PeerJ
type: channel
link: https://peerj.com/articles/
description: Articles published in PeerJ
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
publication name: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359
items: Biostimulant red seaweed (Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui) extracts spray improves yield and drought tolerance in soybean
items: Biomes of the world under climate change scenarios: increasing aridity and higher temperatures lead to significant shifts in natural vegetation
items: Luteolin supplementation during porcine oocyte maturation improves the developmental competence of parthenogenetic activation and cloned embryos
items: Glutathione-mediated changes in productivity, photosynthetic efficiency, osmolytes, and antioxidant capacity of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown under water deficit
items: Early pain in females is linked to late pathological features in murine experimental osteoarthritis
items: Estimating average wind speed in Thailand using confidence intervals for common mean of several Weibull distributions
items: Estimation of genetic variation in yield, its contributing characters and capsaicin content of Capsicum chinense Jacq. (ghost pepper) germplasm from Northeast India
items: Comparative analysis of flavonoids, polyphenols and volatiles in roots, stems and leaves of five mangroves
items: Silencing of TRAF5 enhances necroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting LTBR-mediated NF-κB signaling
items: Comparison of the clinical value of MRI and plasma markers for cognitive impairment in patients aged ≥75 years: a retrospective study

Biostimulant red seaweed (Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui) extracts spray improves yield and drought tolerance in soybean
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Drought has a deleterious impact on the growth, physiology, and yield of various plants, including soybean. Seaweed extracts are rich in various bioactive compounds, including antioxidants, and can be used as biostimulants for improving yield and alleviating the adverse effect of drought stress. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of soybean growth and yield with different concentrations (0.0%, 5.0%, and 10.0% v/v) of water extracts of the red seaweed Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui under well-watered (80% of field capacity (FC) and drought (40% of FC)) conditions. Drought stress decreased soybean grain yield by 45.58% compared to well-watered circumstances but increased the water saturation deficit by 37.87%. It also decreased leaf water, chlorophyll content, plant height, and the fresh weight of the leaf, stem, and petiole. Drought stress decreased soybean grain yield by 45.58% compared to well-watered circumstances but increased the water saturation deficit by 37.87%. It also decreased leaf water, chlorophyll content, plant height, and the fresh weight of the leaf, stem, and petiole. Under both drought and well-watered situations, foliar application of seaweed extracts dramatically improved soybean growth and production. Under drought and well-watered situations, 10.0% seaweed extract increased grain yield by 54.87% and 23.97%, respectively in comparison to untreated plants. The results of this study suggest that red seaweed extracts from Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui may be used as a biostimulant to improve soybean yield and drought tolerance in the presence of insufficient water. However, the actual mechanisms behind these improvements need to be further investigated in field conditions.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Md. Abdul Mannan
creator: Amir Yasmin
creator: Umakanta Sarker
creator: Nasimul Bari
creator: Dipanjoli Baral Dola
creator: Hirokazu Higuchi
creator: Sezai Ercisli
creator: Daoud Ali
creator: Saud Alarifi
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Plant Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.15588
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 Mannan et al.
abstract: Drought has a deleterious impact on the growth, physiology, and yield of various plants, including soybean. Seaweed extracts are rich in various bioactive compounds, including antioxidants, and can be used as biostimulants for improving yield and alleviating the adverse effect of drought stress. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of soybean growth and yield with different concentrations (0.0%, 5.0%, and 10.0% v/v) of water extracts of the red seaweed Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui under well-watered (80% of field capacity (FC) and drought (40% of FC)) conditions. Drought stress decreased soybean grain yield by 45.58% compared to well-watered circumstances but increased the water saturation deficit by 37.87%. It also decreased leaf water, chlorophyll content, plant height, and the fresh weight of the leaf, stem, and petiole. Drought stress decreased soybean grain yield by 45.58% compared to well-watered circumstances but increased the water saturation deficit by 37.87%. It also decreased leaf water, chlorophyll content, plant height, and the fresh weight of the leaf, stem, and petiole. Under both drought and well-watered situations, foliar application of seaweed extracts dramatically improved soybean growth and production. Under drought and well-watered situations, 10.0% seaweed extract increased grain yield by 54.87% and 23.97%, respectively in comparison to untreated plants. The results of this study suggest that red seaweed extracts from Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui may be used as a biostimulant to improve soybean yield and drought tolerance in the presence of insufficient water. However, the actual mechanisms behind these improvements need to be further investigated in field conditions.
bibliographic citation: Mannan et al. (2023) Biostimulant red seaweed (Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui) extracts spray improves yield and drought tolerance in soybean. PeerJ 11:e15588 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15588
date submitted: 2023-03-31
date accepted: 2023-05-26
issued: 2023-06-23
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Mannan
  given name: Md. Abdul
author list: Agent
  family name: Yasmin
  given name: Amir
author list: Agent
  family name: Sarker
  given name: Umakanta
author list: Agent
  family name: Bari
  given name: Nasimul
author list: Agent
  family name: Dola
  given name: Dipanjoli Baral
author list: Agent
  family name: Higuchi
  given name: Hirokazu
author list: Agent
  family name: Ercisli
  given name: Sezai
author list: Agent
  family name: Ali
  given name: Daoud
author list: Agent
  family name: Alarifi
  given name: Saud
doi: 10.7717/peerj.15588
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-06-23
copyright: © 2023 Mannan et al.
attribution name: Mannan et al.

