PeerJ
type: channel
link: https://peerj.com/articles/
description: Articles published in PeerJ
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
publication name: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359
items: Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic genus Atherospio and description of Atherospio aestuarii sp. nov. (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan
items: Association between changes in social capital and mental well-being among older people in China
items: Mental arithmetic modulates temporal variabilities of finger-tapping tasks in a tempo-dependent manner
items: Genome resequencing clarifies phylogeny and reveals patterns of selection in the toxicogenomics model Pimephales promelas
items: Heterochronies and allometries in the evolution of the hominid cranium: a morphometric approach using classical anthropometric variables
items: Energy demands in high-intensity intermittent taekwondo specific exercises
items: Changes and response mechanism of sugar and organic acids in fruits under water deficit stress
items: Identifying sources of variation in parasite aggregation
items: Deteriorated sleep quality and influencing factors among undergraduates in northern Guizhou, China
items: Co-expression network analysis of genes and networks associated with wheat pistillody

Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic genus Atherospio and description of Atherospio aestuarii sp. nov. (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background There are currently two species within the small enigmatic genus Atherospio Mackie & Duff, 1986, which belongs to the Pygospiopsis-Atherospio group in the family Spionidae Grube, 1850. The taxonomic relationship of the genus Atherospio with other spionid or spioniform genera is currently not well understood due to its unusual morphological characteristics. Methods Here, we describe a new Atherospio species, Atherospio aestuarii sp. nov., based on materials collected from three localities in Japan: Hirota Bay (Iwate Prefecture), Ago Bay (Mie Prefecture), and Yakushima Island (Kagoshima Prefecture). We have also evaluated the possible systematic position of this new species by conducting molecular phylogenetic analyses using the nuclear 18S, 28S, and mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequences. Results The morphology of A. aestuarii sp. nov. resembles that of A. disticha Mackie & Duff, 1986 and A. guillei (Laubier & Ramos, 1974) in having branchiae fused to the notopodial lamellae on a restricted number of segments from chaetiger 7, modified neurochaetae on chaetiger 5, and at least some bidentate neuropodial hooks with the secondary tooth below the main fang. The form and arrangement of the modified aristate neurochaetae in double vertical rows closely resemble those found on chaetigers 4 and 5 of A. disticha. The new species lacks the occipital antenna present in A. disticha. In this respect it resembles A. guillei, however, that species differs in having robust neuropodial spines on chaetiger 5 and peristomial papillae, and a preponderance of unidentate neurochaetae. Both A. guillei and the new species have slender needle-like notochaetae in their posteriormost chaetigers. Atherospio aestuarii sp. nov. is distinguished from both congeneric species by its branchial and neuropodial hook distributions. The new species is also unique in that it was recorded at relatively shallow depths, which included intertidal zones. The results of our molecular phylogenetic ana…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Hirokazu Abe
creator: Kotaro Kan
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Taxonomy
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13909
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Abe and Kan
abstract: Background There are currently two species within the small enigmatic genus Atherospio Mackie & Duff, 1986, which belongs to the Pygospiopsis-Atherospio group in the family Spionidae Grube, 1850. The taxonomic relationship of the genus Atherospio with other spionid or spioniform genera is currently not well understood due to its unusual morphological characteristics. Methods Here, we describe a new Atherospio species, Atherospio aestuarii sp. nov., based on materials collected from three localities in Japan: Hirota Bay (Iwate Prefecture), Ago Bay (Mie Prefecture), and Yakushima Island (Kagoshima Prefecture). We have also evaluated the possible systematic position of this new species by conducting molecular phylogenetic analyses using the nuclear 18S, 28S, and mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequences. Results The morphology of A. aestuarii sp. nov. resembles that of A. disticha Mackie & Duff, 1986 and A. guillei (Laubier & Ramos, 1974) in having branchiae fused to the notopodial lamellae on a restricted number of segments from chaetiger 7, modified neurochaetae on chaetiger 5, and at least some bidentate neuropodial hooks with the secondary tooth below the main fang. The form and arrangement of the modified aristate neurochaetae in double vertical rows closely resemble those found on chaetigers 4 and 5 of A. disticha. The new species lacks the occipital antenna present in A. disticha. In this respect it resembles A. guillei, however, that species differs in having robust neuropodial spines on chaetiger 5 and peristomial papillae, and a preponderance of unidentate neurochaetae. Both A. guillei and the new species have slender needle-like notochaetae in their posteriormost chaetigers. Atherospio aestuarii sp. nov. is distinguished from both congeneric species by its branchial and neuropodial hook distributions. The new species is also unique in that it was recorded at relatively shallow depths, which included intertidal zones. The results of our molecular phylogenetic ana…
bibliographic citation: Abe et al. (2022) Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic genus Atherospio and description of Atherospio aestuarii sp. nov. (Annelida: Spionidae) from Japan. PeerJ 10:e13909 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13909
date submitted: 2022-03-02
date accepted: 2022-07-27
issued: 2022-08-25
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Abe
  given name: Hirokazu
author list: Agent
  family name: Kan
  given name: Kotaro
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13909
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-25
copyright: © 2022 Abe and Kan
attribution name: Abe and Kan

Association between changes in social capital and mental well-being among older people in China
