PeerJ
type: channel
link: https://peerj.com/articles/
description: Articles published in PeerJ
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
publication name: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359
items: Readiness of the primary health care units and associated factors for the management of hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus in Sidama, Ethiopia
items: Diagnosis and potential invasion risk of Thrips parvispinus under current and future climate change scenarios
items: Total evidence time-scaled phylogenetic and biogeographic models for the evolution of sea cows (Sirenia, Afrotheria)
items: Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic genus Atherospio and description of Atherospio aestuarii sp. nov. (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan
items: Association between changes in social capital and mental well-being among older people in China
items: Mental arithmetic modulates temporal variabilities of finger-tapping tasks in a tempo-dependent manner
items: Genome resequencing clarifies phylogeny and reveals patterns of selection in the toxicogenomics model Pimephales promelas
items: Heterochronies and allometries in the evolution of the hominid cranium: a morphometric approach using classical anthropometric variables
items: Energy demands in high-intensity intermittent taekwondo specific exercises
items: Changes and response mechanism of sugar and organic acids in fruits under water deficit stress

Readiness of the primary health care units and associated factors for the management of hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus in Sidama, Ethiopia
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background In low-income nations such as Ethiopia, noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are becoming more common. The Ethiopian Ministry of Health has prioritized NCD prevention, early diagnosis, and management. However, research on the readiness of public health facilities to address NCDs, particularly hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus, is limited. Methods The study used a multistage cluster sampling method and a health facility-based cross-sectional study design. A total of 83 health facilities were evaluated based on WHO’s Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) tool to investigate the availability of services and the readiness of the primary health care unit (PHCU) to manage type II diabetes and Hypertension. Trained data collectors interviewed with PHCU head or NCD focal persons. The study tried to investigate (1) the availability of basic amenities and the four domains: staff and guidelines, basic equipment, diagnostic materials, and essential medicines used to manage DM and HPN, (2) the readiness of the PHCU to manage DM and HPN. The data were processed by using SPSS version 24. Descriptive statistics, including frequency and percentage, inferential statistics like the chi-square test, and logistic regression models were used to analyze the data. Results Of the 82 health facilities, only 29% and 28% of the PHCU identified as ready to manage HPN and DM. Facility type, facility location, presence of guidelines, trained staff, groups of antihypertensive and antidiabetic medicines had a significant impact (P < 0.05) on the readiness of the PHCU to manage HPN and DM at a 0.05 level of significance. Facilities located in urban were 8.2 times more likely to be ready to manage HPN cases than facilities located in rural (AOR = 8.2, 95% CI [2.4–28.5]) and P < 0.05. Conclusion and recommendation The results identified comparatively poor and deprived readiness to offer HPN and DM services at lower-level health facilities(health centers). Equipping the lo…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Tigist Kebede Mulugeta
creator: Dejene Hailu Kassa
subject: Cardiology
subject: Diabetes and Endocrinology
subject: Healthcare Services
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13797
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Mulugeta and Kassa
abstract: Background In low-income nations such as Ethiopia, noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are becoming more common. The Ethiopian Ministry of Health has prioritized NCD prevention, early diagnosis, and management. However, research on the readiness of public health facilities to address NCDs, particularly hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus, is limited. Methods The study used a multistage cluster sampling method and a health facility-based cross-sectional study design. A total of 83 health facilities were evaluated based on WHO’s Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) tool to investigate the availability of services and the readiness of the primary health care unit (PHCU) to manage type II diabetes and Hypertension. Trained data collectors interviewed with PHCU head or NCD focal persons. The study tried to investigate (1) the availability of basic amenities and the four domains: staff and guidelines, basic equipment, diagnostic materials, and essential medicines used to manage DM and HPN, (2) the readiness of the PHCU to manage DM and HPN. The data were processed by using SPSS version 24. Descriptive statistics, including frequency and percentage, inferential statistics like the chi-square test, and logistic regression models were used to analyze the data. Results Of the 82 health facilities, only 29% and 28% of the PHCU identified as ready to manage HPN and DM. Facility type, facility location, presence of guidelines, trained staff, groups of antihypertensive and antidiabetic medicines had a significant impact (P < 0.05) on the readiness of the PHCU to manage HPN and DM at a 0.05 level of significance. Facilities located in urban were 8.2 times more likely to be ready to manage HPN cases than facilities located in rural (AOR = 8.2, 95% CI [2.4–28.5]) and P < 0.05. Conclusion and recommendation The results identified comparatively poor and deprived readiness to offer HPN and DM services at lower-level health facilities(health centers). Equipping the lo…
bibliographic citation: Mulugeta et al. (2022) Readiness of the primary health care units and associated factors for the management of hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus in Sidama, Ethiopia. PeerJ 10:e13797 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13797
