PeerJ
type: channel
link: https://peerj.com/articles/
description: Articles published in PeerJ
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
publication name: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359
items: Aluminum phosphate sludge as a phosphorus source for maize production under low soil phosphorus availability
items: The blunted vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) response to high-altitude hypoxia and genetic variants in the promoter region of the VEGFA gene in Sherpa highlanders
items: A novel multi-layer perceptron model for assessing the diagnostic value of non-invasive imaging instruments for rosacea
items: The greening reaction of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) metmyoglobin promoted by free cysteine during thermal treatment
items: Effects of high Ca and Mg stress on plants water use efficiency in a Karst ecosystem
items: Have female twisted-wing parasites (Insecta: Strepsiptera) evolved tolerance traits as response to traumatic penetration?
items: Testing the effectiveness of rbcLa DNA-barcoding for species discrimination in tropical montane cloud forest vascular plants (Oaxaca, Mexico) using BLAST, genetic distance, and tree-based methods
items: Social calls in humpback whale mother-calf groups off Sainte Marie breeding ground (Madagascar, Indian Ocean)
items: Processing of Noni Liquor based on response surface methodology
items: Integrated bioinformatics analysis identifies the effects of Sema3A/NRP1 signaling in oligodendrocytes after spinal cord injury in rats

Aluminum phosphate sludge as a phosphorus source for maize production under low soil phosphorus availability
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background With increasing food demand as a consequence of the growing world population, there is a corresponding demand for additional sources of phosphorus (P). Alum-phosphate (Al-P) sludge is a by-product of wastewater treatment and can be a good source of P. In this study, the response of maize (Zea mays L.) to Al-P sludge was tested. Maize was chosen as the test crop due to its prevalent use as human and animal food and as a source of biofuel. The objective of the study was to investigate Al-P sludge as a source of P compared to a commercial fertilizer (monoammonium phosphate, MAP). Methods A growth chamber assay was conducted over four cropping cycles (45 d each). The application rate was 9.7, 19.4, 29.1 and 38.8 mg P kg−1 dry soil. Amendments were applied once at the start of the first cropping cycle. Plants were harvested after each cycle and pots were re-seeded. Dry matter yield (DMY), total P uptake, Al-P uptake, soil total P and Olsen-P concentrations, pH, and EC were measured. Results DMY was significantly greater in pots amended with Al-P sludge than in pots treated with MAP. There was a significant rate × cropping cycle interaction effect on DMY with the differences among rates in cycle 1 different from those in cycle 4. Phosphorus uptake depended on cropping cycle, P source and P application rate. With sludge uptake higher than MAP in all cycles, the highest P uptake was observed at the highest application rate except for cycle 2 where this was observed at the rate of 29.1 mg kg−1. For MAP, phosphorus recovery efficiency (PRE) at the highest rate was significantly greater than that at the lowest rate whereas PRE in cycle 1 was significantly higher than that in cycle 4. In the first two cycles, aluminum uptake was negligible in both MAP and Al-P sludge treatments; however, in cycles 3 and 4, there was significantly more Al in maize from sludge amended pots. Our results show that Al-P sludge was as effective as MAP in supplying enough P for biomass yiel…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Ayaobu Tolofari
creator: Theresa Adesanya
creator: Francis Zvomuya
creator: Qiuyan Yuan
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Plant Science
subject: Soil Science
subject: Environmental Contamination and Remediation
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13885
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Tolofari et al.
abstract: Background With increasing food demand as a consequence of the growing world population, there is a corresponding demand for additional sources of phosphorus (P). Alum-phosphate (Al-P) sludge is a by-product of wastewater treatment and can be a good source of P. In this study, the response of maize (Zea mays L.) to Al-P sludge was tested. Maize was chosen as the test crop due to its prevalent use as human and animal food and as a source of biofuel. The objective of the study was to investigate Al-P sludge as a source of P compared to a commercial fertilizer (monoammonium phosphate, MAP). Methods A growth chamber assay was conducted over four cropping cycles (45 d each). The application rate was 9.7, 19.4, 29.1 and 38.8 mg P kg−1 dry soil. Amendments were applied once at the start of the first cropping cycle. Plants were harvested after each cycle and pots were re-seeded. Dry matter yield (DMY), total P uptake, Al-P uptake, soil total P and Olsen-P concentrations, pH, and EC were measured. Results DMY was significantly greater in pots amended with Al-P sludge than in pots treated with MAP. There was a significant rate × cropping cycle interaction effect on DMY with the differences among rates in cycle 1 different from those in cycle 4. Phosphorus uptake depended on cropping cycle, P source and P application rate. With sludge uptake higher than MAP in all cycles, the highest P uptake was observed at the highest application rate except for cycle 2 where this was observed at the rate of 29.1 mg kg−1. For MAP, phosphorus recovery efficiency (PRE) at the highest rate was significantly greater than that at the lowest rate whereas PRE in cycle 1 was significantly higher than that in cycle 4. In the first two cycles, aluminum uptake was negligible in both MAP and Al-P sludge treatments; however, in cycles 3 and 4, there was significantly more Al in maize from sludge amended pots. Our results show that Al-P sludge was as effective as MAP in supplying enough P for biomass yiel…
bibliographic citation: Tolofari et al. (2022) Aluminum phosphate sludge as a phosphorus source for maize production under low soil phosphorus availability. PeerJ 10:e13885 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13885
date submitted: 2022-02-22
date accepted: 2022-07-21
issued: 2022-08-17
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Tolofari
  given name: Ayaobu
author list: Agent
  family name: Adesanya
  given name: Theresa
author list: Agent
  family name: Zvomuya
  given name: Francis
author list: Agent
  family name: Yuan
  given name: Qiuyan
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13885
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-17
copyright: © 2022 Tolofari et al.
attribution name: Tolofari et al.