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background The mental well-being of older people has become social concern under aging times in China. Social capital has been linked to mental well-being. Our aims were to explore how social capital and the state of mental well-being of older people were changing and what the relationship between them was. Methods Data were from six waves of the China Family Panel Studies that were conducted between 2010 and 2020, and a total of 1,055 participants aged 60 and over were included in the analysis. The Generalized Estimated Equation model (GEE) was used to clarify the long-term relationship, and to use GEE we first defined how time points were related, in other words, an appropriate working correlation structure was supposed to choose. Therefore, correlation coefficient between measurements at two time points was calculated to choose the exchange structure. All the analyses were performed in the statistical software Stata 15.0. Results The mental well-being of older people has deteriorated over time, especially we found that between 2014 and 2016, the mental well-being of older people plummeted. In addition, cognitive social capital was positively correlated with mental well-being, while structural social capital was inverse. Conclusions Policymakers are supposed to take into account the long-term impact of cognitive and structural social capital on the mental well-being of older people and to provide them with projects aimed at increasing cognitive social capital and turning the pressure of structural social capital into a source of happiness in life.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Huihui Wang
creator: Jingni Zhang
creator: Zhenfan Yu
creator: Naifan Hu
creator: Yurun Du
creator: Xiaoxue He
creator: Degong Pan
creator: Lining Pu
creator: Xue Zhang
creator: Jiangping Li
subject: Epidemiology
subject: Geriatrics
subject: Psychiatry and Psychology
subject: Public Health
subject: Mental Health
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13938
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Wang et al.
abstract: Background The mental well-being of older people has become social concern under aging times in China. Social capital has been linked to mental well-being. Our aims were to explore how social capital and the state of mental well-being of older people were changing and what the relationship between them was. Methods Data were from six waves of the China Family Panel Studies that were conducted between 2010 and 2020, and a total of 1,055 participants aged 60 and over were included in the analysis. The Generalized Estimated Equation model (GEE) was used to clarify the long-term relationship, and to use GEE we first defined how time points were related, in other words, an appropriate working correlation structure was supposed to choose. Therefore, correlation coefficient between measurements at two time points was calculated to choose the exchange structure. All the analyses were performed in the statistical software Stata 15.0. Results The mental well-being of older people has deteriorated over time, especially we found that between 2014 and 2016, the mental well-being of older people plummeted. In addition, cognitive social capital was positively correlated with mental well-being, while structural social capital was inverse. Conclusions Policymakers are supposed to take into account the long-term impact of cognitive and structural social capital on the mental well-being of older people and to provide them with projects aimed at increasing cognitive social capital and turning the pressure of structural social capital into a source of happiness in life.
bibliographic citation: Wang et al. (2022) Association between changes in social capital and mental well-being among older people in China. PeerJ 10:e13938 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13938
date submitted: 2022-06-02
date accepted: 2022-08-02
issued: 2022-08-25
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Huihui
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhang
  given name: Jingni
author list: Agent
  family name: Yu
  given name: Zhenfan
author list: Agent
  family name: Hu
  given name: Naifan
author list: Agent
  family name: Du
  given name: Yurun
author list: Agent
  family name: He
  given name: Xiaoxue
author list: Agent
  family name: Pan
  given name: Degong
author list: Agent
  family name: Pu
  given name: Lining
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhang
  given name: Xue
author list: Agent
  family name: Li
  given name: Jiangping
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13938
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-25
copyright: ©2022 Wang et al.
attribution name: Wang et al.

Mental arithmetic modulates temporal variabilities of finger-tapping tasks in a tempo-dependent manner
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Several psychiatric diseases impair temporal processing. Temporal processing is thought to be based on two domains: supra-second intervals and sub-second intervals. Studies show that temporal processing in sub-second intervals is mainly an automated process. However, the brain functions involved in temporal processing at each time scale remain unclear. We hypothesized that temporal processing in supra-second intervals requires several brain areas, such as the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and inferior parietal lobe, corresponding to various cognitions in a time scale-dependent manner. We focused on a dual-task paradigm (DTP) involving simultaneous performance of cognitive and motor tasks, which is an effective method for screening psychomotor functions; we then designed a DTP comprising finger tapping at various tempi as the temporal processing task and two cognitive tasks (mental arithmetic and reading) that might affect temporal processing. We hoped to determine whether task-dependent interferences on temporal processing in supra-second intervals differed depending on the cognitive tasks involved. Methods The study included 30 participants with no history of neuromuscular disorders. Participants were asked to perform a DTP involving right index finger tapping at varying tempi (0.33, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 s inter-tapping intervals). Cognitive tasks comprised mental arithmetic (MA) involving three-digit addition, mental reading (MR) of three- to four-digit numbers, and a control (CTL) task without any cognitive loading. For comparison between tasks, we calculated the SDs of the inter-tapping intervals. Participants’ MA abilities in the three-digit addition task were evaluated. Results The MA and MR tasks significantly increased the SDs of the inter-tapping intervals compared to those of the CTL task in 2–3 s and 3–4 s for the MA and MR tasks, respectively. Furthermore, SD peaks in the finger-tapping tasks involving MA were nor…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Shun Irie
creator: Yoshiteru Watanabe
creator: Atsumichi Tachibana
creator: Nobuhiro Sakata
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Cognitive Disorders
subject: Neurology
subject: Psychiatry and Psychology
subject: Rehabilitation
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13944
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Irie et al.