date submitted: 2022-04-29
date accepted: 2022-07-06
issued: 2022-08-25
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Mulugeta
  given name: Tigist Kebede
author list: Agent
  family name: Kassa
  given name: Dejene Hailu
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13797
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-25
copyright: © 2022 Mulugeta and Kassa
attribution name: Mulugeta and Kassa

Diagnosis and potential invasion risk of Thrips parvispinus under current and future climate change scenarios
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background and Objective Invasive thrips, Thrips parvispinus Karny recently reported in India, causing a widespread severe infestation in more than 0.4 million ha of chilli (Capsicum annum L.) growing areas. This species is native to Thailand and most prevalent in other South East Asian countries. Large scale cultivation of the major host plants (chilli and papaya), and favourable climatic conditions in India and other countries similar to native range of Thrips parvispinus expected to favour its further spread and establishment to new areas. Materials and Methods The present study was undertaken to confirm invasive thrips species identity through both morphological and molecular approaches and predict its potential invasion using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm. Results The model predicted species range in respect of discrimination of suitable and unsuitable areas for its occurrence both in current and future climatic scenarios. The model provided a good fit for species distribution with a high value of area under the curve (0.957). The jackknife test indicated annual mean temperature and precipitation were found to be the most important bioclimatic variable in determining the distribution of T. parvispinus. High suitability areas were predicted in the countries wherever its occurrence was reported with high discrimination ability of suitable and unsuitable areas. Key distinguishing morphological characters of T. parvispinus were illustrated through high-resolution scanning electron microscopic images. Conclusion The identity of the thrips causing wide spread damage in chilli confirmed through morphological and molecular approaches. Key identifying characters were described through high resolution scanning electron microscopic images for accurate identification of the species. MaxEnt model identified high suitability regions for the potential establishment of T. parvispinus in India and other parts of the world. This study facilitates forecasting of further …
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Timmanna Hulagappa
creator: Gundappa Baradevanal
creator: Shwetha Surpur
creator: Devaramane Raghavendra
creator: Sagar Doddachowdappa
creator: Pathour R. Shashank
creator: Kumaranag Kereyagalahalli Mallaiah
creator: Jamuna Bedar
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Biogeography
subject: Ecology
subject: Entomology
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13868
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Hn et al.
abstract: Background and Objective Invasive thrips, Thrips parvispinus Karny recently reported in India, causing a widespread severe infestation in more than 0.4 million ha of chilli (Capsicum annum L.) growing areas. This species is native to Thailand and most prevalent in other South East Asian countries. Large scale cultivation of the major host plants (chilli and papaya), and favourable climatic conditions in India and other countries similar to native range of Thrips parvispinus expected to favour its further spread and establishment to new areas. Materials and Methods The present study was undertaken to confirm invasive thrips species identity through both morphological and molecular approaches and predict its potential invasion using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm. Results The model predicted species range in respect of discrimination of suitable and unsuitable areas for its occurrence both in current and future climatic scenarios. The model provided a good fit for species distribution with a high value of area under the curve (0.957). The jackknife test indicated annual mean temperature and precipitation were found to be the most important bioclimatic variable in determining the distribution of T. parvispinus. High suitability areas were predicted in the countries wherever its occurrence was reported with high discrimination ability of suitable and unsuitable areas. Key distinguishing morphological characters of T. parvispinus were illustrated through high-resolution scanning electron microscopic images. Conclusion The identity of the thrips causing wide spread damage in chilli confirmed through morphological and molecular approaches. Key identifying characters were described through high resolution scanning electron microscopic images for accurate identification of the species. MaxEnt model identified high suitability regions for the potential establishment of T. parvispinus in India and other parts of the world. This study facilitates forecasting of further …
bibliographic citation: Hulagappa et al. (2022) Diagnosis and potential invasion risk of Thrips parvispinus under current and future climate change scenarios. PeerJ 10:e13868 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13868
date submitted: 2022-03-31
date accepted: 2022-07-19
issued: 2022-08-25
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Hulagappa
  given name: Timmanna
author list: Agent
  family name: Baradevanal
  given name: Gundappa
author list: Agent
  family name: Surpur
  given name: Shwetha
author list: Agent
  family name: Raghavendra
  given name: Devaramane
author list: Agent
  family name: Doddachowdappa
  given name: Sagar
author list: Agent
  family name: R. Shashank
  given name: Pathour
author list: Agent
  family name: Kereyagalahalli Mallaiah
  given name: Kumaranag
author list: Agent
  family name: Bedar
  given name: Jamuna
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13868
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-25
copyright: © 2022 Hn et al.
attribution name: Hn et al.