The blunted vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) response to high-altitude hypoxia and genetic variants in the promoter region of the VEGFA gene in Sherpa highlanders
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Sherpa highlanders demonstrate extraordinary tolerance to hypoxia at high altitudes, which may be achieved by mechanisms promoting microcirculatory blood flow and capillary density at high altitudes for restoring oxygen supply to tissues. Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are important signaling proteins involved in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis which are stimulated by hypoxia. We hypothesize that the VEGF-A, the major member of the VEGF family, and the gene encoding VEGF-A (VEGFA) play a part in the adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia in Sherpa highlanders. Methods Fifty-one Sherpa highlanders in Namche Bazaar village at a high altitude of 3,440 meters (m) above sea level and 76 non-Sherpa lowlanders in Kathmandu city at 1,300 m in Nepal were recruited for the study. Venous blood was sampled to obtain plasma and extract DNA from each subject. The plasma VEGF-A concentrations were measured and five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, rs699947, rs833061, rs1570360, rs2010963, and rs3025039) in the VEGFA were genotyped. The VEGF-A levels and allelic frequencies of the SNPs were compared between the two populations. Results A significant difference in oxygen saturation (SpO2) was observed between the two ethnic groups locating at different elevations (93.7 ± 0.2% in Sherpas at 3,440 m vs. 96.7 ± 0.2% in non-Sherpas at 1,300 m, P < 0.05). The plasma VEGF-A concentration in the Sherpas at high altitude was on the same level as that in the non-Sherpas at low altitude (262.8 ± 17.9 pg/ml vs. 266.8 ± 21.8 pg/ml, P = 0.88). This result suggested that the plasma VEGF-A concentration in Sherpa highlanders was stable despite a high-altitude hypoxic stimulus and that therefore the Sherpas exhibited a phenotype of blunted response to hypoxic stress. Moreover, the allele frequencies of the SNPs rs699947, rs833061, and rs2010963 in the promoter region of the VEGFA were different between the Sherpa highlanders and non-Sherpa lowlanders (corrected P values =…
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format: text/html
creator: Yunden Droma
creator: Masayuki Hanaoka
creator: Takumi Kinjo
creator: Nobumitsu Kobayashi
creator: Masanori Yasuo
creator: Yoshiaki Kitaguchi
creator: Masao Ota
subject: Genetics
subject: Medical Genetics
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13893
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Droma et al.
abstract: Background Sherpa highlanders demonstrate extraordinary tolerance to hypoxia at high altitudes, which may be achieved by mechanisms promoting microcirculatory blood flow and capillary density at high altitudes for restoring oxygen supply to tissues. Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are important signaling proteins involved in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis which are stimulated by hypoxia. We hypothesize that the VEGF-A, the major member of the VEGF family, and the gene encoding VEGF-A (VEGFA) play a part in the adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia in Sherpa highlanders. Methods Fifty-one Sherpa highlanders in Namche Bazaar village at a high altitude of 3,440 meters (m) above sea level and 76 non-Sherpa lowlanders in Kathmandu city at 1,300 m in Nepal were recruited for the study. Venous blood was sampled to obtain plasma and extract DNA from each subject. The plasma VEGF-A concentrations were measured and five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, rs699947, rs833061, rs1570360, rs2010963, and rs3025039) in the VEGFA were genotyped. The VEGF-A levels and allelic frequencies of the SNPs were compared between the two populations. Results A significant difference in oxygen saturation (SpO2) was observed between the two ethnic groups locating at different elevations (93.7 ± 0.2% in Sherpas at 3,440 m vs. 96.7 ± 0.2% in non-Sherpas at 1,300 m, P < 0.05). The plasma VEGF-A concentration in the Sherpas at high altitude was on the same level as that in the non-Sherpas at low altitude (262.8 ± 17.9 pg/ml vs. 266.8 ± 21.8 pg/ml, P = 0.88). This result suggested that the plasma VEGF-A concentration in Sherpa highlanders was stable despite a high-altitude hypoxic stimulus and that therefore the Sherpas exhibited a phenotype of blunted response to hypoxic stress. Moreover, the allele frequencies of the SNPs rs699947, rs833061, and rs2010963 in the promoter region of the VEGFA were different between the Sherpa highlanders and non-Sherpa lowlanders (corrected P values =…
bibliographic citation: Droma et al. (2022) The blunted vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) response to high-altitude hypoxia and genetic variants in the promoter region of the VEGFA gene in Sherpa highlanders. PeerJ 10:e13893 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13893
date submitted: 2021-06-14
date accepted: 2022-07-22
issued: 2022-08-17
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Droma
  given name: Yunden
author list: Agent
  family name: Hanaoka
  given name: Masayuki
author list: Agent
  family name: Kinjo
  given name: Takumi
author list: Agent
  family name: Kobayashi
  given name: Nobumitsu
author list: Agent
  family name: Yasuo
  given name: Masanori
author list: Agent
  family name: Kitaguchi
  given name: Yoshiaki
author list: Agent
  family name: Ota
  given name: Masao
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13893
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-17
copyright: ©2022 Droma et al.
attribution name: Droma et al.

