PeerJ
type: channel
link: https://peerj.com/articles/
description: Articles published in PeerJ
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
publication name: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359
items: Effects of nanoscale zinc oxide treatment on growth, rhizosphere microbiota, and metabolism of Aconitum carmichaelii
items: Overnutrition in adolescents and its associated factors in Dale district schools in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
items: Sexual dimorphism in skull size and shape of Laticauda colubrina (Serpentes: Elapidae)
items: Effects of exogenous zinc on the physiological characteristics and enzyme activities of Passiflora edulis Sims f. edulis seedlings
items: Isolation and functional analysis of acid-producing bacteria from bovine rumen
items: A revised terminology for male genitalia in Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a special emphasis on Ichneumonoidea
items: The effect of drop-in centers on access to HIV testing, case finding, and condom use among female sex workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
items: Bicycle balance assist system reduces roll and steering motion for young and older bicyclists during real-life safety challenges
items: Ginsenoside Rb1 enhanced immunity and altered the gut microflora in mice immunized by H1N1 influenza vaccine
items: Implications of dominance hierarchy on hummingbird-plant interactions in a temperate forest in Northwestern Mexico

Effects of nanoscale zinc oxide treatment on growth, rhizosphere microbiota, and metabolism of Aconitum carmichaelii
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Trace elements play a crucial role in the growth and bioactive substance content of medicinal plants, but their utilization efficiency in soil is often low. In this study, soil and Aconitum carmichaelii samples were collected and measured from 22 different locations, followed by an analysis of the relationship between trace elements and the yield and alkaloid content of the plants. The results indicated a significant positive correlation between zinc, trace elements in the soil, and the yield and alkaloid content of A. carmichaelii. Subsequent treatment of A. carmichaelii with both bulk zinc oxide (ZnO) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) demonstrated that the use of ZnO NPs significantly enhanced plant growth and monoester-type alkaloid content. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for these effects, metabolomic analysis was performed, resulting in the identification of 38 differentially expressed metabolites in eight metabolic pathways between the two treatments. Additionally, significant differences were observed in the rhizosphere bacterial communities, with Bacteroidota and Actinobacteriota identified as valuable biomarkers for ZnO NP treatment. Covariation analysis further revealed significant correlations between specific microbial communities and metabolite expression levels. These findings provide compelling evidence that nanoscale zinc exhibits much higher utilization efficiency compared to traditional zinc fertilizer.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Cun Chen
creator: Yu-yang Zhao
creator: Duo Wang
creator: Ying-hong Ren
creator: Hong-ling Liu
creator: Ye Tian
creator: Yue-fei Geng
creator: Ying-rui Tang
creator: Xing-fu Chen
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Microbiology
subject: Plant Science
subject: Soil Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.16177
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 Chen et al.
abstract: Trace elements play a crucial role in the growth and bioactive substance content of medicinal plants, but their utilization efficiency in soil is often low. In this study, soil and Aconitum carmichaelii samples were collected and measured from 22 different locations, followed by an analysis of the relationship between trace elements and the yield and alkaloid content of the plants. The results indicated a significant positive correlation between zinc, trace elements in the soil, and the yield and alkaloid content of A. carmichaelii. Subsequent treatment of A. carmichaelii with both bulk zinc oxide (ZnO) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) demonstrated that the use of ZnO NPs significantly enhanced plant growth and monoester-type alkaloid content. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for these effects, metabolomic analysis was performed, resulting in the identification of 38 differentially expressed metabolites in eight metabolic pathways between the two treatments. Additionally, significant differences were observed in the rhizosphere bacterial communities, with Bacteroidota and Actinobacteriota identified as valuable biomarkers for ZnO NP treatment. Covariation analysis further revealed significant correlations between specific microbial communities and metabolite expression levels. These findings provide compelling evidence that nanoscale zinc exhibits much higher utilization efficiency compared to traditional zinc fertilizer.
bibliographic citation: Chen et al. (2023) Effects of nanoscale zinc oxide treatment on growth, rhizosphere microbiota, and metabolism of Aconitum carmichaelii. PeerJ 11:e16177 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16177
date submitted: 2023-07-10
date accepted: 2023-09-04
issued: 2023-10-18
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Chen
  given name: Cun
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhao
  given name: Yu-yang
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Duo
author list: Agent
  family name: Ren
  given name: Ying-hong
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Hong-ling
author list: Agent
  family name: Tian
  given name: Ye
author list: Agent
  family name: Geng
  given name: Yue-fei
author list: Agent
  family name: Tang
  given name: Ying-rui
author list: Agent
  family name: Chen
  given name: Xing-fu
doi: 10.7717/peerj.16177
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-10-18
copyright: ©2023 Chen et al.
attribution name: Chen et al.

