  family name: Wilcken
  given name: Carlos Frederico
author list: Agent
  family name: Domingues
  given name: Maurício Magalhães
author list: Agent
  family name: Favoreto
  given name: Ana Laura
author list: Agent
  family name: Rodella
  given name: Roberto Antonio
author list: Agent
  family name: Pereira
  given name: Alexandre Igor Azevedo
author list: Agent
  family name: Silva
  given name: Wiane Meloni
author list: Agent
  family name: Serrão
  given name: José Eduardo
author list: Agent
  family name: Zanuncio
  given name: José Cola
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13346
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-05-13
copyright: © 2022 Del Piero et al.
attribution name: Del Piero et al.

Genome-wide identification and expression profile of GhGRF gene family in Gossypium hirsutum L.
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Cotton is the primary source of renewable natural fiber in the textile industry and an important biodiesel crop. Growth regulating factors (GRFs) are involved in regulating plant growth and development. Methods Using genome-wide analysis, we identified 35 GRF genes in Gossypium hirsutum. Results Chromosomal location information revealed an uneven distribution of GhGRF genes, with maximum genes on chromosomes A02, A05, and A12 from the At sub-genome and their corresponding D05 and D12 from the Dt sub-genome. In the phylogenetic tree, 35 GRF genes were divided into five groups, including G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5. The majority of GhGRF genes have two to three introns and three to four exons, and their deduced proteins contained conserved QLQ and WRC domains in the N-terminal end of GRFs in Arabidopsis and rice. Sequence logos revealed that GRF genes were highly conserved during the long-term evolutionary process. The CDS of the GhGRF gene can complement MiRNA396a. Moreover, most GhGRF genes transcripts developed high levels of ovules and fibers. Analyses of promoter cis-elements and expression patterns indicated that GhGRF genes play an essential role in regulating plant growth and development by coordinating the internal and external environment and multiple hormone signaling pathways. Our analysis indicated that GhGRFs are ideal target genes with significant potential for improving the molecular structure of cotton.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Kun Liu
creator: Nosheen Kabir
creator: Zhenzhen Wei
creator: Zhuojing Sun
creator: Jian Wang
creator: Jing Qi
creator: Miaoyang Liu
creator: Ji Liu
creator: Kehai Zhou
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Bioinformatics
subject: Genomics
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Plant Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13372
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Liu et al.
abstract: Background Cotton is the primary source of renewable natural fiber in the textile industry and an important biodiesel crop. Growth regulating factors (GRFs) are involved in regulating plant growth and development. Methods Using genome-wide analysis, we identified 35 GRF genes in Gossypium hirsutum. Results Chromosomal location information revealed an uneven distribution of GhGRF genes, with maximum genes on chromosomes A02, A05, and A12 from the At sub-genome and their corresponding D05 and D12 from the Dt sub-genome. In the phylogenetic tree, 35 GRF genes were divided into five groups, including G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5. The majority of GhGRF genes have two to three introns and three to four exons, and their deduced proteins contained conserved QLQ and WRC domains in the N-terminal end of GRFs in Arabidopsis and rice. Sequence logos revealed that GRF genes were highly conserved during the long-term evolutionary process. The CDS of the GhGRF gene can complement MiRNA396a. Moreover, most GhGRF genes transcripts developed high levels of ovules and fibers. Analyses of promoter cis-elements and expression patterns indicated that GhGRF genes play an essential role in regulating plant growth and development by coordinating the internal and external environment and multiple hormone signaling pathways. Our analysis indicated that GhGRFs are ideal target genes with significant potential for improving the molecular structure of cotton.
bibliographic citation: Liu et al. (2022) Genome-wide identification and expression profile of GhGRF gene family in Gossypium hirsutum L.. PeerJ 10:e13372 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13372
date submitted: 2021-11-18
date accepted: 2022-04-12
issued: 2022-05-13
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Kun
author list: Agent
  family name: Kabir
  given name: Nosheen
author list: Agent
  family name: Wei
  given name: Zhenzhen
author list: Agent
  family name: Sun
  given name: Zhuojing
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Jian
author list: Agent
  family name: Qi
  given name: Jing
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Miaoyang
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Ji
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhou
  given name: Kehai
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13372
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-05-13
copyright: ©2022 Liu et al.
attribution name: Liu et al.