Total evidence time-scaled phylogenetic and biogeographic models for the evolution of sea cows (Sirenia, Afrotheria)
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Molecular phylogenetic studies that have included sirenians from the genera Trichechus, Dugong, and Hydrodamalis have resolved their interrelationships but have yielded divergence age estimates that are problematically discordant. The ages of these lineage splits have profound implications for how to interpret the sirenian fossil record—including clade membership, biogeographic patterns, and correlations with Earth history events. In an effort to address these issues, here we present a total evidence phylogenetic analysis of Sirenia that includes living and fossil species and applies Bayesian tip-dating methods to estimate their interrelationships and divergence times. In addition to extant sirenians, our dataset includes 56 fossil species from 106 dated localities and numerous afrotherian outgroup taxa. Genetic, morphological, temporal, and biogeographic data are assessed simultaneously to bring all available evidence to bear on sirenian phylogeny. The resulting time-tree is then used for Bayesian geocoordinates reconstruction analysis, which models ancestral geographic areas at splits throughout the phylogeny, thereby allowing us to infer the direction and timing of dispersals. Our results suggest that Pan-Sirenia arose in North Africa during the latest Paleocene and that the Eocene evolution of stem sirenians was primarily situated in the Tethyan realm. In the late Eocene, some lineages moved into more northern European latitudes, an area that became the source region for a key trans-Atlantic dispersal towards the Caribbean and northern-adjacent west Atlantic. This event led to the phylogenetic and biogeographic founding of crown Sirenia with the Dugongidae-Trichechidae split occurring at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (~33.9 Ma), temporally coincident with the onset of dropping global sea levels and temperatures. This region became the nexus of sirenian diversification and supported taxonomically-rich dugongid communities until the earliest Pliocene. The Dugongin…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Steven Heritage
creator: Erik R. Seiffert
subject: Biogeography
subject: Evolutionary Studies
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Paleontology
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13886
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Heritage and Seiffert
abstract: Molecular phylogenetic studies that have included sirenians from the genera Trichechus, Dugong, and Hydrodamalis have resolved their interrelationships but have yielded divergence age estimates that are problematically discordant. The ages of these lineage splits have profound implications for how to interpret the sirenian fossil record—including clade membership, biogeographic patterns, and correlations with Earth history events. In an effort to address these issues, here we present a total evidence phylogenetic analysis of Sirenia that includes living and fossil species and applies Bayesian tip-dating methods to estimate their interrelationships and divergence times. In addition to extant sirenians, our dataset includes 56 fossil species from 106 dated localities and numerous afrotherian outgroup taxa. Genetic, morphological, temporal, and biogeographic data are assessed simultaneously to bring all available evidence to bear on sirenian phylogeny. The resulting time-tree is then used for Bayesian geocoordinates reconstruction analysis, which models ancestral geographic areas at splits throughout the phylogeny, thereby allowing us to infer the direction and timing of dispersals. Our results suggest that Pan-Sirenia arose in North Africa during the latest Paleocene and that the Eocene evolution of stem sirenians was primarily situated in the Tethyan realm. In the late Eocene, some lineages moved into more northern European latitudes, an area that became the source region for a key trans-Atlantic dispersal towards the Caribbean and northern-adjacent west Atlantic. This event led to the phylogenetic and biogeographic founding of crown Sirenia with the Dugongidae-Trichechidae split occurring at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (~33.9 Ma), temporally coincident with the onset of dropping global sea levels and temperatures. This region became the nexus of sirenian diversification and supported taxonomically-rich dugongid communities until the earliest Pliocene. The Dugongin…
bibliographic citation: Heritage et al. (2022) Total evidence time-scaled phylogenetic and biogeographic models for the evolution of sea cows (Sirenia, Afrotheria). PeerJ 10:e13886 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13886
date submitted: 2022-05-27
date accepted: 2022-07-21
issued: 2022-08-25
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Heritage
  given name: Steven
author list: Agent
  family name: Seiffert
  given name: Erik R.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13886
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-25
copyright: © 2022 Heritage and Seiffert
attribution name: Heritage and Seiffert

Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic genus Atherospio and description of Atherospio aestuarii sp. nov. (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background There are currently two species within the small enigmatic genus Atherospio Mackie & Duff, 1986, which belongs to the Pygospiopsis-Atherospio group in the family Spionidae Grube, 1850. The taxonomic relationship of the genus Atherospio with other spionid or spioniform genera is currently not well understood due to its unusual morphological characteristics. Methods Here, we describe a new Atherospio species, Atherospio aestuarii sp. nov., based on materials collected from three localities in Japan: Hirota Bay (Iwate Prefecture), Ago Bay (Mie Prefecture), and Yakushima Island (Kagoshima Prefecture). We have also evaluated the possible systematic position of this new species by conducting molecular phylogenetic analyses using the nuclear 18S, 28S, and mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequences. Results The morphology of A. aestuarii sp. nov. resembles that of A. disticha Mackie & Duff, 1986 and A. guillei (Laubier & Ramos, 1974) in having branchiae fused to the notopodial lamellae on a restricted number of segments from chaetiger 7, modified neurochaetae on chaetiger 5, and at least some bidentate neuropodial hooks with the secondary tooth below the main fang. The form and arrangement of the modified aristate neurochaetae in double vertical rows closely resemble those found on chaetigers 4 and 5 of A. disticha. The new species lacks the occipital antenna present in A. disticha. In this respect it resembles A. guillei, however, that species differs in having robust neuropodial spines on chaetiger 5 and peristomial papillae, and a preponderance of unidentate neurochaetae. Both A. guillei and the new species have slender needle-like notochaetae in their posteriormost chaetigers. Atherospio aestuarii sp. nov. is distinguished from both congeneric species by its branchial and neuropodial hook distributions. The new species is also unique in that it was recorded at relatively shallow depths, which included intertidal zones. The results of our molecular phylogenetic ana…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Hirokazu Abe