Biomes of the world under climate change scenarios: increasing aridity and higher temperatures lead to significant shifts in natural vegetation
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: The global potential distribution of biomes (natural vegetation) was modelled using 8,959 training points from the BIOME 6000 dataset and a stack of 72 environmental covariates representing terrain and the current climatic conditions based on historical long term averages (1979–2013). An ensemble machine learning model based on stacked regularization was used, with multinomial logistic regression as the meta-learner and spatial blocking (100 km) to deal with spatial autocorrelation of the training points. Results of spatial cross-validation for the BIOME 6000 classes show an overall accuracy of 0.67 and R2logloss of 0.61, with “tropical evergreen broadleaf forest” being the class with highest gain in predictive performances (R2logloss = 0.74) and “prostrate dwarf shrub tundra” the class with the lowest (R2logloss = −0.09) compared to the baseline. Temperature-related covariates were the most important predictors, with the mean diurnal range (BIO2) being shared by all the base-learners (i.e.,random forest, gradient boosted trees and generalized linear models). The model was next used to predict the distribution of future biomes for the periods 2040–2060 and 2061–2080 under three climate change scenarios (RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5). Comparisons of predictions for the three epochs (present, 2040–2060 and 2061–2080) show that increasing aridity and higher temperatures will likely result in significant shifts in natural vegetation in the tropical area (shifts from tropical forests to savannas up to 1.7 ×105 km2 by 2080) and around the Arctic Circle (shifts from tundra to boreal forests up to 2.4 ×105 km2 by 2080). Projected global maps at 1 km spatial resolution are provided as probability and hard classes maps for BIOME 6000 classes and as hard classes maps for the IUCN classes (six aggregated classes). Uncertainty maps (prediction error) are also provided and should be used for careful interpretation of the future projections.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Carmelo Bonannella
creator: Tomislav Hengl
creator: Leandro Parente
creator: Sytze de Bruin
subject: Biogeography
subject: Computational Biology
subject: Ecology
subject: Data Mining and Machine Learning
subject: Spatial and Geographic Information Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.15593
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 Bonannella et al.
abstract: The global potential distribution of biomes (natural vegetation) was modelled using 8,959 training points from the BIOME 6000 dataset and a stack of 72 environmental covariates representing terrain and the current climatic conditions based on historical long term averages (1979–2013). An ensemble machine learning model based on stacked regularization was used, with multinomial logistic regression as the meta-learner and spatial blocking (100 km) to deal with spatial autocorrelation of the training points. Results of spatial cross-validation for the BIOME 6000 classes show an overall accuracy of 0.67 and R2logloss of 0.61, with “tropical evergreen broadleaf forest” being the class with highest gain in predictive performances (R2logloss = 0.74) and “prostrate dwarf shrub tundra” the class with the lowest (R2logloss = −0.09) compared to the baseline. Temperature-related covariates were the most important predictors, with the mean diurnal range (BIO2) being shared by all the base-learners (i.e.,random forest, gradient boosted trees and generalized linear models). The model was next used to predict the distribution of future biomes for the periods 2040–2060 and 2061–2080 under three climate change scenarios (RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5). Comparisons of predictions for the three epochs (present, 2040–2060 and 2061–2080) show that increasing aridity and higher temperatures will likely result in significant shifts in natural vegetation in the tropical area (shifts from tropical forests to savannas up to 1.7 ×105 km2 by 2080) and around the Arctic Circle (shifts from tundra to boreal forests up to 2.4 ×105 km2 by 2080). Projected global maps at 1 km spatial resolution are provided as probability and hard classes maps for BIOME 6000 classes and as hard classes maps for the IUCN classes (six aggregated classes). Uncertainty maps (prediction error) are also provided and should be used for careful interpretation of the future projections.
bibliographic citation: Bonannella et al. (2023) Biomes of the world under climate change scenarios: increasing aridity and higher temperatures lead to significant shifts in natural vegetation. PeerJ 11:e15593 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15593
date submitted: 2023-01-13
date accepted: 2023-05-29
issued: 2023-06-23
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Bonannella
  given name: Carmelo
author list: Agent
  family name: Hengl
  given name: Tomislav
author list: Agent
  family name: Parente
  given name: Leandro
author list: Agent
  family name: de Bruin
  given name: Sytze
doi: 10.7717/peerj.15593
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-06-23
copyright: ©2023 Bonannella et al.
attribution name: Bonannella et al.

Luteolin supplementation during porcine oocyte maturation improves the developmental competence of parthenogenetic activation and cloned embryos
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Luteolin (Lut), a polyphenolic compound that belongs to the flavone subclass of flavonoids, possesses anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and antioxidant activities. However, little is known regarding its role in mammalian oocyte maturation. This study examined the effect of Lut supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM) on oocyte maturation and subsequent developmental competence after somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pigs. Lut supplementation significantly increased the proportions of complete cumulus cell expansion and metaphase II (MII) oocytes, compared with control oocytes. After parthenogenetic activation or SCNT, the developmental competence of Lut-supplemented MII oocytes was significantly enhanced, as indicated by higher rates of cleavage, blastocyst formation, expanded or hatching blastocysts, and cell survival, as well as increased cell numbers. Lut-supplemented MII oocytes exhibited significantly lower levels of reactive oxygen species and higher levels of glutathione than control MII oocytes. Lut supplementation also activated lipid metabolism, assessed according to the levels of lipid droplets, fatty acids, and ATP. The active mitochondria content and mitochondrial membrane potential were significantly increased, whereas cytochrome c and cleaved caspase-3 levels were significantly decreased, by Lut supplementation. These results suggest that Lut supplementation during IVM improves porcine oocyte maturation through the reduction of oxidative stress and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Pil-Soo Jeong
creator: Hae-Jun Yang
creator: Se-Been Jeon
creator: Min-Ah Gwon
creator: Min Ju Kim
creator: Hyo-Gu Kang
creator: Sanghoon Lee
creator: Young-Ho Park
creator: Bong-Seok Song
creator: Sun-Uk Kim
creator: Deog-Bon Koo
creator: Bo-Woong Sim
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Developmental Biology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.15618
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 Jeong et al.