Overnutrition in adolescents and its associated factors in Dale district schools in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Adolescence is the critical stage of an individual’s growth and development that determines their nutritional status in the future. Adolescent overnutrition has become an increasing public health concern in developing countries like Ethiopia. Objective This study was designed to determine the magnitude and determinants of overnutrition among school-going adolescents in Dale District of Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was done between November and December 2020. A total of 333 school-going adolescents aged 10–19 years participated in this study. Socio-demographic, lifestyle, physical activity level, dietary energy intake, and height and weight data were collected. Body Mass Index for age Z-score (BAZ) was computed. Binary and multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the association of outcome variable with explanatory variables, and results were reported using adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval. Results The magnitude of overnutrition was 7.2% (10.8% in the urban versus. 3.6% of rural schools). Overnutrition was positively associated with lack of sufficient play area within the school (AOR = 2.53, 95% CI [1.02–6.26]), being an urban resident (AOR = 3.05, 95% CI [1.12–8.29]), positive energy balance (AOR = 9.47, 95% CI [1.58–56.80]), consuming fast foods within a month before the survey date (AOR = 2.60, 95% CI [1.93–6.83]), having moderate (AOR = 9.28, 95% CI [6.70–71.63]) or low physical activity (PA) (AOR = 7.95, 95% CI [1.12–56.72]), and consuming snack within last one week before the survey date (AOR = 3.32, 95% CI [1.15–9.58]). Conclusion The magnitude of overnutrition among school-going adolescents was suboptimal. Sedentary lifestyles, excess calorie intake, having inadequate play areas within the school, and having snack and fast foods were determinants for overnutrition in the study area.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Beruk Berhanu Desalegn
creator: Tona Zema Diddana
creator: Alemneh Kabeta Daba
creator: Tagel Alemu Tafese
subject: Epidemiology
subject: Global Health
subject: Nutrition
subject: Pediatrics
subject: Obesity
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.16229
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 Desalegn et al.
abstract: Background Adolescence is the critical stage of an individual’s growth and development that determines their nutritional status in the future. Adolescent overnutrition has become an increasing public health concern in developing countries like Ethiopia. Objective This study was designed to determine the magnitude and determinants of overnutrition among school-going adolescents in Dale District of Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was done between November and December 2020. A total of 333 school-going adolescents aged 10–19 years participated in this study. Socio-demographic, lifestyle, physical activity level, dietary energy intake, and height and weight data were collected. Body Mass Index for age Z-score (BAZ) was computed. Binary and multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the association of outcome variable with explanatory variables, and results were reported using adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval. Results The magnitude of overnutrition was 7.2% (10.8% in the urban versus. 3.6% of rural schools). Overnutrition was positively associated with lack of sufficient play area within the school (AOR = 2.53, 95% CI [1.02–6.26]), being an urban resident (AOR = 3.05, 95% CI [1.12–8.29]), positive energy balance (AOR = 9.47, 95% CI [1.58–56.80]), consuming fast foods within a month before the survey date (AOR = 2.60, 95% CI [1.93–6.83]), having moderate (AOR = 9.28, 95% CI [6.70–71.63]) or low physical activity (PA) (AOR = 7.95, 95% CI [1.12–56.72]), and consuming snack within last one week before the survey date (AOR = 3.32, 95% CI [1.15–9.58]). Conclusion The magnitude of overnutrition among school-going adolescents was suboptimal. Sedentary lifestyles, excess calorie intake, having inadequate play areas within the school, and having snack and fast foods were determinants for overnutrition in the study area.
bibliographic citation: Desalegn et al. (2023) Overnutrition in adolescents and its associated factors in Dale district schools in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. PeerJ 11:e16229 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16229
date submitted: 2023-03-31
date accepted: 2023-09-12
issued: 2023-10-18
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Desalegn
  given name: Beruk Berhanu
author list: Agent
  family name: Diddana
  given name: Tona Zema
author list: Agent
  family name: Daba
  given name: Alemneh Kabeta
author list: Agent
  family name: Tafese
  given name: Tagel Alemu
doi: 10.7717/peerj.16229
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-10-18
copyright: ©2023 Desalegn et al.
attribution name: Desalegn et al.