creator: Kotaro Kan
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Taxonomy
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13909
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Abe and Kan
abstract: Background There are currently two species within the small enigmatic genus Atherospio Mackie & Duff, 1986, which belongs to the Pygospiopsis-Atherospio group in the family Spionidae Grube, 1850. The taxonomic relationship of the genus Atherospio with other spionid or spioniform genera is currently not well understood due to its unusual morphological characteristics. Methods Here, we describe a new Atherospio species, Atherospio aestuarii sp. nov., based on materials collected from three localities in Japan: Hirota Bay (Iwate Prefecture), Ago Bay (Mie Prefecture), and Yakushima Island (Kagoshima Prefecture). We have also evaluated the possible systematic position of this new species by conducting molecular phylogenetic analyses using the nuclear 18S, 28S, and mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequences. Results The morphology of A. aestuarii sp. nov. resembles that of A. disticha Mackie & Duff, 1986 and A. guillei (Laubier & Ramos, 1974) in having branchiae fused to the notopodial lamellae on a restricted number of segments from chaetiger 7, modified neurochaetae on chaetiger 5, and at least some bidentate neuropodial hooks with the secondary tooth below the main fang. The form and arrangement of the modified aristate neurochaetae in double vertical rows closely resemble those found on chaetigers 4 and 5 of A. disticha. The new species lacks the occipital antenna present in A. disticha. In this respect it resembles A. guillei, however, that species differs in having robust neuropodial spines on chaetiger 5 and peristomial papillae, and a preponderance of unidentate neurochaetae. Both A. guillei and the new species have slender needle-like notochaetae in their posteriormost chaetigers. Atherospio aestuarii sp. nov. is distinguished from both congeneric species by its branchial and neuropodial hook distributions. The new species is also unique in that it was recorded at relatively shallow depths, which included intertidal zones. The results of our molecular phylogenetic ana…
bibliographic citation: Abe et al. (2022) Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic genus Atherospio and description of Atherospio aestuarii sp. nov. (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan. PeerJ 10:e13909 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13909
date submitted: 2022-03-02
date accepted: 2022-07-27
issued: 2022-08-25
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Abe
  given name: Hirokazu
author list: Agent
  family name: Kan
  given name: Kotaro
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13909
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-25
copyright: © 2022 Abe and Kan
attribution name: Abe and Kan

Association between changes in social capital and mental well-being among older people in China
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background The mental well-being of older people has become social concern under aging times in China. Social capital has been linked to mental well-being. Our aims were to explore how social capital and the state of mental well-being of older people were changing and what the relationship between them was. Methods Data were from six waves of the China Family Panel Studies that were conducted between 2010 and 2020, and a total of 1,055 participants aged 60 and over were included in the analysis. The Generalized Estimated Equation model (GEE) was used to clarify the long-term relationship, and to use GEE we first defined how time points were related, in other words, an appropriate working correlation structure was supposed to choose. Therefore, correlation coefficient between measurements at two time points was calculated to choose the exchange structure. All the analyses were performed in the statistical software Stata 15.0. Results The mental well-being of older people has deteriorated over time, especially we found that between 2014 and 2016, the mental well-being of older people plummeted. In addition, cognitive social capital was positively correlated with mental well-being, while structural social capital was inverse. Conclusions Policymakers are supposed to take into account the long-term impact of cognitive and structural social capital on the mental well-being of older people and to provide them with projects aimed at increasing cognitive social capital and turning the pressure of structural social capital into a source of happiness in life.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Huihui Wang
creator: Jingni Zhang
creator: Zhenfan Yu
creator: Naifan Hu
creator: Yurun Du
creator: Xiaoxue He
creator: Degong Pan
creator: Lining Pu
creator: Xue Zhang
creator: Jiangping Li
subject: Epidemiology
subject: Geriatrics
subject: Psychiatry and Psychology
subject: Public Health
subject: Mental Health
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13938
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Wang et al.
abstract: Background The mental well-being of older people has become social concern under aging times in China. Social capital has been linked to mental well-being. Our aims were to explore how social capital and the state of mental well-being of older people were changing and what the relationship between them was. Methods Data were from six waves of the China Family Panel Studies that were conducted between 2010 and 2020, and a total of 1,055 participants aged 60 and over were included in the analysis. The Generalized Estimated Equation model (GEE) was used to clarify the long-term relationship, and to use GEE we first defined how time points were related, in other words, an appropriate working correlation structure was supposed to choose. Therefore, correlation coefficient between measurements at two time points was calculated to choose the exchange structure. All the analyses were performed in the statistical software Stata 15.0. Results The mental well-being of older people has deteriorated over time, especially we found that between 2014 and 2016, the mental well-being of older people plummeted. In addition, cognitive social capital was positively correlated with mental well-being, while structural social capital was inverse. Conclusions Policymakers are supposed to take into account the long-term impact of cognitive and structural social capital on the mental well-being of older people and to provide them with projects aimed at increasing cognitive social capital and turning the pressure of structural social capital into a source of happiness in life.