abstract: Luteolin (Lut), a polyphenolic compound that belongs to the flavone subclass of flavonoids, possesses anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and antioxidant activities. However, little is known regarding its role in mammalian oocyte maturation. This study examined the effect of Lut supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM) on oocyte maturation and subsequent developmental competence after somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pigs. Lut supplementation significantly increased the proportions of complete cumulus cell expansion and metaphase II (MII) oocytes, compared with control oocytes. After parthenogenetic activation or SCNT, the developmental competence of Lut-supplemented MII oocytes was significantly enhanced, as indicated by higher rates of cleavage, blastocyst formation, expanded or hatching blastocysts, and cell survival, as well as increased cell numbers. Lut-supplemented MII oocytes exhibited significantly lower levels of reactive oxygen species and higher levels of glutathione than control MII oocytes. Lut supplementation also activated lipid metabolism, assessed according to the levels of lipid droplets, fatty acids, and ATP. The active mitochondria content and mitochondrial membrane potential were significantly increased, whereas cytochrome c and cleaved caspase-3 levels were significantly decreased, by Lut supplementation. These results suggest that Lut supplementation during IVM improves porcine oocyte maturation through the reduction of oxidative stress and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis.
bibliographic citation: Jeong et al. (2023) Luteolin supplementation during porcine oocyte maturation improves the developmental competence of parthenogenetic activation and cloned embryos. PeerJ 11:e15618 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15618
date submitted: 2023-03-15
date accepted: 2023-06-01
issued: 2023-06-23
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Jeong
  given name: Pil-Soo
author list: Agent
  family name: Yang
  given name: Hae-Jun
author list: Agent
  family name: Jeon
  given name: Se-Been
author list: Agent
  family name: Gwon
  given name: Min-Ah
author list: Agent
  family name: Kim
  given name: Min Ju
author list: Agent
  family name: Kang
  given name: Hyo-Gu
author list: Agent
  family name: Lee
  given name: Sanghoon
author list: Agent
  family name: Park
  given name: Young-Ho
author list: Agent
  family name: Song
  given name: Bong-Seok
author list: Agent
  family name: Kim
  given name: Sun-Uk
author list: Agent
  family name: Koo
  given name: Deog-Bon
author list: Agent
  family name: Sim
  given name: Bo-Woong
doi: 10.7717/peerj.15618
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-06-23
copyright: © 2023 Jeong et al.
attribution name: Jeong et al.

Glutathione-mediated changes in productivity, photosynthetic efficiency, osmolytes, and antioxidant capacity of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown under water deficit
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Globally, salinity and drought are severe abiotic stresses that presently threaten vegetable production. This study investigates the potential exogenously-applied glutathione (GSH) to relieve water deficits on Phaseolus vulgaris plants cultivated in saline soil conditions (6.22 dS m−1) by evaluating agronomic, stability index of membrane, water satatus, osmolytes, and antioxidant capacity responses. During two open field growing seasons (2017 and 2018), foliar spraying of glutathione (GSH) at 0.5 (GSH1) or 1.0 (GSH1) mM and three irrigation rates (I100 = 100%, I80 = 80% and I60 = 60% of the crop evapotranspiration) were applied to common bean plants. Water deficits significantly decreased common bean growth, green pods yield, integrity of the membranes, plant water status, SPAD chlorophyll index, and photosynthetic capacity (Fv/Fm, PI), while not improving the irrigation use efficiency (IUE) compared to full irrigation. Foliar-applied GSH markedly lessened drought-induced damages to bean plants, by enhancing the above variables. The integrative I80 + GSH1 or GSH2 and I60 + GSH1 or GSH2 elevated the IUE and exceeded the full irrigation without GSH application (I100) treatment by 38% and 37%, and 33% and 28%, respectively. Drought stress increased proline and total soluble sugars content while decreased the total free amino acids content. However, GSH-supplemented drought-stressed plants mediated further increases in all analyzed osmolytes contents. Exogenous GSH enhanced the common bean antioxidative machinery, being promoted the glutathione and ascorbic acid content as well as up-regulated the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of exogenous GSH in alleviating water deficit in bean plants cultivated in salty soil.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Taia A. Abd El Mageed
creator: Wael Semida
creator: Khoulood A. Hemida
creator: Mohammed A.H. Gyushi
creator: Mostafa M. Rady
creator: Abdelsattar Abdelkhalik
creator: Othmane Merah
creator: Marian Brestic
creator: Heba I. Mohamed
creator: Ayman El Sabagh
creator: Magdi T. Abdelhamid
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Plant Science
subject: Soil Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.15343
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 Abd El Mageed et al.