abstract: Background Several psychiatric diseases impair temporal processing. Temporal processing is thought to be based on two domains: supra-second intervals and sub-second intervals. Studies show that temporal processing in sub-second intervals is mainly an automated process. However, the brain functions involved in temporal processing at each time scale remain unclear. We hypothesized that temporal processing in supra-second intervals requires several brain areas, such as the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and inferior parietal lobe, corresponding to various cognitions in a time scale-dependent manner. We focused on a dual-task paradigm (DTP) involving simultaneous performance of cognitive and motor tasks, which is an effective method for screening psychomotor functions; we then designed a DTP comprising finger tapping at various tempi as the temporal processing task and two cognitive tasks (mental arithmetic and reading) that might affect temporal processing. We hoped to determine whether task-dependent interferences on temporal processing in supra-second intervals differed depending on the cognitive tasks involved. Methods The study included 30 participants with no history of neuromuscular disorders. Participants were asked to perform a DTP involving right index finger tapping at varying tempi (0.33, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 s inter-tapping intervals). Cognitive tasks comprised mental arithmetic (MA) involving three-digit addition, mental reading (MR) of three- to four-digit numbers, and a control (CTL) task without any cognitive loading. For comparison between tasks, we calculated the SDs of the inter-tapping intervals. Participants’ MA abilities in the three-digit addition task were evaluated. Results The MA and MR tasks significantly increased the SDs of the inter-tapping intervals compared to those of the CTL task in 2–3 s and 3–4 s for the MA and MR tasks, respectively. Furthermore, SD peaks in the finger-tapping tasks involving MA were nor…
bibliographic citation: Irie et al. (2022) Mental arithmetic modulates temporal variabilities of finger-tapping tasks in a tempo-dependent manner. PeerJ 10:e13944 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13944
date submitted: 2021-12-21
date accepted: 2022-08-03
issued: 2022-08-25
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Irie
  given name: Shun
author list: Agent
  family name: Watanabe
  given name: Yoshiteru
author list: Agent
  family name: Tachibana
  given name: Atsumichi
author list: Agent
  family name: Sakata
  given name: Nobuhiro
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13944
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-25
copyright: ©2022 Irie et al.
attribution name: Irie et al.

Genome resequencing clarifies phylogeny and reveals patterns of selection in the toxicogenomics model Pimephales promelas
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background The fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) is a model species for toxicological research. A high-quality genome reference sequence is available, and genomic methods are increasingly used in toxicological studies of the species. However, phylogenetic relationships within the genus remain incompletely known and little population-genomic data are available for fathead minnow despite the potential effects of genetic background on toxicological responses. On the other hand, a wealth of extant samples is stored in museum collections that in principle allow fine-scale analysis of contemporary and historical genetic variation. Methods Here we use short-read shotgun resequencing to investigate sequence variation among and within Pimephales species. At the genus level, our objectives were to resolve phylogenetic relationships and identify genes with signatures of positive diversifying selection. At the species level, our objective was to evaluate the utility of archived-sample resequencing for detecting selective sweeps within fathead minnow, applied to a population introduced to the San Juan River of the southwestern United States sometime prior to 1950. Results We recovered well-supported but discordant phylogenetic topologies for nuclear and mitochondrial sequences that we hypothesize arose from mitochondrial transfer among species. The nuclear tree supported bluntnose minnow (P. notatus) as sister to fathead minnow, with the slim minnow (P. tenellus) and bullhead minnow (P. vigilax) more closely related to each other. Using multiple methods, we identified 11 genes that have diversified under positive selection within the genus. Within the San Juan River population, we identified selective-sweep regions overlapping several sets of related genes, including both genes that encode the giant sarcomere protein titin and the two genes encoding the MTORC1 complex, a key metabolic regulator. We also observed elevated polymorphism and reduced differentation among populatio…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Katy E. Klymus
creator: Robert A. Hrabik
creator: Nathan L. Thompson
creator: Robert S. Cornman
subject: Aquaculture, Fisheries and Fish Science
subject: Evolutionary Studies
subject: Genomics
subject: Molecular Biology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13954
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Klymus et al.