bibliographic citation: Wang et al. (2022) Association between changes in social capital and mental well-being among older people in China. PeerJ 10:e13938 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13938
date submitted: 2022-06-02
date accepted: 2022-08-02
issued: 2022-08-25
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Huihui
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhang
  given name: Jingni
author list: Agent
  family name: Yu
  given name: Zhenfan
author list: Agent
  family name: Hu
  given name: Naifan
author list: Agent
  family name: Du
  given name: Yurun
author list: Agent
  family name: He
  given name: Xiaoxue
author list: Agent
  family name: Pan
  given name: Degong
author list: Agent
  family name: Pu
  given name: Lining
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhang
  given name: Xue
author list: Agent
  family name: Li
  given name: Jiangping
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13938
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-25
copyright: ©2022 Wang et al.
attribution name: Wang et al.

Mental arithmetic modulates temporal variabilities of finger-tapping tasks in a tempo-dependent manner
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Several psychiatric diseases impair temporal processing. Temporal processing is thought to be based on two domains: supra-second intervals and sub-second intervals. Studies show that temporal processing in sub-second intervals is mainly an automated process. However, the brain functions involved in temporal processing at each time scale remain unclear. We hypothesized that temporal processing in supra-second intervals requires several brain areas, such as the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and inferior parietal lobe, corresponding to various cognitions in a time scale-dependent manner. We focused on a dual-task paradigm (DTP) involving simultaneous performance of cognitive and motor tasks, which is an effective method for screening psychomotor functions; we then designed a DTP comprising finger tapping at various tempi as the temporal processing task and two cognitive tasks (mental arithmetic and reading) that might affect temporal processing. We hoped to determine whether task-dependent interferences on temporal processing in supra-second intervals differed depending on the cognitive tasks involved. Methods The study included 30 participants with no history of neuromuscular disorders. Participants were asked to perform a DTP involving right index finger tapping at varying tempi (0.33, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 s inter-tapping intervals). Cognitive tasks comprised mental arithmetic (MA) involving three-digit addition, mental reading (MR) of three- to four-digit numbers, and a control (CTL) task without any cognitive loading. For comparison between tasks, we calculated the SDs of the inter-tapping intervals. Participants’ MA abilities in the three-digit addition task were evaluated. Results The MA and MR tasks significantly increased the SDs of the inter-tapping intervals compared to those of the CTL task in 2–3 s and 3–4 s for the MA and MR tasks, respectively. Furthermore, SD peaks in the finger-tapping tasks involving MA were nor…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Shun Irie
creator: Yoshiteru Watanabe
creator: Atsumichi Tachibana
creator: Nobuhiro Sakata
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Cognitive Disorders
subject: Neurology
subject: Psychiatry and Psychology
subject: Rehabilitation
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13944
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Irie et al.
abstract: Background Several psychiatric diseases impair temporal processing. Temporal processing is thought to be based on two domains: supra-second intervals and sub-second intervals. Studies show that temporal processing in sub-second intervals is mainly an automated process. However, the brain functions involved in temporal processing at each time scale remain unclear. We hypothesized that temporal processing in supra-second intervals requires several brain areas, such as the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and inferior parietal lobe, corresponding to various cognitions in a time scale-dependent manner. We focused on a dual-task paradigm (DTP) involving simultaneous performance of cognitive and motor tasks, which is an effective method for screening psychomotor functions; we then designed a DTP comprising finger tapping at various tempi as the temporal processing task and two cognitive tasks (mental arithmetic and reading) that might affect temporal processing. We hoped to determine whether task-dependent interferences on temporal processing in supra-second intervals differed depending on the cognitive tasks involved. Methods The study included 30 participants with no history of neuromuscular disorders. Participants were asked to perform a DTP involving right index finger tapping at varying tempi (0.33, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 s inter-tapping intervals). Cognitive tasks comprised mental arithmetic (MA) involving three-digit addition, mental reading (MR) of three- to four-digit numbers, and a control (CTL) task without any cognitive loading. For comparison between tasks, we calculated the SDs of the inter-tapping intervals. Participants’ MA abilities in the three-digit addition task were evaluated. Results The MA and MR tasks significantly increased the SDs of the inter-tapping intervals compared to those of the CTL task in 2–3 s and 3–4 s for the MA and MR tasks, respectively. Furthermore, SD peaks in the finger-tapping tasks involving MA were nor…
bibliographic citation: Irie et al. (2022) Mental arithmetic modulates temporal variabilities of finger-tapping tasks in a tempo-dependent manner. PeerJ 10:e13944 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13944
date submitted: 2021-12-21
date accepted: 2022-08-03
issued: 2022-08-25
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Irie
  given name: Shun
author list: Agent
  family name: Watanabe
  given name: Yoshiteru
author list: Agent
  family name: Tachibana
  given name: Atsumichi
author list: Agent
  family name: Sakata
  given name: Nobuhiro
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13944
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-25
copyright: ©2022 Irie et al.
attribution name: Irie et al.