abstract: Globally, salinity and drought are severe abiotic stresses that presently threaten vegetable production. This study investigates the potential exogenously-applied glutathione (GSH) to relieve water deficits on Phaseolus vulgaris plants cultivated in saline soil conditions (6.22 dS m−1) by evaluating agronomic, stability index of membrane, water satatus, osmolytes, and antioxidant capacity responses. During two open field growing seasons (2017 and 2018), foliar spraying of glutathione (GSH) at 0.5 (GSH1) or 1.0 (GSH1) mM and three irrigation rates (I100 = 100%, I80 = 80% and I60 = 60% of the crop evapotranspiration) were applied to common bean plants. Water deficits significantly decreased common bean growth, green pods yield, integrity of the membranes, plant water status, SPAD chlorophyll index, and photosynthetic capacity (Fv/Fm, PI), while not improving the irrigation use efficiency (IUE) compared to full irrigation. Foliar-applied GSH markedly lessened drought-induced damages to bean plants, by enhancing the above variables. The integrative I80 + GSH1 or GSH2 and I60 + GSH1 or GSH2 elevated the IUE and exceeded the full irrigation without GSH application (I100) treatment by 38% and 37%, and 33% and 28%, respectively. Drought stress increased proline and total soluble sugars content while decreased the total free amino acids content. However, GSH-supplemented drought-stressed plants mediated further increases in all analyzed osmolytes contents. Exogenous GSH enhanced the common bean antioxidative machinery, being promoted the glutathione and ascorbic acid content as well as up-regulated the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of exogenous GSH in alleviating water deficit in bean plants cultivated in salty soil.
bibliographic citation: Abd El Mageed et al. (2023) Glutathione-mediated changes in productivity, photosynthetic efficiency, osmolytes, and antioxidant capacity of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown under water deficit. PeerJ 11:e15343 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15343
date submitted: 2023-01-20
date accepted: 2023-04-12
issued: 2023-06-22
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Abd El Mageed
  given name: Taia A.
author list: Agent
  family name: Semida
  given name: Wael
author list: Agent
  family name: Hemida
  given name: Khoulood A.
author list: Agent
  family name: Gyushi
  given name: Mohammed A.H.
author list: Agent
  family name: Rady
  given name: Mostafa M.
author list: Agent
  family name: Abdelkhalik
  given name: Abdelsattar
author list: Agent
  family name: Merah
  given name: Othmane
author list: Agent
  family name: Brestic
  given name: Marian
author list: Agent
  family name: Mohamed
  given name: Heba I.
author list: Agent
  family name: El Sabagh
  given name: Ayman
author list: Agent
  family name: Abdelhamid
  given name: Magdi T.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.15343
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-06-22
copyright: ©2023 Abd El Mageed et al.
attribution name: Abd El Mageed et al.

Early pain in females is linked to late pathological features in murine experimental osteoarthritis
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive joint disease and a major cause of chronic pain in adults. The prevalence of OA is higher in female patients, who tend to have worse OA outcomes, partially due to pain. The association between joint pain and OA pathology is often inconclusive. Preclinical research studies have largely overlooked sex as a potential determinant in joint pain during OA. This study aimed to investigate the role of sex in joint pain in the collagenase-induced OA (CiOA) model and its link with joint pathology. Methods Multiple aspects of pain were evaluated during identically executed experiments of CiOA in male and female C57BL/6J mice. Cartilage damage, osteophyte formation, synovial thickness, and cellularity were assessed by histology on day 56. The association between pain and pathology was investigated, disaggregated by sex. Results Differences in pain behavior between sexes were found in the majority of the evaluated pain methods. Females displayed lower weight bearing ability in the affected leg compared to males during the early phase of the disease, however, the pathology at the end stage was comparable between sexes. In the second cohort, males displayed increased mechanical sensitivity in the affected joint compared to females but also showed more cartilage damage at the end stage of the model. Within this cohort, gait analysis showed varied results. Males used the affected paw less often and displayed dynamic weight-bearing compensation in the early phase of the model. These differences were not observed in females. Other evaluated parameters displayed comparable gait behavior between males and females. A detailed analysis of individual mice revealed that seven out of 10 pain measurements highly correlated with OA histopathology in females (Pearson r range: 0.642–0.934), whereas in males this measurement was only two (Pearson r range: 0.645–0.748). Conclusion Our data show that sex is a determinant in the link between pain-relat…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Natália Valdrighi
creator: Arjen B. Blom
creator: Henk M. van Beuningen
creator: Elly L. Vitters
creator: Monique M. Helsen
creator: Birgitte Walgreen
creator: Peter L.E.M. van Lent
creator: Marije I. Koenders
creator: Peter M. van der Kraan
creator: Fons A.J. van de Loo
creator: Esmeralda N. Blaney Davidson
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Histology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.15482
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 Valdrighi et al.
abstract: Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive joint disease and a major cause of chronic pain in adults. The prevalence of OA is higher in female patients, who tend to have worse OA outcomes, partially due to pain. The association between joint pain and OA pathology is often inconclusive. Preclinical research studies have largely overlooked sex as a potential determinant in joint pain during OA. This study aimed to investigate the role of sex in joint pain in the collagenase-induced OA (CiOA) model and its link with joint pathology. Methods Multiple aspects of pain were evaluated during identically executed experiments of CiOA in male and female C57BL/6J mice. Cartilage damage, osteophyte formation, synovial thickness, and cellularity were assessed by histology on day 56. The association between pain and pathology was investigated, disaggregated by sex. Results Differences in pain behavior between sexes were found in the majority of the evaluated pain methods. Females displayed lower weight bearing ability in the affected leg compared to males during the early phase of the disease, however, the pathology at the end stage was comparable between sexes. In the second cohort, males displayed increased mechanical sensitivity in the affected joint compared to females but also showed more cartilage damage at the end stage of the model. Within this cohort, gait analysis showed varied results. Males used the affected paw less often and displayed dynamic weight-bearing compensation in the early phase of the model. These differences were not observed in females. Other evaluated parameters displayed comparable gait behavior between males and females. A detailed analysis of individual mice revealed that seven out of 10 pain measurements highly correlated with OA histopathology in females (Pearson r range: 0.642–0.934), whereas in males this measurement was only two (Pearson r range: 0.645–0.748). Conclusion Our data show that sex is a determinant in the link between pain-relat…
bibliographic citation: Valdrighi et al. (2023) Early pain in females is linked to late pathological features in murine experimental osteoarthritis. PeerJ 11:e15482 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15482
date submitted: 2022-09-28
date accepted: 2023-05-09
issued: 2023-06-22
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Valdrighi
  given name: Natália
author list: Agent
  family name: Blom
  given name: Arjen B.