Sexual dimorphism in skull size and shape of Laticauda colubrina (Serpentes: Elapidae)
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Sexual dimorphism in size and shape is widespread among squamate reptiles. Sex differences in snake skull size and shape are often accompanied by intersexual feeding niche separation. However, allometric trajectories underlying these differences remain largely unstudied in several lineages. The sea krait Laticauda colubrina (Serpentes: Elapidae) exhibits very clear sexual dimorphism in body size, with previous studies having reported females to be larger and to have a relatively longer and wider head. The two sexes also differ in feeding habits: males tend to prey in shallow water on muraenid eels, whereas females prey in deeper water on congerid eels. Methods I investigated sexual dimorphism in skull shape and size as well as the pattern of skull growth, to determine whether males and females follow the same ontogenetic trajectories. I studied skull characteristics and body length in 61 male and female sea kraits. Results The sexes differ in skull shape. Males and females follow distinct allometric trajectories. Structures associated with feeding performance are female-biased, whereas rostral and orbital regions are male-biased. The two sexes differ in allometric trajectories of feeding-related structures (female biased) that correspond to dietary divergence between the sexes. Conclusions Sea kraits exhibit clear sexual dimorphism in the skull form that may be explained by intersexual differences in the feeding habits as well as reproductive roles. The overall skull growth pattern resembles the typical pattern observed in other tetrapods.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Bartosz Borczyk
subject: Ecology
subject: Evolutionary Studies
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.16266
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 Borczyk
abstract: Background Sexual dimorphism in size and shape is widespread among squamate reptiles. Sex differences in snake skull size and shape are often accompanied by intersexual feeding niche separation. However, allometric trajectories underlying these differences remain largely unstudied in several lineages. The sea krait Laticauda colubrina (Serpentes: Elapidae) exhibits very clear sexual dimorphism in body size, with previous studies having reported females to be larger and to have a relatively longer and wider head. The two sexes also differ in feeding habits: males tend to prey in shallow water on muraenid eels, whereas females prey in deeper water on congerid eels. Methods I investigated sexual dimorphism in skull shape and size as well as the pattern of skull growth, to determine whether males and females follow the same ontogenetic trajectories. I studied skull characteristics and body length in 61 male and female sea kraits. Results The sexes differ in skull shape. Males and females follow distinct allometric trajectories. Structures associated with feeding performance are female-biased, whereas rostral and orbital regions are male-biased. The two sexes differ in allometric trajectories of feeding-related structures (female biased) that correspond to dietary divergence between the sexes. Conclusions Sea kraits exhibit clear sexual dimorphism in the skull form that may be explained by intersexual differences in the feeding habits as well as reproductive roles. The overall skull growth pattern resembles the typical pattern observed in other tetrapods.
bibliographic citation: Borczyk (2023) Sexual dimorphism in skull size and shape of Laticauda colubrina (Serpentes: Elapidae). PeerJ 11:e16266 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16266
date submitted: 2023-01-17
date accepted: 2023-09-19
issued: 2023-10-18
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Borczyk
  given name: Bartosz
doi: 10.7717/peerj.16266
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-10-18
copyright: ©2023 Borczyk
attribution name: Borczyk

Effects of exogenous zinc on the physiological characteristics and enzyme activities of Passiflora edulis Sims f. edulis seedlings
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Passionflower (Passiflora edulis Sims) is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas for edible, medicinal and skin care product processing, and the market demand is large. Zinc (Zn) is a necessary trace element for plant growth and development. In many countries, the content of Zn in soil is low and/or bioavailability is low. The exogenous application of Zn has become a common agronomic measure in agriculture. However, the effect of Zn on the physiological characteristics and enzyme activity of passionflower seedlings is not clear. In this study, pot experiments were conducted to analyse the effects of different concentrations of Zn (0, 200, 400, 800 mg kg−1) on the plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, osmotic regulators, membrane system and antioxidant enzyme system of purple passionflower (Passiflora edulis Sims f. edulis) seedlings, and Pearson correlation and principal component analyses were performed. The results showed that (1) the 200 mg kg−1 Zn treatment increased the contents of chlorophyll a (37.65%), chlorophyll b (41.22%), chlorophyll a+b (38.59%) and carotenoids (29.74%). The value of chlorophyll a/b changed little and had no effect on leaf growth. (2) The contents of proline (Pro) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in P. edulis Sims f. edulis seedlings treated with 400 mg kg−1 Zn increased significantly by 116.84% and 42.69%, respectively. The activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) increased by 16.82% and 18.70%, respectively. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), leaf area (LA), leaf perimeter (LP) and leaf width (LW) decreased significantly by 47.20%, 19.75%, 8.32% and 11.97%, respectively. (3) 800 mg kg−1 Zn significantly increased the contents of Pro (202.56%) and MDA (26.7%) and the activities of CAT (16.00%) and POD (67.00%), while the soluble sugar (SS), SOD, LA, LP and LW decreased significantly by 36.67%, 32.86%, 23.36%, 8.32% and 11.18%, respectively. (4) There was a significant positive correlation between Pro and photosynthetic pigmen…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Jianli Zhang
creator: Tao Yang
creator: Chen Zhang
creator: Ting Zhang
creator: Lihua Pu
creator: Weiquan Zhao
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Plant Science
subject: Environmental Contamination and Remediation
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.16280
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 Zhang et al.