A novel multi-layer perceptron model for assessing the diagnostic value of non-invasive imaging instruments for rosacea
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), VISIA, and dermoscopy have emerged as promising tools for objective diagnosis and assessment of rosacea. However, little is known about the diagnostic value of these imaging systems for rosacea. Objectives To assess the diagnostic value of RCM, VISIA, and dermoscopy for rosacea by establishing a novel multilayer perceptron (MLP) model. Methods A total of 520 patients with rosacea and other facial diseases were included in this study. A total of 474 samples of dermoscopy data, 374 samples of RCM data, 434 samples of VISIA data, and 291 samples containing three data sources were collected. An MLP model was built with the total data to explore the association between the imageological features of each instrument and the probability of rosacea. Results Our MLP model revealed that the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) values of RCM, VISIA and dermoscopy for diagnosing rosacea were 0.5233, 0.5646 and 0.7971, respectively. The integration of these three tools with clinical data could further improve the accuracy of the predictive diagnosis to 0.8385. For the imageological features of each tool, abnormalities (hyperkeratosis or parakeratosis) in the stratum corneum were effective variables for excluding rosacea (odds ratio [OR], 0.4333) under RCM. The indicators of rosacea under VISIA included overall severity of erythema, erythema involving the cheek or superciliary arch, visible red blood vessels, and papules (OR = 2.2745, 3.1592, 1.8365, 2.8647, and 1.4260, respectively). The candidate variables of dermoscopy included yellow background, white background, uniform distribution of vessels, branched vessels, and reticular blood vessels (OR = 0.4259, 0.4949, 2.2858, 3.7444, and 2.4576, respectively). Conclusions RCM, dermoscopy, and VISIA each can present several imageological features and were of certain value for assisting rosacea diagnosis. The combined analysis of these three tools using our ML…
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format: text/html
creator: Yingxue Huang
creator: Jieyu He
creator: Shuping Zhang
creator: Yan Tang
creator: Ben Wang
creator: Dan Jian
creator: Hongfu Xie
creator: Ji Li
creator: Feng Chen
creator: Zhixiang Zhao
subject: Dermatology
subject: Radiology and Medical Imaging
subject: Statistics
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13917
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Huang et al.
abstract: Background Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), VISIA, and dermoscopy have emerged as promising tools for objective diagnosis and assessment of rosacea. However, little is known about the diagnostic value of these imaging systems for rosacea. Objectives To assess the diagnostic value of RCM, VISIA, and dermoscopy for rosacea by establishing a novel multilayer perceptron (MLP) model. Methods A total of 520 patients with rosacea and other facial diseases were included in this study. A total of 474 samples of dermoscopy data, 374 samples of RCM data, 434 samples of VISIA data, and 291 samples containing three data sources were collected. An MLP model was built with the total data to explore the association between the imageological features of each instrument and the probability of rosacea. Results Our MLP model revealed that the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) values of RCM, VISIA and dermoscopy for diagnosing rosacea were 0.5233, 0.5646 and 0.7971, respectively. The integration of these three tools with clinical data could further improve the accuracy of the predictive diagnosis to 0.8385. For the imageological features of each tool, abnormalities (hyperkeratosis or parakeratosis) in the stratum corneum were effective variables for excluding rosacea (odds ratio [OR], 0.4333) under RCM. The indicators of rosacea under VISIA included overall severity of erythema, erythema involving the cheek or superciliary arch, visible red blood vessels, and papules (OR = 2.2745, 3.1592, 1.8365, 2.8647, and 1.4260, respectively). The candidate variables of dermoscopy included yellow background, white background, uniform distribution of vessels, branched vessels, and reticular blood vessels (OR = 0.4259, 0.4949, 2.2858, 3.7444, and 2.4576, respectively). Conclusions RCM, dermoscopy, and VISIA each can present several imageological features and were of certain value for assisting rosacea diagnosis. The combined analysis of these three tools using our ML…
bibliographic citation: Huang et al. (2022) A novel multi-layer perceptron model for assessing the diagnostic value of non-invasive imaging instruments for rosacea. PeerJ 10:e13917 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13917
date submitted: 2022-01-17
date accepted: 2022-07-28
issued: 2022-08-17
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Huang
  given name: Yingxue
author list: Agent
  family name: He
  given name: Jieyu
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhang
  given name: Shuping
author list: Agent
  family name: Tang
  given name: Yan
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Ben
author list: Agent
  family name: Jian
  given name: Dan
author list: Agent
  family name: Xie
  given name: Hongfu
author list: Agent
  family name: Li
  given name: Ji
author list: Agent
  family name: Chen
  given name: Feng
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhao
  given name: Zhixiang
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13917
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-17
copyright: ©2022 Huang et al.
attribution name: Huang et al.

The greening reaction of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) metmyoglobin promoted by free cysteine during thermal treatment
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Tuna muscle greening is a problem that occurs after heating. A hypothesis has been postulated to address this problem, involving a conserved Cys residue at position 10 (Cys-10) present on tuna myoglobin (Mb) that is exposed during the thermic treatment, forming a disulfide bond with free cysteine (Cys) in the presence of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), resulting in the greening of the tuna Mb. Methods We present a study using skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) metmyoglobin (MbFe(III)-H2O) where the effect of free Cys (1–6 mM), TMAO (1.33 mM), and catalase on the greening reaction (GR) was monitored by UV-vis spectrometry during thermal treatment at 60 °C for 30 min. Moreover, the participation of Cys-10 on the GR was evaluated after its blocking with N-ethymaleimide. Results The GR occurred in tuna MbFe(III)-H2O after heat treatment with free Cys, forming sulfmyoglobin (MbFe(II)-S) as the responsible pigment for the tuna greening. However, the rate constants of MbFe(II)-S production depended on Cys concentration (up to 4 mM) and occurred regardless of the TMAO presence. We postulate that two consecutive reactions involve an intermediate ferrylmyoglobin (promoted by H2O2) species with a subsequent MbFe(II)-S formation since the presence of catalase fosters the reduction of the rate reaction. Moreover, GR occurred even with blocked Cys-10 residues in tuna Mb and horse Mb (without Cys in its sequence). Discussion We found that GR is not exclusive to tuna Mb´s, and it can be promoted in other muscle systems. Moreover, Cys and thermal treatment are indispensable for promoting this pigmentation anomaly.