Prevalence of hyperglycemia in masters athletes
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Ageing is associated with decreased physical activity, obesity and subsequently an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2dm). Master athletes (MA) have initiated exercise or sport later in life or pursued a physically active lifestyle for an extended period. Subsequently, MAs have been proposed as a model of successful ageing as this active lifestyle is associated with health benefits including decreased health risk of chronic diseases and a reduction in premature mortality. Given long-term physical activity/exercise has previously been shown to be protective against hyperglycemia, a risk factor for T2dm, it is plausible that MA may have protective benefit against developing hyperglycemia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hyperglycemia via fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in MAs competing at the World Masters Games (WMG). Methods This cross-sectional, observational survey utilized an online survey using open-source web-based software was used to investigate MAs physiological and medical-related parameters. Over 28,000 MAs competed in the WMG, of which 8,072 MAs completed the survey. Of these MAs, a total of 486 (males 277, females 209; range 27 to 91 years, mean age 55.1 ± 10.2 years) attained recent pathology results which included FPG which was subsequently analyzed for this study. FPG and other outcome variables were compared between genders and to the Australian and United States general population. Results Mean FPG for MAs was 5.03 mmol (±1.2, 95% CI [4.9–5.1] mmol) with majority (75.5%) of MAs reporting a normal (<5.5 mmol) FPG, followed by pre-diabetes (20.2%, >5.51 to <5.99 mmol) and abnormal (4.3%, >7.0 mmol). There was no significant difference (P = 0.333) in FPG between genders however, males had a slightly higher (+2.1%) FPG as compared to females (5.08 ± 1.2 mmol (95% CI [4.9–5.22] mmol) versus 4.98 ± 1.1 mmol (95% CI 4.8-5.1 mmol)). The majority of males (71.8%) and females (80.3%) were cla…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Mike Climstein
creator: Joe Walsh
creator: Kent Adams
creator: Trish Sevene
creator: Tim Heazlewood
creator: Mark DeBeliso
subject: Diabetes and Endocrinology
subject: Hematology
subject: Kinesiology
subject: Sports Medicine
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13389
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Climstein et al.
abstract: Background Ageing is associated with decreased physical activity, obesity and subsequently an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2dm). Master athletes (MA) have initiated exercise or sport later in life or pursued a physically active lifestyle for an extended period. Subsequently, MAs have been proposed as a model of successful ageing as this active lifestyle is associated with health benefits including decreased health risk of chronic diseases and a reduction in premature mortality. Given long-term physical activity/exercise has previously been shown to be protective against hyperglycemia, a risk factor for T2dm, it is plausible that MA may have protective benefit against developing hyperglycemia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hyperglycemia via fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in MAs competing at the World Masters Games (WMG). Methods This cross-sectional, observational survey utilized an online survey using open-source web-based software was used to investigate MAs physiological and medical-related parameters. Over 28,000 MAs competed in the WMG, of which 8,072 MAs completed the survey. Of these MAs, a total of 486 (males 277, females 209; range 27 to 91 years, mean age 55.1 ± 10.2 years) attained recent pathology results which included FPG which was subsequently analyzed for this study. FPG and other outcome variables were compared between genders and to the Australian and United States general population. Results Mean FPG for MAs was 5.03 mmol (±1.2, 95% CI [4.9–5.1] mmol) with majority (75.5%) of MAs reporting a normal (<5.5 mmol) FPG, followed by pre-diabetes (20.2%, >5.51 to <5.99 mmol) and abnormal (4.3%, >7.0 mmol). There was no significant difference (P = 0.333) in FPG between genders however, males had a slightly higher (+2.1%) FPG as compared to females (5.08 ± 1.2 mmol (95% CI [4.9–5.22] mmol) versus 4.98 ± 1.1 mmol (95% CI 4.8-5.1 mmol)). The majority of males (71.8%) and females (80.3%) were cla…
bibliographic citation: Climstein et al. (2022) Prevalence of hyperglycemia in masters athletes. PeerJ 10:e13389 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13389
date submitted: 2022-01-31
date accepted: 2022-04-15
issued: 2022-05-13
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Climstein
  given name: Mike
author list: Agent
  family name: Walsh
  given name: Joe
author list: Agent
  family name: Adams
  given name: Kent
author list: Agent
  family name: Sevene
  given name: Trish
author list: Agent
  family name: Heazlewood
  given name: Tim
author list: Agent
  family name: DeBeliso
  given name: Mark
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13389
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-05-13
copyright: ©2022 Climstein et al.