abstract: Background The fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) is a model species for toxicological research. A high-quality genome reference sequence is available, and genomic methods are increasingly used in toxicological studies of the species. However, phylogenetic relationships within the genus remain incompletely known and little population-genomic data are available for fathead minnow despite the potential effects of genetic background on toxicological responses. On the other hand, a wealth of extant samples is stored in museum collections that in principle allow fine-scale analysis of contemporary and historical genetic variation. Methods Here we use short-read shotgun resequencing to investigate sequence variation among and within Pimephales species. At the genus level, our objectives were to resolve phylogenetic relationships and identify genes with signatures of positive diversifying selection. At the species level, our objective was to evaluate the utility of archived-sample resequencing for detecting selective sweeps within fathead minnow, applied to a population introduced to the San Juan River of the southwestern United States sometime prior to 1950. Results We recovered well-supported but discordant phylogenetic topologies for nuclear and mitochondrial sequences that we hypothesize arose from mitochondrial transfer among species. The nuclear tree supported bluntnose minnow (P. notatus) as sister to fathead minnow, with the slim minnow (P. tenellus) and bullhead minnow (P. vigilax) more closely related to each other. Using multiple methods, we identified 11 genes that have diversified under positive selection within the genus. Within the San Juan River population, we identified selective-sweep regions overlapping several sets of related genes, including both genes that encode the giant sarcomere protein titin and the two genes encoding the MTORC1 complex, a key metabolic regulator. We also observed elevated polymorphism and reduced differentation among populatio…
bibliographic citation: Klymus et al. (2022) Genome resequencing clarifies phylogeny and reveals patterns of selection in the toxicogenomics model Pimephales promelas. PeerJ 10:e13954 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13954
date submitted: 2022-04-04
date accepted: 2022-08-05
issued: 2022-08-25
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Klymus
  given name: Katy E.
author list: Agent
  family name: Hrabik
  given name: Robert A.
author list: Agent
  family name: Thompson
  given name: Nathan L.
author list: Agent
  family name: Cornman
  given name: Robert S.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13954
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-25
copyright: ©2022 Klymus et al.
attribution name: Klymus et al.

Heterochronies and allometries in the evolution of the hominid cranium: a morphometric approach using classical anthropometric variables
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: This article studies the evolutionary change of allometries in the relative size of the two main cranial modules (neurocranium and splanchnocranium) in the five living hominid species and a diverse sample of extinct hominins. We use six standard craniometric variables as proxies for the length, width and height of each cranial module. Factor analysis and two-block partial least squares (2B-PLS) show that the great apes and modern humans share a pervasive negative ontogenetic allometry in the neurocranium and a positive one in the splanchnocranium. This developmental constraint makes it possible to interpret the cranial heterochronies in terms of ontogenetic scaling processes (i.e., extensions or truncations of the ancestral ontogenetic trajectory) and lateral transpositions (i.e., parallel translations of the entire trajectory starting from a different shape for a given cranial size). We hypothesize that ontogenetic scaling is the main evolutionary modality in the australopithecines while in the species of Homo it is also necessary to apply transpositions. Both types of processes are coordinated in Homo, which result in an evolutionary trend toward an increase in brain size and in the degree of paedomorphosis from the earliest habilines.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Juan Antonio Pérez-Claros
creator: Paul Palmqvist
subject: Evolutionary Studies
subject: Paleontology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13991
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Pérez-Claros and Palmqvist
abstract: This article studies the evolutionary change of allometries in the relative size of the two main cranial modules (neurocranium and splanchnocranium) in the five living hominid species and a diverse sample of extinct hominins. We use six standard craniometric variables as proxies for the length, width and height of each cranial module. Factor analysis and two-block partial least squares (2B-PLS) show that the great apes and modern humans share a pervasive negative ontogenetic allometry in the neurocranium and a positive one in the splanchnocranium. This developmental constraint makes it possible to interpret the cranial heterochronies in terms of ontogenetic scaling processes (i.e., extensions or truncations of the ancestral ontogenetic trajectory) and lateral transpositions (i.e., parallel translations of the entire trajectory starting from a different shape for a given cranial size). We hypothesize that ontogenetic scaling is the main evolutionary modality in the australopithecines while in the species of Homo it is also necessary to apply transpositions. Both types of processes are coordinated in Homo, which result in an evolutionary trend toward an increase in brain size and in the degree of paedomorphosis from the earliest habilines.