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format: text/html
creator: Andrés Álvarez-Armenta
creator: Ramón Pacheco-Aguilar
creator: Alonso A. López-Zavala
creator: David O. Corona-Martínez
creator: Rogerio R. Sotelo-Mundo
creator: Karina D. García-Orozco
creator: Juan C. Ramírez-Suárez
subject: Aquaculture, Fisheries and Fish Science
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Food Science and Technology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13923
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Álvarez-Armenta et al.
abstract: Background Tuna muscle greening is a problem that occurs after heating. A hypothesis has been postulated to address this problem, involving a conserved Cys residue at position 10 (Cys-10) present on tuna myoglobin (Mb) that is exposed during the thermic treatment, forming a disulfide bond with free cysteine (Cys) in the presence of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), resulting in the greening of the tuna Mb. Methods We present a study using skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) metmyoglobin (MbFe(III)-H2O) where the effect of free Cys (1–6 mM), TMAO (1.33 mM), and catalase on the greening reaction (GR) was monitored by UV-vis spectrometry during thermal treatment at 60 °C for 30 min. Moreover, the participation of Cys-10 on the GR was evaluated after its blocking with N-ethymaleimide. Results The GR occurred in tuna MbFe(III)-H2O after heat treatment with free Cys, forming sulfmyoglobin (MbFe(II)-S) as the responsible pigment for the tuna greening. However, the rate constants of MbFe(II)-S production depended on Cys concentration (up to 4 mM) and occurred regardless of the TMAO presence. We postulate that two consecutive reactions involve an intermediate ferrylmyoglobin (promoted by H2O2) species with a subsequent MbFe(II)-S formation since the presence of catalase fosters the reduction of the rate reaction. Moreover, GR occurred even with blocked Cys-10 residues in tuna Mb and horse Mb (without Cys in its sequence). Discussion We found that GR is not exclusive to tuna Mb´s, and it can be promoted in other muscle systems. Moreover, Cys and thermal treatment are indispensable for promoting this pigmentation anomaly.
bibliographic citation: Álvarez-Armenta et al. (2022) The greening reaction of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) metmyoglobin promoted by free cysteine during thermal treatment. PeerJ 10:e13923 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13923
date submitted: 2022-04-11
date accepted: 2022-07-29
issued: 2022-08-17
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Álvarez-Armenta
  given name: Andrés
author list: Agent
  family name: Pacheco-Aguilar
  given name: Ramón
author list: Agent
  family name: López-Zavala
  given name: Alonso A.
author list: Agent
  family name: Corona-Martínez
  given name: David O.
author list: Agent
  family name: Sotelo-Mundo
  given name: Rogerio R.
author list: Agent
  family name: García-Orozco
  given name: Karina D.
author list: Agent
  family name: Ramírez-Suárez
  given name: Juan C.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13923
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-17
copyright: © 2022 Álvarez-Armenta et al.
attribution name: Álvarez-Armenta et al.

Effects of high Ca and Mg stress on plants water use efficiency in a Karst ecosystem
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Karst ecosystems are widely distributed in the world, with one of the largest continuous Karst landforms in Southwest China. Karst regions are characterized by water shortage, high soil calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) content, and soil nutrient leaching, resulting in drought stress and growth limitation of plants. Methods This study compared nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), Ca, and Mg of herbaceous and woody plants in a small Karst ecosystem in Southwest China. The indexes of water use efficiency (WUE) were calculated to identify the drought stress of plants in this Karst ecosystem. Meanwhile, the relationship between Ca and Mg accumulation and WUE was evaluated in herbaceous and woody plants. Results Herbaceous plants showed a higher content of leaf N (13.4 to 40.1 g·kg−1), leaf P (2.2 to 4.8 g·kg−1) and leaf K (14.6 to 35.5 g·kg−1) than woody plants (N: 10.4 g to 22.4 g·kg−1; P: 0.4 to 2.3 g·kg−1; K: 5.7 to 15.5 g·kg−1). Herbaceous plants showed a significantly positive correlation between WUE and K:Ca ratio (R = 0.79), while WUE has a strongly positive correlation with K:Mg ratio in woody plants (R = 0.63). Conclusion Herbaceous plants suffered from nitrogen (N) limitation, and woody plants were constrained by P or N+P content. Herbaceous plants had higher leaf N, P, and K than woody plants, while Ca and Mg showed no significant differences, probably resulting from the Karst environment of high Ca and Mg contents. Under high Karst Ca and Mg stress, herbaceous and woody plants responded differently to Ca and Mg stress, respectively. WUE of herbaceous plants is more sensitive to Ca stress, while that of woody plants is more sensitive to Mg stress. These findings establish a link between plant nutrients and hydraulic processes in a unique Karst ecosystem, further facilitating studies of the nutrient-water cycling system in the ecosystem.