author list: Agent
  family name: van Beuningen
  given name: Henk M.
author list: Agent
  family name: Vitters
  given name: Elly L.
author list: Agent
  family name: Helsen
  given name: Monique M.
author list: Agent
  family name: Walgreen
  given name: Birgitte
author list: Agent
  family name: van Lent
  given name: Peter L.E.M.
author list: Agent
  family name: Koenders
  given name: Marije I.
author list: Agent
  family name: van der Kraan
  given name: Peter M.
author list: Agent
  family name: van de Loo
  given name: Fons A.J.
author list: Agent
  family name: Blaney Davidson
  given name: Esmeralda N.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.15482
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-06-22
copyright: ©2023 Valdrighi et al.
attribution name: Valdrighi et al.

Estimating average wind speed in Thailand using confidence intervals for common mean of several Weibull distributions
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: The Weibull distribution has been used to analyze data from many fields, including engineering, survival and lifetime analysis, and weather forecasting, particularly wind speed data. It is useful to measure the central tendency of wind speed data in specific locations using statistical parameters for instance the mean to accurately forecast the severity of future catastrophic events. In particular, the common mean of several independent wind speed samples collected from different locations is a useful statistic. To explore wind speed data from several areas in Surat Thani province, a large province in southern Thailand, we constructed estimates of the confidence interval for the common mean of several Weibull distributions using the Bayesian equitailed confidence interval and the highest posterior density interval using the gamma prior. Their performances are compared with those of the generalized confidence interval and the adjusted method of variance estimates recovery based on their coverage probabilities and expected lengths. The results demonstrate that when the common mean is small and the sample size is large, the Bayesian highest posterior density interval performed the best since its coverage probabilities were higher than the nominal confidence level and it provided the shortest expected lengths. Moreover, the generalized confidence interval performed well in some scenarios whereas adjusted method of variance estimates recovery did not. The approaches were used to estimate the common mean of real wind speed datasets from several areas in Surat Thani province, Thailand, fitted to Weibull distributions. These results support the simulation results in that the Bayesian methods performed the best. Hence, the Bayesian highest posterior density interval is the most appropriate method for establishing the confidence interval for the common mean of several Weibull distributions.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Manussaya La-ongkaew
creator: Sa-Aat Niwitpong
creator: Suparat Niwitpong
subject: Computational Science
subject: Natural Resource Management
subject: Atmospheric Chemistry
subject: Environmental Impacts
subject: Food, Water and Energy Nexus
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.15513
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 La-ongkaew et al.
abstract: The Weibull distribution has been used to analyze data from many fields, including engineering, survival and lifetime analysis, and weather forecasting, particularly wind speed data. It is useful to measure the central tendency of wind speed data in specific locations using statistical parameters for instance the mean to accurately forecast the severity of future catastrophic events. In particular, the common mean of several independent wind speed samples collected from different locations is a useful statistic. To explore wind speed data from several areas in Surat Thani province, a large province in southern Thailand, we constructed estimates of the confidence interval for the common mean of several Weibull distributions using the Bayesian equitailed confidence interval and the highest posterior density interval using the gamma prior. Their performances are compared with those of the generalized confidence interval and the adjusted method of variance estimates recovery based on their coverage probabilities and expected lengths. The results demonstrate that when the common mean is small and the sample size is large, the Bayesian highest posterior density interval performed the best since its coverage probabilities were higher than the nominal confidence level and it provided the shortest expected lengths. Moreover, the generalized confidence interval performed well in some scenarios whereas adjusted method of variance estimates recovery did not. The approaches were used to estimate the common mean of real wind speed datasets from several areas in Surat Thani province, Thailand, fitted to Weibull distributions. These results support the simulation results in that the Bayesian methods performed the best. Hence, the Bayesian highest posterior density interval is the most appropriate method for establishing the confidence interval for the common mean of several Weibull distributions.
bibliographic citation: La-ongkaew et al. (2023) Estimating average wind speed in Thailand using confidence intervals for common mean of several Weibull distributions. PeerJ 11:e15513 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15513
date submitted: 2022-09-11
date accepted: 2023-05-15
issued: 2023-06-22
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: La-ongkaew
  given name: Manussaya
author list: Agent
  family name: Niwitpong
  given name: Sa-Aat
author list: Agent
  family name: Niwitpong
  given name: Suparat
doi: 10.7717/peerj.15513
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-06-22
copyright: ©2023 La-ongkaew et al.
attribution name: La-ongkaew et al.