Genome resequencing clarifies phylogeny and reveals patterns of selection in the toxicogenomics model Pimephales promelas
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background The fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) is a model species for toxicological research. A high-quality genome reference sequence is available, and genomic methods are increasingly used in toxicological studies of the species. However, phylogenetic relationships within the genus remain incompletely known and little population-genomic data are available for fathead minnow despite the potential effects of genetic background on toxicological responses. On the other hand, a wealth of extant samples is stored in museum collections that in principle allow fine-scale analysis of contemporary and historical genetic variation. Methods Here we use short-read shotgun resequencing to investigate sequence variation among and within Pimephales species. At the genus level, our objectives were to resolve phylogenetic relationships and identify genes with signatures of positive diversifying selection. At the species level, our objective was to evaluate the utility of archived-sample resequencing for detecting selective sweeps within fathead minnow, applied to a population introduced to the San Juan River of the southwestern United States sometime prior to 1950. Results We recovered well-supported but discordant phylogenetic topologies for nuclear and mitochondrial sequences that we hypothesize arose from mitochondrial transfer among species. The nuclear tree supported bluntnose minnow (P. notatus) as sister to fathead minnow, with the slim minnow (P. tenellus) and bullhead minnow (P. vigilax) more closely related to each other. Using multiple methods, we identified 11 genes that have diversified under positive selection within the genus. Within the San Juan River population, we identified selective-sweep regions overlapping several sets of related genes, including both genes that encode the giant sarcomere protein titin and the two genes encoding the MTORC1 complex, a key metabolic regulator. We also observed elevated polymorphism and reduced differentation among populatio…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Katy E. Klymus
creator: Robert A. Hrabik
creator: Nathan L. Thompson
creator: Robert S. Cornman
subject: Aquaculture, Fisheries and Fish Science
subject: Evolutionary Studies
subject: Genomics
subject: Molecular Biology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13954
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Klymus et al.
abstract: Background The fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) is a model species for toxicological research. A high-quality genome reference sequence is available, and genomic methods are increasingly used in toxicological studies of the species. However, phylogenetic relationships within the genus remain incompletely known and little population-genomic data are available for fathead minnow despite the potential effects of genetic background on toxicological responses. On the other hand, a wealth of extant samples is stored in museum collections that in principle allow fine-scale analysis of contemporary and historical genetic variation. Methods Here we use short-read shotgun resequencing to investigate sequence variation among and within Pimephales species. At the genus level, our objectives were to resolve phylogenetic relationships and identify genes with signatures of positive diversifying selection. At the species level, our objective was to evaluate the utility of archived-sample resequencing for detecting selective sweeps within fathead minnow, applied to a population introduced to the San Juan River of the southwestern United States sometime prior to 1950. Results We recovered well-supported but discordant phylogenetic topologies for nuclear and mitochondrial sequences that we hypothesize arose from mitochondrial transfer among species. The nuclear tree supported bluntnose minnow (P. notatus) as sister to fathead minnow, with the slim minnow (P. tenellus) and bullhead minnow (P. vigilax) more closely related to each other. Using multiple methods, we identified 11 genes that have diversified under positive selection within the genus. Within the San Juan River population, we identified selective-sweep regions overlapping several sets of related genes, including both genes that encode the giant sarcomere protein titin and the two genes encoding the MTORC1 complex, a key metabolic regulator. We also observed elevated polymorphism and reduced differentation among populatio…
bibliographic citation: Klymus et al. (2022) Genome resequencing clarifies phylogeny and reveals patterns of selection in the toxicogenomics model Pimephales promelas. PeerJ 10:e13954 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13954
date submitted: 2022-04-04
date accepted: 2022-08-05
issued: 2022-08-25
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Klymus
  given name: Katy E.
author list: Agent
  family name: Hrabik
  given name: Robert A.
author list: Agent
  family name: Thompson
  given name: Nathan L.
author list: Agent
  family name: Cornman
  given name: Robert S.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13954
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-25
copyright: ©2022 Klymus et al.
attribution name: Klymus et al.