attribution name: Climstein et al.

https://peerj.com/articles/13397
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
title: Comparative evaluation of the effect of two pulpal medicaments on pain and bleeding status of mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis post-failure of inferior alveolar nerve block: a double-blind, randomized, clinical trial
description: Background Complete relief of pain due to irreversible pulpitis is challenging to obtain with analgesic medications. The high incidence of an inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) failure makes it difficult for practitioners to perform endodontic treatment without implementing other anesthetic techniques, especially mandibular molars. The aim of this study was to compare efficacies of two different quantities of paraformaldehyde based pulpal medicaments to relieve the pain and control hyperemic pulp post-failure of IANB and supplementary technique in patients experiencing this symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in the permanent mandibular tooth. Method Eighty-two participants with severe pain pre-operatively (Heft Parker Visual Analogue Scale, VAS > 114 mm) were enrolled, and pain responses were recorded at different time intervals using the Heft Parker visual analogue scale. To the patients experiencing pain even after the administration of the standard IANB and supplemental intraligamentary injection, one of the two paraformaldehyde based pulpal medicaments was placed in the pulp chamber and sealed. Participants were recalled after 24–48 h (second visit) to assess pain and bleeding reduction. Results Results showed a significant decrease in pain severity and bleeding score post medicament placement (p < .05). Hence judicious use within a recommended period, pulpal medicaments can be considered safe. Conclusion Paraformaldehyde based pulpal medicament can be used as an alternative to manage pain in patients having severe irreversible pulpitis and hyperalgesia.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Naomi Ranjan Singh
creator: Lora Mishra
creator: Ajinkya M. Pawar
creator: Nike Kurniawati
creator: Dian Agustin Wahjuningrum
subject: Anesthesiology and Pain Management
subject: Clinical Trials
subject: Dentistry
subject: Drugs and Devices
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13397
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Singh et al.
abstract: Background Complete relief of pain due to irreversible pulpitis is challenging to obtain with analgesic medications. The high incidence of an inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) failure makes it difficult for practitioners to perform endodontic treatment without implementing other anesthetic techniques, especially mandibular molars. The aim of this study was to compare efficacies of two different quantities of paraformaldehyde based pulpal medicaments to relieve the pain and control hyperemic pulp post-failure of IANB and supplementary technique in patients experiencing this symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in the permanent mandibular tooth. Method Eighty-two participants with severe pain pre-operatively (Heft Parker Visual Analogue Scale, VAS > 114 mm) were enrolled, and pain responses were recorded at different time intervals using the Heft Parker visual analogue scale. To the patients experiencing pain even after the administration of the standard IANB and supplemental intraligamentary injection, one of the two paraformaldehyde based pulpal medicaments was placed in the pulp chamber and sealed. Participants were recalled after 24–48 h (second visit) to assess pain and bleeding reduction. Results Results showed a significant decrease in pain severity and bleeding score post medicament placement (p < .05). Hence judicious use within a recommended period, pulpal medicaments can be considered safe. Conclusion Paraformaldehyde based pulpal medicament can be used as an alternative to manage pain in patients having severe irreversible pulpitis and hyperalgesia.