Estimation of genetic variation in yield, its contributing characters and capsaicin content of Capsicum chinense Jacq. (ghost pepper) germplasm from Northeast India
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Capsicum chinense Jacq. (ghost pepper), a naturally occurring chili species of Northeast India is known throughout the world for its high pungency and a pleasant aroma. The economic importance is due to the high capsaicinoid levels, the main source for pharmaceutical industries. The present study focused on identifying important traits necessary for increasing the yield and pungency of ghost pepper and to determine the parameters for the selection of superior genotypes. A total of 120 genotypes with more than 1.2% capsaicin content (>1,92,000 Scoville Heat Unit, w/w on dry weight basis) collected from different northeast Indian regions were subjected to variability, divergence and correlation studies. Levene’s homogeneity test of variance studied for three environments did not show significant deviation and so homogeneity of variance was reasonably met for analysis of variance study. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was highest for fruit yield per plant (33.702, 36.200, respectively), followed by number of fruits per plant (29.583, 33.014, respectively) and capsaicin content (25.283, 26.362, respectively). The trait number of fruits per plant had maximum direct contribution to fruit yield per plant and the trait fruit yield per plant towards capsaicin content in the correlation study. High heritability with high genetic advance, which is the most favored selection criteria was observed for fruit yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, capsaicin content, fruit length and fruit girth. The genetic divergence study partitioned the genotypes into 20 clusters, where fruit yield per plant contributed maximum towards total divergence. Principal components analysis (PCA) studied to determine the largest contributor of variation showed 73.48% of the total variability, of which the PC1 and PC2 contributed 34.59% and 16.81% respectively.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Joyashree Baruah
creator: Sunita Munda
creator: Neelav Sarma
creator: Twahira Begum
creator: Sudin Kumar Pandey
creator: Sanjoy Kumar Chanda
creator: G. Narahari Sastry
creator: Mohan Lal
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Genetics
subject: Plant Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.15521
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 Baruah et al.
abstract: Capsicum chinense Jacq. (ghost pepper), a naturally occurring chili species of Northeast India is known throughout the world for its high pungency and a pleasant aroma. The economic importance is due to the high capsaicinoid levels, the main source for pharmaceutical industries. The present study focused on identifying important traits necessary for increasing the yield and pungency of ghost pepper and to determine the parameters for the selection of superior genotypes. A total of 120 genotypes with more than 1.2% capsaicin content (>1,92,000 Scoville Heat Unit, w/w on dry weight basis) collected from different northeast Indian regions were subjected to variability, divergence and correlation studies. Levene’s homogeneity test of variance studied for three environments did not show significant deviation and so homogeneity of variance was reasonably met for analysis of variance study. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was highest for fruit yield per plant (33.702, 36.200, respectively), followed by number of fruits per plant (29.583, 33.014, respectively) and capsaicin content (25.283, 26.362, respectively). The trait number of fruits per plant had maximum direct contribution to fruit yield per plant and the trait fruit yield per plant towards capsaicin content in the correlation study. High heritability with high genetic advance, which is the most favored selection criteria was observed for fruit yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, capsaicin content, fruit length and fruit girth. The genetic divergence study partitioned the genotypes into 20 clusters, where fruit yield per plant contributed maximum towards total divergence. Principal components analysis (PCA) studied to determine the largest contributor of variation showed 73.48% of the total variability, of which the PC1 and PC2 contributed 34.59% and 16.81% respectively.
bibliographic citation: Baruah et al. (2023) Estimation of genetic variation in yield, its contributing characters and capsaicin content of Capsicum chinense Jacq. (ghost pepper) germplasm from Northeast India. PeerJ 11:e15521 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15521
date submitted: 2023-02-22
date accepted: 2023-05-16
issued: 2023-06-22
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Baruah
  given name: Joyashree
author list: Agent
  family name: Munda
  given name: Sunita
author list: Agent
  family name: Sarma
  given name: Neelav
author list: Agent
  family name: Begum
  given name: Twahira
author list: Agent
  family name: Pandey
  given name: Sudin Kumar
author list: Agent
  family name: Chanda
  given name: Sanjoy Kumar
author list: Agent
  family name: Sastry
  given name: G. Narahari
author list: Agent
  family name: Lal
  given name: Mohan
doi: 10.7717/peerj.15521
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-06-22
copyright: ©2023 Baruah et al.
attribution name: Baruah et al.

Comparative analysis of flavonoids, polyphenols and volatiles in roots, stems and leaves of five mangroves
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Mangrove plants contain a variety of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, polyphenols, and volatiles, which are important for their survival and adaptation to the coastal environment, as well as for producing bioactive compounds. To reveal differences in these compounds among five mangrove species’ leaf, root, and stem, the total contents of flavonoids and polyphenols, types and contents of volatiles were determined, analyzed and compared. The results showed that Avicennia marina leaves contained the highest levels of flavonoids and phenolics. In mangrove parts, flavonoids are usually higher than phenolic compounds. A total of 532 compounds were detected by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method in the leaf, root, and stem parts of five mangrove species. These were grouped into 18 classes, including alcohols, aldehydes, alkaloids, alkanes, etc. The number of volatile compounds in A. ilicifolius (176) and B. gymnorrhiza (172) was lower than in the other three species. The number of volatile compounds and their relative contents differed among all three parts of five mangrove species, where the mangrove species factor had a greater impact than the part factor. A total of 71 common compounds occurring in more than two species or parts were analyzed by a PLS-DA model. One-way ANOVA revealed 18 differential compounds among mangrove species and nine differential compounds among parts. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis showed that both unique and common compounds significantly differed in composition and concentration between species and parts. In general, A. ilicifolius and B. gymnorrhiza differed significantly from the other species in terms of compound content, while the leaves differed significantly from the other parts. VIP screening and pathway enrichment analysis were performed on 17 common compounds closely related to mangrove species or parts. These compounds were mainly involved in terpenoid pathways such as …
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Zhihua Wu
creator: Xiuhua Shang
creator: Guo Liu
creator: Yaojian Xie
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Bioinformatics
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Plant Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.15529
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 Wu et al.