Heterochronies and allometries in the evolution of the hominid cranium: a morphometric approach using classical anthropometric variables
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: This article studies the evolutionary change of allometries in the relative size of the two main cranial modules (neurocranium and splanchnocranium) in the five living hominid species and a diverse sample of extinct hominins. We use six standard craniometric variables as proxies for the length, width and height of each cranial module. Factor analysis and two-block partial least squares (2B-PLS) show that the great apes and modern humans share a pervasive negative ontogenetic allometry in the neurocranium and a positive one in the splanchnocranium. This developmental constraint makes it possible to interpret the cranial heterochronies in terms of ontogenetic scaling processes (i.e., extensions or truncations of the ancestral ontogenetic trajectory) and lateral transpositions (i.e., parallel translations of the entire trajectory starting from a different shape for a given cranial size). We hypothesize that ontogenetic scaling is the main evolutionary modality in the australopithecines while in the species of Homo it is also necessary to apply transpositions. Both types of processes are coordinated in Homo, which result in an evolutionary trend toward an increase in brain size and in the degree of paedomorphosis from the earliest habilines.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Juan Antonio Pérez-Claros
creator: Paul Palmqvist
subject: Evolutionary Studies
subject: Paleontology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13991
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Pérez-Claros and Palmqvist
abstract: This article studies the evolutionary change of allometries in the relative size of the two main cranial modules (neurocranium and splanchnocranium) in the five living hominid species and a diverse sample of extinct hominins. We use six standard craniometric variables as proxies for the length, width and height of each cranial module. Factor analysis and two-block partial least squares (2B-PLS) show that the great apes and modern humans share a pervasive negative ontogenetic allometry in the neurocranium and a positive one in the splanchnocranium. This developmental constraint makes it possible to interpret the cranial heterochronies in terms of ontogenetic scaling processes (i.e., extensions or truncations of the ancestral ontogenetic trajectory) and lateral transpositions (i.e., parallel translations of the entire trajectory starting from a different shape for a given cranial size). We hypothesize that ontogenetic scaling is the main evolutionary modality in the australopithecines while in the species of Homo it is also necessary to apply transpositions. Both types of processes are coordinated in Homo, which result in an evolutionary trend toward an increase in brain size and in the degree of paedomorphosis from the earliest habilines.
bibliographic citation: Pérez-Claros et al. (2022) Heterochronies and allometries in the evolution of the hominid cranium: a morphometric approach using classical anthropometric variables. PeerJ 10:e13991 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13991
date submitted: 2021-12-16
date accepted: 2022-08-11
issued: 2022-08-25
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Pérez-Claros
  given name: Juan Antonio
author list: Agent
  family name: Palmqvist
  given name: Paul
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13991
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-25
copyright: © 2022 Pérez-Claros and Palmqvist
attribution name: Pérez-Claros and Palmqvist

Energy demands in high-intensity intermittent taekwondo specific exercises
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Taekwondo is an intermittent Olympic combat sport, which shows an aerobic predominance in matches and high participation of alactic metabolism for actions that determine competitive success. However, there is no information on energetic contribution systems in different high-intensity intermittent exercises for metabolic conditioning with specific movements. The study aimed to measure the physiological demands, mainly the energy expenditure, in taekwondo-specific high-intensity intermittent exercises (HIIE). Methods This study recruited ten male black belt athletes with a mean age of 20.2 ± 4 years, body mass of 62.8 ± 10.5 kg and height of 170.6 ± 7.8 cm, and total practice time of 11.8 ± 5.4 years. Subjects performed an incremental specific test and three different HIIE protocols on nonconsecutive days, and all comprised three 2-min rounds and 1 min of recovery between rounds. Heart rate, oxygen consumption, and blood lactate were measured. Energetic expenditure of aerobic, alactic, and lactic metabolisms was estimated through oxygen consumption, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, and peak blood lactate after each round. Results For the mean of the three rounds, the TKDtest100 resulted in higher absolute and relative contribution from the aerobic metabolism (52.4 ± 4%; p = 0.01) and lower than the 35:5 relative alactic contribution (48.7 ± 5.4%; p = 0.03). Conclusion The mean of the three rounds for 35:5 and 15:10:5 presented similar absolute and relative contributions of aerobic and alactic metabolisms, whereas the TKDtest100 was a predominantly aerobic activity. We emphasize that aerobic metabolism was predominant from the second round in the 15:10:5 and 100%TKDtest protocols and in the last round of the 35:5 protocol.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Charles Bartel
creator: Victor S. Coswig
creator: Gabriel V. Protzen
creator: Fabricio B. Del Vecchio
subject: Anatomy and Physiology
subject: Kinesiology
subject: Metabolic Sciences
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13654
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Bartel et al.
abstract: Background Taekwondo is an intermittent Olympic combat sport, which shows an aerobic predominance in matches and high participation of alactic metabolism for actions that determine competitive success. However, there is no information on energetic contribution systems in different high-intensity intermittent exercises for metabolic conditioning with specific movements. The study aimed to measure the physiological demands, mainly the energy expenditure, in taekwondo-specific high-intensity intermittent exercises (HIIE). Methods This study recruited ten male black belt athletes with a mean age of 20.2 ± 4 years, body mass of 62.8 ± 10.5 kg and height of 170.6 ± 7.8 cm, and total practice time of 11.8 ± 5.4 years. Subjects performed an incremental specific test and three different HIIE protocols on nonconsecutive days, and all comprised three 2-min rounds and 1 min of recovery between rounds. Heart rate, oxygen consumption, and blood lactate were measured. Energetic expenditure of aerobic, alactic, and lactic metabolisms was estimated through oxygen consumption, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, and peak blood lactate after each round. Results For the mean of the three rounds, the TKDtest100 resulted in higher absolute and relative contribution from the aerobic metabolism (52.4 ± 4%; p = 0.01) and lower than the 35:5 relative alactic contribution (48.7 ± 5.4%; p = 0.03). Conclusion The mean of the three rounds for 35:5 and 15:10:5 presented similar absolute and relative contributions of aerobic and alactic metabolisms, whereas the TKDtest100 was a predominantly aerobic activity. We emphasize that aerobic metabolism was predominant from the second round in the 15:10:5 and 100%TKDtest protocols and in the last round of the 35:5 protocol.