bibliographic citation: Pérez-Claros et al. (2022) Heterochronies and allometries in the evolution of the hominid cranium: a morphometric approach using classical anthropometric variables. PeerJ 10:e13991 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13991
date submitted: 2021-12-16
date accepted: 2022-08-11
issued: 2022-08-25
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Pérez-Claros
  given name: Juan Antonio
author list: Agent
  family name: Palmqvist
  given name: Paul
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13991
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-25
copyright: © 2022 Pérez-Claros and Palmqvist
attribution name: Pérez-Claros and Palmqvist

Energy demands in high-intensity intermittent taekwondo specific exercises
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Taekwondo is an intermittent Olympic combat sport, which shows an aerobic predominance in matches and high participation of alactic metabolism for actions that determine competitive success. However, there is no information on energetic contribution systems in different high-intensity intermittent exercises for metabolic conditioning with specific movements. The study aimed to measure the physiological demands, mainly the energy expenditure, in taekwondo-specific high-intensity intermittent exercises (HIIE). Methods This study recruited ten male black belt athletes with a mean age of 20.2 ± 4 years, body mass of 62.8 ± 10.5 kg and height of 170.6 ± 7.8 cm, and total practice time of 11.8 ± 5.4 years. Subjects performed an incremental specific test and three different HIIE protocols on nonconsecutive days, and all comprised three 2-min rounds and 1 min of recovery between rounds. Heart rate, oxygen consumption, and blood lactate were measured. Energetic expenditure of aerobic, alactic, and lactic metabolisms was estimated through oxygen consumption, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, and peak blood lactate after each round. Results For the mean of the three rounds, the TKDtest100 resulted in higher absolute and relative contribution from the aerobic metabolism (52.4 ± 4%; p = 0.01) and lower than the 35:5 relative alactic contribution (48.7 ± 5.4%; p = 0.03). Conclusion The mean of the three rounds for 35:5 and 15:10:5 presented similar absolute and relative contributions of aerobic and alactic metabolisms, whereas the TKDtest100 was a predominantly aerobic activity. We emphasize that aerobic metabolism was predominant from the second round in the 15:10:5 and 100%TKDtest protocols and in the last round of the 35:5 protocol.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Charles Bartel
creator: Victor S. Coswig
creator: Gabriel V. Protzen
creator: Fabricio B. Del Vecchio
subject: Anatomy and Physiology
subject: Kinesiology
subject: Metabolic Sciences
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13654
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Bartel et al.
abstract: Background Taekwondo is an intermittent Olympic combat sport, which shows an aerobic predominance in matches and high participation of alactic metabolism for actions that determine competitive success. However, there is no information on energetic contribution systems in different high-intensity intermittent exercises for metabolic conditioning with specific movements. The study aimed to measure the physiological demands, mainly the energy expenditure, in taekwondo-specific high-intensity intermittent exercises (HIIE). Methods This study recruited ten male black belt athletes with a mean age of 20.2 ± 4 years, body mass of 62.8 ± 10.5 kg and height of 170.6 ± 7.8 cm, and total practice time of 11.8 ± 5.4 years. Subjects performed an incremental specific test and three different HIIE protocols on nonconsecutive days, and all comprised three 2-min rounds and 1 min of recovery between rounds. Heart rate, oxygen consumption, and blood lactate were measured. Energetic expenditure of aerobic, alactic, and lactic metabolisms was estimated through oxygen consumption, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, and peak blood lactate after each round. Results For the mean of the three rounds, the TKDtest100 resulted in higher absolute and relative contribution from the aerobic metabolism (52.4 ± 4%; p = 0.01) and lower than the 35:5 relative alactic contribution (48.7 ± 5.4%; p = 0.03). Conclusion The mean of the three rounds for 35:5 and 15:10:5 presented similar absolute and relative contributions of aerobic and alactic metabolisms, whereas the TKDtest100 was a predominantly aerobic activity. We emphasize that aerobic metabolism was predominant from the second round in the 15:10:5 and 100%TKDtest protocols and in the last round of the 35:5 protocol.
bibliographic citation: Bartel et al. (2022) Energy demands in high-intensity intermittent taekwondo specific exercises. PeerJ 10:e13654 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13654
date submitted: 2021-12-06
date accepted: 2022-06-09
issued: 2022-08-24
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Bartel
  given name: Charles
author list: Agent
  family name: Coswig
  given name: Victor S.
author list: Agent
  family name: Protzen
  given name: Gabriel V.
author list: Agent
  family name: Del Vecchio
  given name: Fabricio B.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13654
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-24
copyright: © 2022 Bartel et al.
attribution name: Bartel et al.

Changes and response mechanism of sugar and organic acids in fruits under water deficit stress
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: The content and the ratio of soluble sugars and organic acids in fruits are significant indicators for fruit quality. They are affected by multiple environmental factors, in which water-deficient is the most concern. Previous studies found that the content of soluble sugars and organic acids in fruit displayed great differences under varied water stress. It is important to clarify the mechanism of such difference and to provide researchers with systematic knowledge about the response to drought stress and the mechanism of sugar and acid changes in fruits, so that they can better carry out the study of fruit quality under drought stress. Therefore, the researchers studied dozens of research articles about the content of soluble sugar and organic acid, the activity of related metabolic enzymes, and the expression of related metabolic genes in fruits under water stress, and the stress response of plants to water stress. We found that after plants perceived and transmitted the signal of water deficit, the expression of genes related to the metabolism of soluble sugars and organic acids changed. It was then affected the synthesis of metabolic enzymes and changed their metabolic rate, ultimately leading to changes in soluble sugar and organic acid content. Based on the literature review, we described the pathway diagrams of sugar metabolism, organic acid metabolism, mainly malic acid, tartaric acid, and citric acid metabolism, and of the response to drought stress. From many aspects including plants’ perception of water stress signal, signal conversion and transmission, induced gene expression, the changes in soluble sugar and the enzyme activities of organic acids, as well as the final sugar and acid content in fruits, this thesis summarized previous studies on the influence of water stress on soluble sugars and the metabolism of organic acids in fruits.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Wei-Feng Ma
creator: Yan-Biao Li
creator: Guo-Jie Nai
creator: Guo-Ping Liang
creator: Zong-Huan Ma
creator: Bai-Hong Chen
creator: Juan Mao
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Plant Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13691
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Ma et al.