abstract: Passionflower (Passiflora edulis Sims) is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas for edible, medicinal and skin care product processing, and the market demand is large. Zinc (Zn) is a necessary trace element for plant growth and development. In many countries, the content of Zn in soil is low and/or bioavailability is low. The exogenous application of Zn has become a common agronomic measure in agriculture. However, the effect of Zn on the physiological characteristics and enzyme activity of passionflower seedlings is not clear. In this study, pot experiments were conducted to analyse the effects of different concentrations of Zn (0, 200, 400, 800 mg kg−1) on the plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, osmotic regulators, membrane system and antioxidant enzyme system of purple passionflower (Passiflora edulis Sims f. edulis) seedlings, and Pearson correlation and principal component analyses were performed. The results showed that (1) the 200 mg kg−1 Zn treatment increased the contents of chlorophyll a (37.65%), chlorophyll b (41.22%), chlorophyll a+b (38.59%) and carotenoids (29.74%). The value of chlorophyll a/b changed little and had no effect on leaf growth. (2) The contents of proline (Pro) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in P. edulis Sims f. edulis seedlings treated with 400 mg kg−1 Zn increased significantly by 116.84% and 42.69%, respectively. The activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) increased by 16.82% and 18.70%, respectively. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), leaf area (LA), leaf perimeter (LP) and leaf width (LW) decreased significantly by 47.20%, 19.75%, 8.32% and 11.97%, respectively. (3) 800 mg kg−1 Zn significantly increased the contents of Pro (202.56%) and MDA (26.7%) and the activities of CAT (16.00%) and POD (67.00%), while the soluble sugar (SS), SOD, LA, LP and LW decreased significantly by 36.67%, 32.86%, 23.36%, 8.32% and 11.18%, respectively. (4) There was a significant positive correlation between Pro and photosynthetic pigmen…
bibliographic citation: Zhang et al. (2023) Effects of exogenous zinc on the physiological characteristics and enzyme activities of Passiflora edulis Sims f. edulis seedlings. PeerJ 11:e16280 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16280
date submitted: 2023-04-13
date accepted: 2023-09-20
issued: 2023-10-18
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhang
  given name: Jianli
author list: Agent
  family name: Yang
  given name: Tao
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhang
  given name: Chen
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhang
  given name: Ting
author list: Agent
  family name: Pu
  given name: Lihua
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhao
  given name: Weiquan
doi: 10.7717/peerj.16280
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-10-18
copyright: ©2023 Zhang et al.
attribution name: Zhang et al.