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format: text/html
creator: Rui Qu
creator: Guilin Han
subject: Ecology
subject: Ecosystem Science
subject: Plant Science
subject: Biogeochemistry
subject: Environmental Impacts
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13925
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Qu and Han
abstract: Background Karst ecosystems are widely distributed in the world, with one of the largest continuous Karst landforms in Southwest China. Karst regions are characterized by water shortage, high soil calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) content, and soil nutrient leaching, resulting in drought stress and growth limitation of plants. Methods This study compared nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), Ca, and Mg of herbaceous and woody plants in a small Karst ecosystem in Southwest China. The indexes of water use efficiency (WUE) were calculated to identify the drought stress of plants in this Karst ecosystem. Meanwhile, the relationship between Ca and Mg accumulation and WUE was evaluated in herbaceous and woody plants. Results Herbaceous plants showed a higher content of leaf N (13.4 to 40.1 g·kg−1), leaf P (2.2 to 4.8 g·kg−1) and leaf K (14.6 to 35.5 g·kg−1) than woody plants (N: 10.4 g to 22.4 g·kg−1; P: 0.4 to 2.3 g·kg−1; K: 5.7 to 15.5 g·kg−1). Herbaceous plants showed a significantly positive correlation between WUE and K:Ca ratio (R = 0.79), while WUE has a strongly positive correlation with K:Mg ratio in woody plants (R = 0.63). Conclusion Herbaceous plants suffered from nitrogen (N) limitation, and woody plants were constrained by P or N+P content. Herbaceous plants had higher leaf N, P, and K than woody plants, while Ca and Mg showed no significant differences, probably resulting from the Karst environment of high Ca and Mg contents. Under high Karst Ca and Mg stress, herbaceous and woody plants responded differently to Ca and Mg stress, respectively. WUE of herbaceous plants is more sensitive to Ca stress, while that of woody plants is more sensitive to Mg stress. These findings establish a link between plant nutrients and hydraulic processes in a unique Karst ecosystem, further facilitating studies of the nutrient-water cycling system in the ecosystem.
bibliographic citation: Qu et al. (2022) Effects of high Ca and Mg stress on plants water use efficiency in a Karst ecosystem. PeerJ 10:e13925 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13925
date submitted: 2022-02-15
date accepted: 2022-07-30
issued: 2022-08-17
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Qu
  given name: Rui
author list: Agent
  family name: Han
  given name: Guilin
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13925
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-17
copyright: © 2022 Qu and Han
attribution name: Qu and Han

Have female twisted-wing parasites (Insecta: Strepsiptera) evolved tolerance traits as response to traumatic penetration?
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Traumatic insemination describes an unusual form of mating during which a male penetrates the body wall of its female partner to inject sperm. Females unable to prevent traumatic insemination have been predicted to develop either traits of tolerance or of resistance, both reducing the fitness costs associated with the male-inflicted injury. The evolution of tolerance traits has previously been suggested for the bed bug. Here we present data suggesting that tolerance traits also evolved in females of the twisted-wing parasite species Stylops ovinae and Xenos vesparum. Using micro-indentation experiments and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we found that females of both investigated species possess a uniform resilin-rich integument that is notably thicker at penetration sites than at control sites. As the thickened cuticle does not seem to hamper penetration by males, we hypothesise that thickening of the cuticle resulted in reduced penetration damage and loss of haemolymph and in improved wound sealing. To evaluate the evolutionary relevance of the Stylops-specific paragenital organ and penis shape variation in the context of inter- and intraspecific competition, we conducted attraction and interspecific mating experiments, as well as a geometric-morphometric analysis of S. ovinae and X. vesparum penises. We found that S. ovinae females indeed attract sympatrically distributed congeneric males. However, only conspecific males were able to mate. In contrast, we did not observe any heterospecific male attraction by Xenos females. We therefore hypothesise that the paragenital organ in the genus Stylops represents a prezygotic mating barrier that prevents heterospecific matings.
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creator: Kenny Jandausch
creator: Jan Michels
creator: Alexander Kovalev
creator: Stanislav N. Gorb
creator: Thomas van de Kamp
creator: Rolf Georg Beutel
creator: Oliver Niehuis
creator: Hans Pohl
subject: Animal Behavior
subject: Entomology
subject: Evolutionary Studies
subject: Parasitology
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13655
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Jandausch et al.
abstract: Traumatic insemination describes an unusual form of mating during which a male penetrates the body wall of its female partner to inject sperm. Females unable to prevent traumatic insemination have been predicted to develop either traits of tolerance or of resistance, both reducing the fitness costs associated with the male-inflicted injury. The evolution of tolerance traits has previously been suggested for the bed bug. Here we present data suggesting that tolerance traits also evolved in females of the twisted-wing parasite species Stylops ovinae and Xenos vesparum. Using micro-indentation experiments and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we found that females of both investigated species possess a uniform resilin-rich integument that is notably thicker at penetration sites than at control sites. As the thickened cuticle does not seem to hamper penetration by males, we hypothesise that thickening of the cuticle resulted in reduced penetration damage and loss of haemolymph and in improved wound sealing. To evaluate the evolutionary relevance of the Stylops-specific paragenital organ and penis shape variation in the context of inter- and intraspecific competition, we conducted attraction and interspecific mating experiments, as well as a geometric-morphometric analysis of S. ovinae and X. vesparum penises. We found that S. ovinae females indeed attract sympatrically distributed congeneric males. However, only conspecific males were able to mate. In contrast, we did not observe any heterospecific male attraction by Xenos females. We therefore hypothesise that the paragenital organ in the genus Stylops represents a prezygotic mating barrier that prevents heterospecific matings.
bibliographic citation: Jandausch et al. (2022) Have female twisted-wing parasites (Insecta: Strepsiptera) evolved tolerance traits as response to traumatic penetration?. PeerJ 10:e13655 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13655
date submitted: 2022-03-16
date accepted: 2022-06-09
issued: 2022-08-16
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Jandausch
  given name: Kenny
author list: Agent
  family name: Michels
  given name: Jan
author list: Agent
  family name: Kovalev
  given name: Alexander
author list: Agent
  family name: Gorb
  given name: Stanislav N.
author list: Agent
  family name: van de Kamp
  given name: Thomas
author list: Agent
  family name: Beutel
  given name: Rolf Georg
author list: Agent
  family name: Niehuis
  given name: Oliver
author list: Agent
  family name: Pohl
  given name: Hans
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13655
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-16
copyright: © 2022 Jandausch et al.
attribution name: Jandausch et al.