abstract: The content and the ratio of soluble sugars and organic acids in fruits are significant indicators for fruit quality. They are affected by multiple environmental factors, in which water-deficient is the most concern. Previous studies found that the content of soluble sugars and organic acids in fruit displayed great differences under varied water stress. It is important to clarify the mechanism of such difference and to provide researchers with systematic knowledge about the response to drought stress and the mechanism of sugar and acid changes in fruits, so that they can better carry out the study of fruit quality under drought stress. Therefore, the researchers studied dozens of research articles about the content of soluble sugar and organic acid, the activity of related metabolic enzymes, and the expression of related metabolic genes in fruits under water stress, and the stress response of plants to water stress. We found that after plants perceived and transmitted the signal of water deficit, the expression of genes related to the metabolism of soluble sugars and organic acids changed. It was then affected the synthesis of metabolic enzymes and changed their metabolic rate, ultimately leading to changes in soluble sugar and organic acid content. Based on the literature review, we described the pathway diagrams of sugar metabolism, organic acid metabolism, mainly malic acid, tartaric acid, and citric acid metabolism, and of the response to drought stress. From many aspects including plants’ perception of water stress signal, signal conversion and transmission, induced gene expression, the changes in soluble sugar and the enzyme activities of organic acids, as well as the final sugar and acid content in fruits, this thesis summarized previous studies on the influence of water stress on soluble sugars and the metabolism of organic acids in fruits.
bibliographic citation: Ma et al. (2022) Changes and response mechanism of sugar and organic acids in fruits under water deficit stress. PeerJ 10:e13691 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13691
date submitted: 2021-07-12
date accepted: 2022-06-16
issued: 2022-08-24
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Ma
  given name: Wei-Feng
author list: Agent
  family name: Li
  given name: Yan-Biao
author list: Agent
  family name: Nai
  given name: Guo-Jie
author list: Agent
  family name: Liang
  given name: Guo-Ping
author list: Agent
  family name: Ma
  given name: Zong-Huan
author list: Agent
  family name: Chen
  given name: Bai-Hong
author list: Agent
  family name: Mao
  given name: Juan
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13691
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-24
copyright: © 2022 Ma et al.
attribution name: Ma et al.

Identifying sources of variation in parasite aggregation
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Aggregation of macroparasites among hosts is a near-universal pattern, and has important consequences for the stability of host-parasite associations and the impacts of disease. Identifying which potential drivers are contributing to levels of aggregation observed in parasite-host associations is challenging, particularly for observational studies. We apply beta regressions in a Bayesian framework to determine predictors of aggregation, quantified using Poulin’s index of discrepancy (D), for 13 species of parasites infecting Icelandic Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) collected over 12 years. 1,140 ptarmigan were collected using sampling protocols maximizing consistency of sample sizes and of composition of host ages and sexes represented across years from 2006–2017. Parasite species, taxonomic group (insect, mite, coccidian, or nematode), and whether the parasite was an ecto- or endoparasite were tested as predictors of aggregation, either alone or by modulating an effect of parasite mean abundance on D. Parasite species was an important predictor of aggregation in models. Despite variation in D across samples and years, relatively consistent aggregation was demonstrated for each specific host-parasite association, but not for broader taxonomic groups, after taking sample mean abundance into account. Furthermore, sample mean abundance was consistently and inversely related to aggregation among the nine ectoparasites, however no relationship between mean abundance and aggregation was observed among the four endoparasites. We discuss sources of variation in observed aggregation, sources both statistical and biological in nature, and show that aggregation is predictable, and distinguishable, among infecting species. We propose explanations for observed patterns and call for the review and re-analysis of parasite and other symbiont distributions using beta regression to identify important drivers of aggregation—both broad and association-specific.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: André Morrill
creator: Ólafur K. Nielsen
creator: Karl Skírnisson
creator: Mark R. Forbes
subject: Ecology
subject: Parasitology
subject: Veterinary Medicine
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13763
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Morrill et al.
abstract: Aggregation of macroparasites among hosts is a near-universal pattern, and has important consequences for the stability of host-parasite associations and the impacts of disease. Identifying which potential drivers are contributing to levels of aggregation observed in parasite-host associations is challenging, particularly for observational studies. We apply beta regressions in a Bayesian framework to determine predictors of aggregation, quantified using Poulin’s index of discrepancy (D), for 13 species of parasites infecting Icelandic Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) collected over 12 years. 1,140 ptarmigan were collected using sampling protocols maximizing consistency of sample sizes and of composition of host ages and sexes represented across years from 2006–2017. Parasite species, taxonomic group (insect, mite, coccidian, or nematode), and whether the parasite was an ecto- or endoparasite were tested as predictors of aggregation, either alone or by modulating an effect of parasite mean abundance on D. Parasite species was an important predictor of aggregation in models. Despite variation in D across samples and years, relatively consistent aggregation was demonstrated for each specific host-parasite association, but not for broader taxonomic groups, after taking sample mean abundance into account. Furthermore, sample mean abundance was consistently and inversely related to aggregation among the nine ectoparasites, however no relationship between mean abundance and aggregation was observed among the four endoparasites. We discuss sources of variation in observed aggregation, sources both statistical and biological in nature, and show that aggregation is predictable, and distinguishable, among infecting species. We propose explanations for observed patterns and call for the review and re-analysis of parasite and other symbiont distributions using beta regression to identify important drivers of aggregation—both broad and association-specific.