bibliographic citation: Bartel et al. (2022) Energy demands in high-intensity intermittent taekwondo specific exercises. PeerJ 10:e13654 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13654
date submitted: 2021-12-06
date accepted: 2022-06-09
issued: 2022-08-24
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Bartel
  given name: Charles
author list: Agent
  family name: Coswig
  given name: Victor S.
author list: Agent
  family name: Protzen
  given name: Gabriel V.
author list: Agent
  family name: Del Vecchio
  given name: Fabricio B.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13654
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-24
copyright: © 2022 Bartel et al.
attribution name: Bartel et al.

Changes and response mechanism of sugar and organic acids in fruits under water deficit stress
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: The content and the ratio of soluble sugars and organic acids in fruits are significant indicators for fruit quality. They are affected by multiple environmental factors, in which water-deficient is the most concern. Previous studies found that the content of soluble sugars and organic acids in fruit displayed great differences under varied water stress. It is important to clarify the mechanism of such difference and to provide researchers with systematic knowledge about the response to drought stress and the mechanism of sugar and acid changes in fruits, so that they can better carry out the study of fruit quality under drought stress. Therefore, the researchers studied dozens of research articles about the content of soluble sugar and organic acid, the activity of related metabolic enzymes, and the expression of related metabolic genes in fruits under water stress, and the stress response of plants to water stress. We found that after plants perceived and transmitted the signal of water deficit, the expression of genes related to the metabolism of soluble sugars and organic acids changed. It was then affected the synthesis of metabolic enzymes and changed their metabolic rate, ultimately leading to changes in soluble sugar and organic acid content. Based on the literature review, we described the pathway diagrams of sugar metabolism, organic acid metabolism, mainly malic acid, tartaric acid, and citric acid metabolism, and of the response to drought stress. From many aspects including plants’ perception of water stress signal, signal conversion and transmission, induced gene expression, the changes in soluble sugar and the enzyme activities of organic acids, as well as the final sugar and acid content in fruits, this thesis summarized previous studies on the influence of water stress on soluble sugars and the metabolism of organic acids in fruits.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Wei-Feng Ma
creator: Yan-Biao Li
creator: Guo-Jie Nai
creator: Guo-Ping Liang
creator: Zong-Huan Ma
creator: Bai-Hong Chen
creator: Juan Mao
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Plant Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13691
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Ma et al.
abstract: The content and the ratio of soluble sugars and organic acids in fruits are significant indicators for fruit quality. They are affected by multiple environmental factors, in which water-deficient is the most concern. Previous studies found that the content of soluble sugars and organic acids in fruit displayed great differences under varied water stress. It is important to clarify the mechanism of such difference and to provide researchers with systematic knowledge about the response to drought stress and the mechanism of sugar and acid changes in fruits, so that they can better carry out the study of fruit quality under drought stress. Therefore, the researchers studied dozens of research articles about the content of soluble sugar and organic acid, the activity of related metabolic enzymes, and the expression of related metabolic genes in fruits under water stress, and the stress response of plants to water stress. We found that after plants perceived and transmitted the signal of water deficit, the expression of genes related to the metabolism of soluble sugars and organic acids changed. It was then affected the synthesis of metabolic enzymes and changed their metabolic rate, ultimately leading to changes in soluble sugar and organic acid content. Based on the literature review, we described the pathway diagrams of sugar metabolism, organic acid metabolism, mainly malic acid, tartaric acid, and citric acid metabolism, and of the response to drought stress. From many aspects including plants’ perception of water stress signal, signal conversion and transmission, induced gene expression, the changes in soluble sugar and the enzyme activities of organic acids, as well as the final sugar and acid content in fruits, this thesis summarized previous studies on the influence of water stress on soluble sugars and the metabolism of organic acids in fruits.
bibliographic citation: Ma et al. (2022) Changes and response mechanism of sugar and organic acids in fruits under water deficit stress. PeerJ 10:e13691 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13691
date submitted: 2021-07-12
date accepted: 2022-06-16
issued: 2022-08-24
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Ma
  given name: Wei-Feng
author list: Agent
  family name: Li
  given name: Yan-Biao
author list: Agent
  family name: Nai
  given name: Guo-Jie
author list: Agent
  family name: Liang
  given name: Guo-Ping
author list: Agent
  family name: Ma
  given name: Zong-Huan
author list: Agent
  family name: Chen
  given name: Bai-Hong
author list: Agent
  family name: Mao
  given name: Juan
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13691
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-24
copyright: © 2022 Ma et al.
attribution name: Ma et al.

PeerJ
type: Periodical
uri: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359