Testing the effectiveness of rbcLa DNA-barcoding for species discrimination in tropical montane cloud forest vascular plants (Oaxaca, Mexico) using BLAST, genetic distance, and tree-based methods
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: DNA-barcoding is a species identification tool that uses a short section of the genome that provides a genetic signature of the species. The main advantage of this novel technique is that it requires a small sample of tissue from the tested organism. In most animal groups, this technique is very effective. However, in plants, the recommended standard markers, such as rbcLa, may not always work, and their efficacy remains to be tested in many plant groups, particularly from the Neotropical region. We examined the discriminating power of rbcLa in 55 tropical cloud forest vascular plant species from 38 families (Oaxaca, Mexico). We followed the CBOL criteria using BLASTn, genetic distance, and monophyly tree-based analyses (neighbor-joining, NJ, maximum likelihood, ML, and Bayesian inference, BI). rbcLa universal primers amplified 69.0% of the samples and yielded 91.3% bi-directional sequences. Sixty-three new rbcLa sequences were established. BLAST discriminates 80.8% of the genus but only 15.4% of the species. There was nil minimum interspecific genetic distances in Quercus, Oreopanax, and Daphnopsis. Contrastingly, Ericaceae (5.6%), Euphorbiaceae (4.6%), and Asteraceae (3.3%) species displayed the highest within-family genetic distances. According to the most recent angiosperm classification, NJ and ML trees successfully resolved (100%) monophyletic species. ML trees showed the highest mean branch support value (87.3%). Only NJ and ML trees could successfully discriminate Quercus species belonging to different subsections: Quercus martinezii (white oaks) from Q. callophylla and Q. laurina (red oaks). The ML topology could distinguish species in the Solanaceae clade with similar BLAST matches. Also, the BI topology showed a polytomy in this clade, and the NJ tree displayed low-support values. We do not recommend genetic-distance approaches for species discrimination. Severe shortages of rbcLa sequences in public databases of neotropical species hindered effective BLA…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Sonia Trujillo-Argueta
creator: Rafael F. del Castillo
creator: Abril Velasco-Murguía
subject: Conservation Biology
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Plant Science
subject: Taxonomy
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13771
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Trujillo-Argueta et al.
abstract: DNA-barcoding is a species identification tool that uses a short section of the genome that provides a genetic signature of the species. The main advantage of this novel technique is that it requires a small sample of tissue from the tested organism. In most animal groups, this technique is very effective. However, in plants, the recommended standard markers, such as rbcLa, may not always work, and their efficacy remains to be tested in many plant groups, particularly from the Neotropical region. We examined the discriminating power of rbcLa in 55 tropical cloud forest vascular plant species from 38 families (Oaxaca, Mexico). We followed the CBOL criteria using BLASTn, genetic distance, and monophyly tree-based analyses (neighbor-joining, NJ, maximum likelihood, ML, and Bayesian inference, BI). rbcLa universal primers amplified 69.0% of the samples and yielded 91.3% bi-directional sequences. Sixty-three new rbcLa sequences were established. BLAST discriminates 80.8% of the genus but only 15.4% of the species. There was nil minimum interspecific genetic distances in Quercus, Oreopanax, and Daphnopsis. Contrastingly, Ericaceae (5.6%), Euphorbiaceae (4.6%), and Asteraceae (3.3%) species displayed the highest within-family genetic distances. According to the most recent angiosperm classification, NJ and ML trees successfully resolved (100%) monophyletic species. ML trees showed the highest mean branch support value (87.3%). Only NJ and ML trees could successfully discriminate Quercus species belonging to different subsections: Quercus martinezii (white oaks) from Q. callophylla and Q. laurina (red oaks). The ML topology could distinguish species in the Solanaceae clade with similar BLAST matches. Also, the BI topology showed a polytomy in this clade, and the NJ tree displayed low-support values. We do not recommend genetic-distance approaches for species discrimination. Severe shortages of rbcLa sequences in public databases of neotropical species hindered effective BLA…
bibliographic citation: Trujillo-Argueta et al. (2022) Testing the effectiveness of rbcLa DNA-barcoding for species discrimination in tropical montane cloud forest vascular plants (Oaxaca, Mexico) using BLAST, genetic distance, and tree-based methods. PeerJ 10:e13771 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13771
date submitted: 2022-04-07
date accepted: 2022-07-01
issued: 2022-08-16
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Trujillo-Argueta
  given name: Sonia
author list: Agent
  family name: del Castillo
  given name: Rafael F.
author list: Agent
  family name: Velasco-Murguía
  given name: Abril
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13771
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-16
copyright: © 2022 Trujillo-Argueta et al.
attribution name: Trujillo-Argueta et al.