bibliographic citation: Singh et al. (2022) Comparative evaluation of the effect of two pulpal medicaments on pain and bleeding status of mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis post-failure of inferior alveolar nerve block: a double-blind, randomized, clinical trial. PeerJ 10:e13397 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13397
date submitted: 2021-12-06
date accepted: 2022-04-16
issued: 2022-05-13
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Singh
  given name: Naomi Ranjan
author list: Agent
  family name: Mishra
  given name: Lora
author list: Agent
  family name: Pawar
  given name: Ajinkya M.
author list: Agent
  family name: Kurniawati
  given name: Nike
author list: Agent
  family name: Wahjuningrum
  given name: Dian Agustin
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13397
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-05-13
copyright: ©2022 Singh et al.
attribution name: Singh et al.

Tracing RNA viruses associated with Nudibranchia gastropods
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Nudibranchia is an under-studied taxonomic group of gastropods, including more than 3,000 species with colourful and extravagant body shapes and peculiar predatory and defensive strategies. Although symbiosis with bacteria has been reported, no data are available for the nudibranch microbiome nor regarding viruses possibly associated with these geographically widespread species. Methods Based on 47 available RNA sequencing datasets including more than two billion reads of 35 nudibranch species, a meta-transcriptome assembly was constructed. Taxonomic searches with DIAMOND, RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase identification with palmscan and viral hallmark genes identification by VirSorter2 in combination with CheckV were applied to identify genuine viral genomes, which were then annotated using CAT. Results A total of 20 viral genomes were identified as bona fide viruses, among 552 putative viral contigs resembling both RNA viruses of the Negarnaviricota, Pisuviricota, Kitrinoviricota phyla and actively transcribing DNA viruses of the Cossaviricota and Nucleocytoviricota phyla. The 20 commonly identified viruses showed similarity with RNA viruses identified in other RNA-seq experiments and can be putatively associated with bacteria, plant and arthropod hosts by co-occurence analysis. The RNA samples having the highest viral abundances showed a heterogenous and mostly sample-specific distribution of the identified viruses, suggesting that nudibranchs possess diversified and mostly unknown viral communities.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Umberto Rosani
subject: Biodiversity
subject: Bioinformatics
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Virology
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13410
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Rosani
abstract: Background Nudibranchia is an under-studied taxonomic group of gastropods, including more than 3,000 species with colourful and extravagant body shapes and peculiar predatory and defensive strategies. Although symbiosis with bacteria has been reported, no data are available for the nudibranch microbiome nor regarding viruses possibly associated with these geographically widespread species. Methods Based on 47 available RNA sequencing datasets including more than two billion reads of 35 nudibranch species, a meta-transcriptome assembly was constructed. Taxonomic searches with DIAMOND, RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase identification with palmscan and viral hallmark genes identification by VirSorter2 in combination with CheckV were applied to identify genuine viral genomes, which were then annotated using CAT. Results A total of 20 viral genomes were identified as bona fide viruses, among 552 putative viral contigs resembling both RNA viruses of the Negarnaviricota, Pisuviricota, Kitrinoviricota phyla and actively transcribing DNA viruses of the Cossaviricota and Nucleocytoviricota phyla. The 20 commonly identified viruses showed similarity with RNA viruses identified in other RNA-seq experiments and can be putatively associated with bacteria, plant and arthropod hosts by co-occurence analysis. The RNA samples having the highest viral abundances showed a heterogenous and mostly sample-specific distribution of the identified viruses, suggesting that nudibranchs possess diversified and mostly unknown viral communities.