abstract: Mangrove plants contain a variety of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, polyphenols, and volatiles, which are important for their survival and adaptation to the coastal environment, as well as for producing bioactive compounds. To reveal differences in these compounds among five mangrove species’ leaf, root, and stem, the total contents of flavonoids and polyphenols, types and contents of volatiles were determined, analyzed and compared. The results showed that Avicennia marina leaves contained the highest levels of flavonoids and phenolics. In mangrove parts, flavonoids are usually higher than phenolic compounds. A total of 532 compounds were detected by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method in the leaf, root, and stem parts of five mangrove species. These were grouped into 18 classes, including alcohols, aldehydes, alkaloids, alkanes, etc. The number of volatile compounds in A. ilicifolius (176) and B. gymnorrhiza (172) was lower than in the other three species. The number of volatile compounds and their relative contents differed among all three parts of five mangrove species, where the mangrove species factor had a greater impact than the part factor. A total of 71 common compounds occurring in more than two species or parts were analyzed by a PLS-DA model. One-way ANOVA revealed 18 differential compounds among mangrove species and nine differential compounds among parts. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis showed that both unique and common compounds significantly differed in composition and concentration between species and parts. In general, A. ilicifolius and B. gymnorrhiza differed significantly from the other species in terms of compound content, while the leaves differed significantly from the other parts. VIP screening and pathway enrichment analysis were performed on 17 common compounds closely related to mangrove species or parts. These compounds were mainly involved in terpenoid pathways such as …
bibliographic citation: Wu et al. (2023) Comparative analysis of flavonoids, polyphenols and volatiles in roots, stems and leaves of five mangroves. PeerJ 11:e15529 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15529
date submitted: 2022-12-23
date accepted: 2023-05-19
issued: 2023-06-22
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Wu
  given name: Zhihua
author list: Agent
  family name: Shang
  given name: Xiuhua
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Guo
author list: Agent
  family name: Xie
  given name: Yaojian
doi: 10.7717/peerj.15529
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-06-22
copyright: ©2023 Wu et al.
attribution name: Wu et al.

Silencing of TRAF5 enhances necroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting LTBR-mediated NF-κB signaling
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy with poor prognosis and high mortality. This study aimed to explore the oncogenic mechanisms of TRAF5 in HCC and provide a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC. Methods Human HCC cell lines (HepG2, HuH7, SMMC-LM3, and Hep3B), normal adult liver epithelial cells (THLE-2), and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) were utilized. Cell transfection was performed for functional investigation. qRT-PCR and western blotting were used to detect mRNA expression of TRAF5, LTBR, and NF-κB and protein expression of TRAF5, p-RIP1(S166)/RIP1, p-MLKL(S345)/MLKL, LTBR, and p-NF-κB/NF-κB. Cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion were evaluated using CCK-8, colony formation, wound healing, and Transwell assays. Cell survival, necrosis, and apoptosis were assessed using flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342/PI double staining. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence were performed to determine the interaction between TRAF5 and LTBR. A xenograft model was established to validate the role of TRAF5 in HCC. Results TRAF5 knockdown inhibited HCC cell viability, colony formation, migration, invasion, and survival but enhanced necroptosis. Additionally, TRAF5 is correlated with LTBR and TRAF5 silencing down-regulated LTBR in HCC cells. LTBR knockdown inhibited HCC cell viability, while LTBR overexpression eliminated the effects of TRAF5 deficiency on inhibiting HCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and survival. LTBR overexpression abolished the promotive function of TRAF5 knockdown on cell necroptosis. LTBR overexpression undid the suppressive effect of TRAF5 knockdown on NF-κB signaling in HCC cells. Moreover, TRAF5 knockdown suppressed xenograft tumor growth, inhibited cell proliferation, and promoted tumor cell apoptosis. Conclusions TRAF5 deficiency facilitates necroptosis in HCC by suppressing LTBR-mediated NF-κB signaling.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Guolin Wu
creator: Fangping Wu
creator: Yang Qing Zhou
creator: Wenwen Lu
creator: Feng Lin Hu
creator: Xiaofen Fan
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Histology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.15551
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 Wu et al.
abstract: Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy with poor prognosis and high mortality. This study aimed to explore the oncogenic mechanisms of TRAF5 in HCC and provide a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC. Methods Human HCC cell lines (HepG2, HuH7, SMMC-LM3, and Hep3B), normal adult liver epithelial cells (THLE-2), and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) were utilized. Cell transfection was performed for functional investigation. qRT-PCR and western blotting were used to detect mRNA expression of TRAF5, LTBR, and NF-κB and protein expression of TRAF5, p-RIP1(S166)/RIP1, p-MLKL(S345)/MLKL, LTBR, and p-NF-κB/NF-κB. Cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion were evaluated using CCK-8, colony formation, wound healing, and Transwell assays. Cell survival, necrosis, and apoptosis were assessed using flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342/PI double staining. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence were performed to determine the interaction between TRAF5 and LTBR. A xenograft model was established to validate the role of TRAF5 in HCC. Results TRAF5 knockdown inhibited HCC cell viability, colony formation, migration, invasion, and survival but enhanced necroptosis. Additionally, TRAF5 is correlated with LTBR and TRAF5 silencing down-regulated LTBR in HCC cells. LTBR knockdown inhibited HCC cell viability, while LTBR overexpression eliminated the effects of TRAF5 deficiency on inhibiting HCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and survival. LTBR overexpression abolished the promotive function of TRAF5 knockdown on cell necroptosis. LTBR overexpression undid the suppressive effect of TRAF5 knockdown on NF-κB signaling in HCC cells. Moreover, TRAF5 knockdown suppressed xenograft tumor growth, inhibited cell proliferation, and promoted tumor cell apoptosis. Conclusions TRAF5 deficiency facilitates necroptosis in HCC by suppressing LTBR-mediated NF-κB signaling.