Social calls in humpback whale mother-calf groups off Sainte Marie breeding ground (Madagascar, Indian Ocean)
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) use vocalizations during diverse social interactions or activities such as foraging or mating. Unlike songs produced only by males, social calls are produced by all types of individuals (adult males and females, juveniles and calves). Several studies have described social calls in the humpback whale’s breeding and the feeding grounds and from different geographic areas. We aimed to investigate for the first time the vocal repertoire of humpback whale mother-calf groups during the breeding season off Sainte Marie island, Madagascar, South Western Indian Ocean using data collected in 2013, 2014, 2016, and 2017. We recorded social calls using Acousonde tags deployed on the mother or the calf in mother-calf groups. A total of 21 deployments were analyzed. We visually and aurally identified 30 social call types and classified them into five categories: low, medium, high-frequency sounds, amplitude-modulated sounds, and pulsed sounds. The aural-visual classifications have been validated using random forest (RF) analyses. Low-frequency sounds constituted 46% of all social calls, mid-frequency 35%, and high frequency 10%. Amplitude-modulated sounds constituted 8% of all vocalizations, and pulsed sounds constituted 1%. While some social call types seemed specific to our study area, others presented similarities with social calls described in other geographic areas, on breeding and foraging grounds, and during migrating routes. Among the call types described in this study, nine call types were also found in humpback whale songs recorded in the same region. The 30 call types highlight the diversity of the social calls recorded in mother-calf groups and thus the importance of acoustic interactions in the relationships between the mother and her calf and between the mother-calf pair and escorts.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Anjara Saloma
creator: Maevatiana N. Ratsimbazafindranahaka
creator: Mathilde Martin
creator: Aristide Andrianarimisa
creator: Chloé Huetz
creator: Olivier Adam
creator: Isabelle Charrier
subject: Animal Behavior
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13785
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Saloma et al.
abstract: Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) use vocalizations during diverse social interactions or activities such as foraging or mating. Unlike songs produced only by males, social calls are produced by all types of individuals (adult males and females, juveniles and calves). Several studies have described social calls in the humpback whale’s breeding and the feeding grounds and from different geographic areas. We aimed to investigate for the first time the vocal repertoire of humpback whale mother-calf groups during the breeding season off Sainte Marie island, Madagascar, South Western Indian Ocean using data collected in 2013, 2014, 2016, and 2017. We recorded social calls using Acousonde tags deployed on the mother or the calf in mother-calf groups. A total of 21 deployments were analyzed. We visually and aurally identified 30 social call types and classified them into five categories: low, medium, high-frequency sounds, amplitude-modulated sounds, and pulsed sounds. The aural-visual classifications have been validated using random forest (RF) analyses. Low-frequency sounds constituted 46% of all social calls, mid-frequency 35%, and high frequency 10%. Amplitude-modulated sounds constituted 8% of all vocalizations, and pulsed sounds constituted 1%. While some social call types seemed specific to our study area, others presented similarities with social calls described in other geographic areas, on breeding and foraging grounds, and during migrating routes. Among the call types described in this study, nine call types were also found in humpback whale songs recorded in the same region. The 30 call types highlight the diversity of the social calls recorded in mother-calf groups and thus the importance of acoustic interactions in the relationships between the mother and her calf and between the mother-calf pair and escorts.
bibliographic citation: Saloma et al. (2022) Social calls in humpback whale mother-calf groups off Sainte Marie breeding ground (Madagascar, Indian Ocean). PeerJ 10:e13785 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13785
date submitted: 2022-03-09
date accepted: 2022-07-05
issued: 2022-08-16
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Saloma
  given name: Anjara
author list: Agent
  family name: Ratsimbazafindranahaka
  given name: Maevatiana N.
author list: Agent
  family name: Martin
  given name: Mathilde
author list: Agent
  family name: Andrianarimisa
  given name: Aristide
author list: Agent
  family name: Huetz
  given name: Chloé
author list: Agent
  family name: Adam
  given name: Olivier
author list: Agent
  family name: Charrier
  given name: Isabelle
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13785
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-16
copyright: © 2022 Saloma et al.
attribution name: Saloma et al.

Processing of Noni Liquor based on response surface methodology
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) is widely used as a health food and medicine because it is rich in polysaccharides, polyphenols, and flavonoids; it is precisely because noni is rich in these substances that people usually like to soak it in liquor to drink. This study sought to maximize the main active constituents (polysaccharides, polyphenols, and flavonoid s) dissolved in liquor and spirits soaked with noni fruit, using ethanol as the solvent to optimize the extraction conditions using response surface methodology. The highest polysaccharide yield of 16.35% was found at 60 °C for 3.5 h, a liquid-solid ratio of 52 mL/g, and an ethanol concentration of 25%. The optimal extraction conditions for polyphenols were 75 °C for 1.5 h, a liquid-solid ratio of 90 mL/g, and an ethanol concentration of 50%, resulting in a 10.37% yield. The optimum extraction conditions for flavonoids were 75 °C for 1 h, a liquid-solid ratio of 70 mL/g, and an ethanol concentration of 100%, with 1.35% yield. Many active ingredients, including polysaccharides, polyphenols, and flavonoids, were obtained via alcohol extraction of noni fruit, suggesting that liquor and spirits soaked with noni fruit are novel and promising types. This study provides a technical reference for the production of high-quality noni liquor. It is recommended to use the best conditions for the extract of polysaccharides, polyphenols, and flavonoids, and blending them to obtain the desired degree of alcohol.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Shusen Gong
creator: Fei Yang
creator: Qingfen Wang
creator: Tian Wu
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Food Science and Technology
subject: Plant Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13817
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Gong et al.