bibliographic citation: Rosani (2022) Tracing RNA viruses associated with Nudibranchia gastropods. PeerJ 10:e13410 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13410
date submitted: 2022-02-10
date accepted: 2022-04-19
issued: 2022-05-13
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Rosani
  given name: Umberto
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13410
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-05-13
copyright: © 2022 Rosani
attribution name: Rosani

Exploring the spatiotemporal changes in carbon storage under different development scenarios in Jiangsu Province, China
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Carbon storage (CS) is closely linked to the global challenge of climate change. Land use/cover (LULC) change is the main factor driving changes in CS, and evaluating the impact of LULC changes on CS is important for carbon balance. Taking Jiangsu Province as an example, we used the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs model to analyze the spatiotemporal changes in CS during 2000–2015. Then we coupled it with the patch-generating land use simulation model to simulate and predict LULC and CS in 2050 under four different development plans. The results showed that LULC change in Jiangsu Province was manifested mainly as transformation of cropland to construction land (3,485 km2) and cropland to water body (470 km2). The high value area for CS was concentrated mainly in forest land, water body and grassland, whereas the low value area was concentrated mainly in construction land. During 2000–2015, CS decreased by 0.23 Tg, and during 2015–2050, CS was predicted to decrease by 0.16, 1.69, 0.02, and 0.10 Tg under the baseline, fast, slow and harmonious development scenarios. The conversion of a large amount of cropland to construction land was the main cause of CS loss. In all scenarios, the carbon loss was the largest in southern Jiangsu and lowest in central Jiangsu. It is necessary to balance the conflict between economic development and ecological protection during the process of urbanization. This study can provide an important reference for decision makers during the formulation of regional development models and ecological management strategies.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Xiaomian Zhang
creator: Jun Wang
creator: Chunlei Yue
creator: Shuai Ma
creator: Liang-Jie Wang
subject: Ecology
subject: Ecosystem Science
subject: Biogeochemistry
subject: Environmental Impacts
subject: Spatial and Geographic Information Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13411
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Zhang et al.
abstract: Carbon storage (CS) is closely linked to the global challenge of climate change. Land use/cover (LULC) change is the main factor driving changes in CS, and evaluating the impact of LULC changes on CS is important for carbon balance. Taking Jiangsu Province as an example, we used the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs model to analyze the spatiotemporal changes in CS during 2000–2015. Then we coupled it with the patch-generating land use simulation model to simulate and predict LULC and CS in 2050 under four different development plans. The results showed that LULC change in Jiangsu Province was manifested mainly as transformation of cropland to construction land (3,485 km2) and cropland to water body (470 km2). The high value area for CS was concentrated mainly in forest land, water body and grassland, whereas the low value area was concentrated mainly in construction land. During 2000–2015, CS decreased by 0.23 Tg, and during 2015–2050, CS was predicted to decrease by 0.16, 1.69, 0.02, and 0.10 Tg under the baseline, fast, slow and harmonious development scenarios. The conversion of a large amount of cropland to construction land was the main cause of CS loss. In all scenarios, the carbon loss was the largest in southern Jiangsu and lowest in central Jiangsu. It is necessary to balance the conflict between economic development and ecological protection during the process of urbanization. This study can provide an important reference for decision makers during the formulation of regional development models and ecological management strategies.
bibliographic citation: Zhang et al. (2022) Exploring the spatiotemporal changes in carbon storage under different development scenarios in Jiangsu Province, China. PeerJ 10:e13411 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13411
date submitted: 2022-02-16
date accepted: 2022-04-19
issued: 2022-05-13
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhang
  given name: Xiaomian
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Jun
author list: Agent
  family name: Yue
  given name: Chunlei
author list: Agent
  family name: Ma
  given name: Shuai
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Liang-Jie
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13411
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-05-13
copyright: ©2022 Zhang et al.
attribution name: Zhang et al.

PeerJ
type: Periodical
uri: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359