bibliographic citation: Wu et al. (2023) Silencing of TRAF5 enhances necroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting LTBR-mediated NF-κB signaling. PeerJ 11:e15551 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15551
date submitted: 2023-03-03
date accepted: 2023-05-23
issued: 2023-06-22
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Wu
  given name: Guolin
author list: Agent
  family name: Wu
  given name: Fangping
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhou
  given name: Yang Qing
author list: Agent
  family name: Lu
  given name: Wenwen
author list: Agent
  family name: Hu
  given name: Feng Lin
author list: Agent
  family name: Fan
  given name: Xiaofen
doi: 10.7717/peerj.15551
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-06-22
copyright: © 2023 Wu et al.
attribution name: Wu et al.

Comparison of the clinical value of MRI and plasma markers for cognitive impairment in patients aged ≥75 years: a retrospective study
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Dementia has become the main cause of disability in older adults aged ≥75 years. Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is involved in cognitive impairment (CI) and dementia and is a cause of vascular CI (VCI), which is manageable and its onset and progression can be delayed. Simple and effective markers will be beneficial to the early detection and intervention of CI. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical application value of plasma amyloid β1-42 (Aβ42), phosphorylated tau 181 (p-tau181) and conventional structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters for cognitive impairment (CI) in patients aged ≥75 years. Methods We retrospectively selected patients who visited the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and were clinically diagnosed with or without cognitive dysfunction between May 2018 and November 2021. Plasma indicators (Aβ42 and p-tau181) and conventional structural MRI parameters were collected and analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve were used to evaluate the diagnostic value. Results One hundred and eighty-four subjects were included, including 54 cases in CI group and 130 cases in noncognitive impairment (NCI) groups, respectively. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the percentages of Aβ42+, P-tau 181+, and Aβ42+/P-tau181+ showed no significant difference between the groups of CI and NCI (all P > 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that moderate/severe periventricular WMH (PVWMH) (OR 2.857, (1.365–5.983), P = 0.005), lateral ventricle body index (LVBI) (OR 0.413, (0.243–0.700), P = 0.001), and cortical atrophy (OR 1.304, (1.079−1.575), P = 0.006) were factors associated with CI. The combined model including PVWMH, LVBI, and cortical atrophy to detect CI and NCI showed an area under the ROC curve (AUROC) is 0.782, with the sensitivity and specificity 68.5% and 78.5%, respectively. Conclusion For individuals ≥75 years, plas…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Wei Wang
creator: Lin Shi
creator: Hong Ma
creator: Shiguang Zhu
creator: Yaqiong Ge
creator: Kai Xu
subject: Geriatrics
subject: Hematology
subject: Neurology
subject: Radiology and Medical Imaging
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.15581
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 Wang et al.
abstract: Background Dementia has become the main cause of disability in older adults aged ≥75 years. Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is involved in cognitive impairment (CI) and dementia and is a cause of vascular CI (VCI), which is manageable and its onset and progression can be delayed. Simple and effective markers will be beneficial to the early detection and intervention of CI. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical application value of plasma amyloid β1-42 (Aβ42), phosphorylated tau 181 (p-tau181) and conventional structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters for cognitive impairment (CI) in patients aged ≥75 years. Methods We retrospectively selected patients who visited the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and were clinically diagnosed with or without cognitive dysfunction between May 2018 and November 2021. Plasma indicators (Aβ42 and p-tau181) and conventional structural MRI parameters were collected and analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve were used to evaluate the diagnostic value. Results One hundred and eighty-four subjects were included, including 54 cases in CI group and 130 cases in noncognitive impairment (NCI) groups, respectively. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the percentages of Aβ42+, P-tau 181+, and Aβ42+/P-tau181+ showed no significant difference between the groups of CI and NCI (all P > 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that moderate/severe periventricular WMH (PVWMH) (OR 2.857, (1.365–5.983), P = 0.005), lateral ventricle body index (LVBI) (OR 0.413, (0.243–0.700), P = 0.001), and cortical atrophy (OR 1.304, (1.079−1.575), P = 0.006) were factors associated with CI. The combined model including PVWMH, LVBI, and cortical atrophy to detect CI and NCI showed an area under the ROC curve (AUROC) is 0.782, with the sensitivity and specificity 68.5% and 78.5%, respectively. Conclusion For individuals ≥75 years, plas…
bibliographic citation: Wang et al. (2023) Comparison of the clinical value of MRI and plasma markers for cognitive impairment in patients aged ≥75 years: a retrospective study. PeerJ 11:e15581 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15581
date submitted: 2023-02-21
date accepted: 2023-05-26
issued: 2023-06-22
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Wei
author list: Agent
  family name: Shi
  given name: Lin
author list: Agent
  family name: Ma
  given name: Hong
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhu
  given name: Shiguang
author list: Agent
  family name: Ge
  given name: Yaqiong
author list: Agent
  family name: Xu
  given name: Kai
doi: 10.7717/peerj.15581
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-06-22
copyright: © 2023 Wang et al.
attribution name: Wang et al.

PeerJ
type: Periodical
uri: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359