bibliographic citation: Morrill et al. (2022) Identifying sources of variation in parasite aggregation. PeerJ 10:e13763 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13763
date submitted: 2022-02-23
date accepted: 2022-06-30
issued: 2022-08-24
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Morrill
  given name: André
author list: Agent
  family name: Nielsen
  given name: Ólafur K.
author list: Agent
  family name: Skírnisson
  given name: Karl
author list: Agent
  family name: Forbes
  given name: Mark R.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13763
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-24
copyright: ©2022 Morrill et al.
attribution name: Morrill et al.

Deteriorated sleep quality and influencing factors among undergraduates in northern Guizhou, China
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background The sleep quality of undergraduates is considerably worse than that in general population, a cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate sleep quality and identify related factors. Methods All participants from the freshmen to senior were recruited by the stratified cluster sampling from December 1, 2018 to January 12, 2019. The questionnaire used in this research was primarily composed of three sections: demographic characteristics, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire and influencing factors of sleep quality. The data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0. Results A total of 1,063 valid questionnaires were collected. Among them, 53.7% subjects suffered poor sleep quality. PSQI general score was 5.94 ± 2.73. There were significantly differences in sleep quality in sex, majors and grades. The survey reported that women suffered worse sleep quality than that of men, and medical students suffered worse sleep quality than non-medical students. Meanwhile, it also found that freshmen had better sleep quality than that of sophomores and juniors, sophomores suffered worst sleep quality. The logistic regression analysis showed that bad physical condition (OR (Odds ratio): 2.971 (2.034∼4.339)) and smoking (OR: 1.754 (1.258∼2.446)) were associated with poor sleep quality in males. However, more factors associated with poor sleep quality among females were found, including noisy dormitory environment (OR: 2.025 (1.354-3.030)), skipping breakfast more times per week (OR: 1.332 (1.031∼1.721)), drinking coffee before sleep (OR: 2.111 (1.155∼3.861)), playing with mobile phones for more than 45 minutes before sleep (OR: 1.745 (1.210∼2.515)), more time spent playing games per day (OR: 1.347 (1.048∼1.730)), bad physical condition (OR: 2.507 (1.797-3.497)), and severe academic stress (OR: 1.561 (1.126-2.166)). Conclusion About half of college students experienced poor sleep, and poor sleep quality was prevalent in women, medical students, and sophomores. Moreover…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Yanna Zhou
creator: Shixing Bo
creator: Sujian Ruan
creator: Qingxue Dai
creator: Yingkuan Tian
creator: Xiuquan Shi
subject: Epidemiology
subject: Global Health
subject: Psychiatry and Psychology
subject: Public Health
subject: Mental Health
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13833
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Zhou et al.
abstract: Background The sleep quality of undergraduates is considerably worse than that in general population, a cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate sleep quality and identify related factors. Methods All participants from the freshmen to senior were recruited by the stratified cluster sampling from December 1, 2018 to January 12, 2019. The questionnaire used in this research was primarily composed of three sections: demographic characteristics, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire and influencing factors of sleep quality. The data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0. Results A total of 1,063 valid questionnaires were collected. Among them, 53.7% subjects suffered poor sleep quality. PSQI general score was 5.94 ± 2.73. There were significantly differences in sleep quality in sex, majors and grades. The survey reported that women suffered worse sleep quality than that of men, and medical students suffered worse sleep quality than non-medical students. Meanwhile, it also found that freshmen had better sleep quality than that of sophomores and juniors, sophomores suffered worst sleep quality. The logistic regression analysis showed that bad physical condition (OR (Odds ratio): 2.971 (2.034∼4.339)) and smoking (OR: 1.754 (1.258∼2.446)) were associated with poor sleep quality in males. However, more factors associated with poor sleep quality among females were found, including noisy dormitory environment (OR: 2.025 (1.354-3.030)), skipping breakfast more times per week (OR: 1.332 (1.031∼1.721)), drinking coffee before sleep (OR: 2.111 (1.155∼3.861)), playing with mobile phones for more than 45 minutes before sleep (OR: 1.745 (1.210∼2.515)), more time spent playing games per day (OR: 1.347 (1.048∼1.730)), bad physical condition (OR: 2.507 (1.797-3.497)), and severe academic stress (OR: 1.561 (1.126-2.166)). Conclusion About half of college students experienced poor sleep, and poor sleep quality was prevalent in women, medical students, and sophomores. Moreover…
bibliographic citation: Zhou et al. (2022) Deteriorated sleep quality and influencing factors among undergraduates in northern Guizhou, China. PeerJ 10:e13833 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13833
date submitted: 2022-03-15
date accepted: 2022-07-12
issued: 2022-08-24
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhou
  given name: Yanna
author list: Agent
  family name: Bo
  given name: Shixing
author list: Agent
  family name: Ruan
  given name: Sujian
author list: Agent
  family name: Dai
  given name: Qingxue
author list: Agent
  family name: Tian
  given name: Yingkuan
author list: Agent
  family name: Shi
  given name: Xiuquan
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13833
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-24
copyright: ©2022 Zhou et al.
attribution name: Zhou et al.