abstract: Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) is widely used as a health food and medicine because it is rich in polysaccharides, polyphenols, and flavonoids; it is precisely because noni is rich in these substances that people usually like to soak it in liquor to drink. This study sought to maximize the main active constituents (polysaccharides, polyphenols, and flavonoid s) dissolved in liquor and spirits soaked with noni fruit, using ethanol as the solvent to optimize the extraction conditions using response surface methodology. The highest polysaccharide yield of 16.35% was found at 60 °C for 3.5 h, a liquid-solid ratio of 52 mL/g, and an ethanol concentration of 25%. The optimal extraction conditions for polyphenols were 75 °C for 1.5 h, a liquid-solid ratio of 90 mL/g, and an ethanol concentration of 50%, resulting in a 10.37% yield. The optimum extraction conditions for flavonoids were 75 °C for 1 h, a liquid-solid ratio of 70 mL/g, and an ethanol concentration of 100%, with 1.35% yield. Many active ingredients, including polysaccharides, polyphenols, and flavonoids, were obtained via alcohol extraction of noni fruit, suggesting that liquor and spirits soaked with noni fruit are novel and promising types. This study provides a technical reference for the production of high-quality noni liquor. It is recommended to use the best conditions for the extract of polysaccharides, polyphenols, and flavonoids, and blending them to obtain the desired degree of alcohol.
bibliographic citation: Gong et al. (2022) Processing of Noni Liquor based on response surface methodology. PeerJ 10:e13817 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13817
date submitted: 2022-02-28
date accepted: 2022-07-08
issued: 2022-08-16
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Gong
  given name: Shusen
author list: Agent
  family name: Yang
  given name: Fei
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Qingfen
author list: Agent
  family name: Wu
  given name: Tian
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13817
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-16
copyright: ©2022 Gong et al.
attribution name: Gong et al.

Integrated bioinformatics analysis identifies the effects of Sema3A/NRP1 signaling in oligodendrocytes after spinal cord injury in rats
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Objective To investigate the effect of Sema3A/NRP1 signaling in oligodendrocytes (OLs) after spinal cord injury. Methods Three analysis strategies, namely differential expression gene analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, were applied. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the STRING website to explore the correlation between Sema3A/NRP1 and oligodendrocytes. Then, the T10 spinal cord segment of rats was injured by the Allen method to establish a spinal cord injury (SCI) model. Real-time quantitative PCR, Western blotting, Nissl staining and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the effect of Sema3A/NRP1 signaling on oligodendrocytes in vivo. Results After the SCI model was established, significantly fewer oligodendrocytes were observed. At the same time, R software was used to analyze the expression of related genes, and NRP1 expression was increased. PCR also demonstrated similar results, and NRP1 ligand Sema3A was also upregulated. KEGG and GO functional enrichment analysis indicated that the SCI model was mainly related to cytokine interaction, cell proliferation, differentiation and maturation. Interestingly, we found that NRP1 was involved in semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway neuronal projection guidance and axon guidance, mediating cell growth and migration. Moreover, Sema3A/NRP1 signaling was closely associated with platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) in the PPI network. When Sema3A/NRP1 signaling was specifically blocked at early stages, PDGFRα expression was effectively inhibited, and the expression of OLs was promoted. Furthermore, inhibition of Sema3A/NRP1 signaling increased the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) score of lower limb motor function in SCI rats and promoted the survival of motor neurons in the ventral horn of the injured spinal cord. Conclusion Our data suggest that Sema3A/NRP1 signaling may regulate the development …
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Rong Hu
creator: Mengting Shi
creator: Haipeng Xu
creator: Xingying Wu
creator: Kelin He
creator: Yi Chen
creator: Lei Wu
creator: Ruijie Ma
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Bioinformatics
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Sports Medicine
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13856
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Hu et al.
abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of Sema3A/NRP1 signaling in oligodendrocytes (OLs) after spinal cord injury. Methods Three analysis strategies, namely differential expression gene analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, were applied. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the STRING website to explore the correlation between Sema3A/NRP1 and oligodendrocytes. Then, the T10 spinal cord segment of rats was injured by the Allen method to establish a spinal cord injury (SCI) model. Real-time quantitative PCR, Western blotting, Nissl staining and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the effect of Sema3A/NRP1 signaling on oligodendrocytes in vivo. Results After the SCI model was established, significantly fewer oligodendrocytes were observed. At the same time, R software was used to analyze the expression of related genes, and NRP1 expression was increased. PCR also demonstrated similar results, and NRP1 ligand Sema3A was also upregulated. KEGG and GO functional enrichment analysis indicated that the SCI model was mainly related to cytokine interaction, cell proliferation, differentiation and maturation. Interestingly, we found that NRP1 was involved in semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway neuronal projection guidance and axon guidance, mediating cell growth and migration. Moreover, Sema3A/NRP1 signaling was closely associated with platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) in the PPI network. When Sema3A/NRP1 signaling was specifically blocked at early stages, PDGFRα expression was effectively inhibited, and the expression of OLs was promoted. Furthermore, inhibition of Sema3A/NRP1 signaling increased the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) score of lower limb motor function in SCI rats and promoted the survival of motor neurons in the ventral horn of the injured spinal cord. Conclusion Our data suggest that Sema3A/NRP1 signaling may regulate the development …
bibliographic citation: Hu et al. (2022) Integrated bioinformatics analysis identifies the effects of Sema3A/NRP1 signaling in oligodendrocytes after spinal cord injury in rats. PeerJ 10:e13856 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13856
date submitted: 2022-03-10
date accepted: 2022-07-16
issued: 2022-08-16
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Hu
  given name: Rong
author list: Agent
  family name: Shi
  given name: Mengting
author list: Agent
  family name: Xu
  given name: Haipeng
author list: Agent
  family name: Wu
  given name: Xingying
author list: Agent
  family name: He
  given name: Kelin
author list: Agent
  family name: Chen
  given name: Yi
author list: Agent
  family name: Wu
  given name: Lei
author list: Agent
  family name: Ma
  given name: Ruijie
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13856
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-16
copyright: ©2022 Hu et al.
attribution name: Hu et al.

PeerJ
type: Periodical
uri: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359