Co-expression network analysis of genes and networks associated with wheat pistillody
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Crop male sterility has great value in theoretical research and breeding application. HTS-1, whose stamens transformed into pistils or pistil-like structures, is an important male sterility material selecting from Chinese Spring three-pistil (CSTP) wheat. However the molecular mechanism of pistillody development in HTS-1 remains a mystery. RNA-seq data of 11 wheat tissues were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), including the stamens of CSTP and the pistils and pistillodic stamen of HTS-1. The Salmon program was utilized to quantify the gene expression levels of the 11 wheat tissues; and gene quantification results were normalized by transcripts per million (TPM). In total, 58,576 genes were used to construct block-wise network by co-expression networks analysis (WGCNA) R package. We obtained all of modules significantly associated with the 11 wheat tissues. AgriGO V2.0 was used to do Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis; and genes and transcription factors (TFs) in these significant modules about wheat pistillody development were identified from GO enrichment results. Basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) was used to align HTS-1 proteins with the published pistillody-related proteins and TFs. Genes about wheat pistillody development were analyzed and validated by qRT-PCR. The MEturquoise, MEsaddlebrown, MEplum, MEcoral1, MElightsteelblue1, and MEdarkslateblue modules were significantly corelated to pistillodic stamen (correlation p < 0.05). Moreover, 206 genes related to carpel development (GO:0048440) or gynoecium development (GO:0048467) were identified only in the MEturquoise module by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, and 42 of 206 genes were hub genes in MEturquoise module. qRT-PCR results showed that 38 of the 42 hub genes had highly expressed in pistils and pistillodic stamens than in stamens. A total of 15 pistillody development-related proteins were validated by BLAST. Transcription factors (TFs) were also analyzed in t…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Zhenyong Chen
creator: Mingli Liao
creator: Zaijun Yang
creator: Weiying Chen
creator: Shuhong Wei
creator: Jian Zou
creator: Zhengsong Peng
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Bioinformatics
subject: Genomics
subject: Plant Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.13902
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2022 Chen et al.
abstract: Crop male sterility has great value in theoretical research and breeding application. HTS-1, whose stamens transformed into pistils or pistil-like structures, is an important male sterility material selecting from Chinese Spring three-pistil (CSTP) wheat. However the molecular mechanism of pistillody development in HTS-1 remains a mystery. RNA-seq data of 11 wheat tissues were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), including the stamens of CSTP and the pistils and pistillodic stamen of HTS-1. The Salmon program was utilized to quantify the gene expression levels of the 11 wheat tissues; and gene quantification results were normalized by transcripts per million (TPM). In total, 58,576 genes were used to construct block-wise network by co-expression networks analysis (WGCNA) R package. We obtained all of modules significantly associated with the 11 wheat tissues. AgriGO V2.0 was used to do Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis; and genes and transcription factors (TFs) in these significant modules about wheat pistillody development were identified from GO enrichment results. Basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) was used to align HTS-1 proteins with the published pistillody-related proteins and TFs. Genes about wheat pistillody development were analyzed and validated by qRT-PCR. The MEturquoise, MEsaddlebrown, MEplum, MEcoral1, MElightsteelblue1, and MEdarkslateblue modules were significantly corelated to pistillodic stamen (correlation p < 0.05). Moreover, 206 genes related to carpel development (GO:0048440) or gynoecium development (GO:0048467) were identified only in the MEturquoise module by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, and 42 of 206 genes were hub genes in MEturquoise module. qRT-PCR results showed that 38 of the 42 hub genes had highly expressed in pistils and pistillodic stamens than in stamens. A total of 15 pistillody development-related proteins were validated by BLAST. Transcription factors (TFs) were also analyzed in t…
bibliographic citation: Chen et al. (2022) Co-expression network analysis of genes and networks associated with wheat pistillody. PeerJ 10:e13902 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13902
date submitted: 2022-05-07
date accepted: 2022-07-24
issued: 2022-08-24
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Chen
  given name: Zhenyong
author list: Agent
  family name: Liao
  given name: Mingli
author list: Agent
  family name: Yang
  given name: Zaijun
author list: Agent
  family name: Chen
  given name: Weiying
author list: Agent
  family name: Wei
  given name: Shuhong
author list: Agent
  family name: Zou
  given name: Jian
author list: Agent
  family name: Peng
  given name: Zhengsong
doi: 10.7717/peerj.13902
volume: 10
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2022-08-24
copyright: ©2022 Chen et al.
attribution name: Chen et al.

PeerJ
type: Periodical
uri: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359