Isolation and functional analysis of acid-producing bacteria from bovine rumen
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Ruminants such as cattle rely mainly on microbes in the rumen to digest cellulose and hemicellulose from forage, and the digestion products are mainly absorbed and utilized by the host in the form of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This study aimed to isolate acid-producing strains from the cattle rumen and investigate their functions. A total of 980 strains of acid-producing bacteria were isolated from cattle rumen contents using a medium supplemented with bromocresol green. Combined with the test of acid production ability and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing technology, five strains were selected based on their ability to produce relatively high levels of acid, including Bacillus pumillus, Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus faecium, and Bacillus subtilis. Sheep were treated by gavage with a mixed bacterial suspension. The results showed that mixed bacteria significantly increased the body weight gain and feed conversion rate of sheep. To investigate the function of acid-producing bacteria in sheep, we used 16S rDNA sequencing technology to analyze the rumen microbes of sheep. We found that mixed bacteria changed the composition and abundance of sheep rumen bacteria. Among them, the abundance of Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, Acidobacteriota, and Proteobacteria was significantly increased, and the abundance of Firmicutes was significantly decreased, indicating that the changes in gut microbiota changed the function of the sheep rumen. The acid-producing bacteria isolated in this study can effectively promote the growth of ruminants, such as cattle and sheep, and can be used as additives to improve breeding efficiency, which lays a foundation for subsequent research on probiotics.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Jinming Yu
creator: Cunyuan Li
creator: Xiaoyue Li
creator: Kaiping Liu
creator: Zhuang Liu
creator: Wei Ni
creator: Ping Zhou
creator: Limin Wang
creator: Shengwei Hu
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Microbiology
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.16294
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 Yu et al.
abstract: Ruminants such as cattle rely mainly on microbes in the rumen to digest cellulose and hemicellulose from forage, and the digestion products are mainly absorbed and utilized by the host in the form of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This study aimed to isolate acid-producing strains from the cattle rumen and investigate their functions. A total of 980 strains of acid-producing bacteria were isolated from cattle rumen contents using a medium supplemented with bromocresol green. Combined with the test of acid production ability and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing technology, five strains were selected based on their ability to produce relatively high levels of acid, including Bacillus pumillus, Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus faecium, and Bacillus subtilis. Sheep were treated by gavage with a mixed bacterial suspension. The results showed that mixed bacteria significantly increased the body weight gain and feed conversion rate of sheep. To investigate the function of acid-producing bacteria in sheep, we used 16S rDNA sequencing technology to analyze the rumen microbes of sheep. We found that mixed bacteria changed the composition and abundance of sheep rumen bacteria. Among them, the abundance of Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, Acidobacteriota, and Proteobacteria was significantly increased, and the abundance of Firmicutes was significantly decreased, indicating that the changes in gut microbiota changed the function of the sheep rumen. The acid-producing bacteria isolated in this study can effectively promote the growth of ruminants, such as cattle and sheep, and can be used as additives to improve breeding efficiency, which lays a foundation for subsequent research on probiotics.
bibliographic citation: Yu et al. (2023) Isolation and functional analysis of acid-producing bacteria from bovine rumen. PeerJ 11:e16294 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16294
date submitted: 2023-07-10
date accepted: 2023-09-22
issued: 2023-10-18
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Yu
  given name: Jinming
author list: Agent
  family name: Li
  given name: Cunyuan
author list: Agent
  family name: Li
  given name: Xiaoyue
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Kaiping
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Zhuang
author list: Agent
  family name: Ni
  given name: Wei
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhou
  given name: Ping
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Limin
author list: Agent
  family name: Hu
  given name: Shengwei
doi: 10.7717/peerj.16294
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-10-18
copyright: © 2023 Yu et al.
attribution name: Yu et al.

A revised terminology for male genitalia in Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a special emphasis on Ichneumonoidea
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Applying consistent terminology for morphological traits across different taxa is a highly pertinent task in the study of morphology and evolution. Different terminologies for the same traits can generate bias in phylogeny and prevent correct homology assessments. This situation is exacerbated in the male genitalia of Hymenoptera, and specifically in Ichneumonoidea, in which the terminology is not standardized and has not been fully aligned with the rest of Hymenoptera. In the current contribution, we review the terms used to describe the skeletal features of the male genitalia in Hymenoptera, and provide a list of authors associated with previously used terminology. We propose a unified terminology for the male genitalia that can be utilized across the order and a list of recommended terms. Further, we review and discuss the genital musculature for the superfamily Ichneumonoidea based on previous literature and novel observations and align the terms used for muscles across the literature.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Davide Dal Pos
creator: István Mikó
creator: Elijah J. Talamas
creator: Lars Vilhelmsen
creator: Barbara J. Sharanowski
subject: Entomology
subject: Evolutionary Studies
subject: Taxonomy
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.15874
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 Dal Pos et al.
abstract: Applying consistent terminology for morphological traits across different taxa is a highly pertinent task in the study of morphology and evolution. Different terminologies for the same traits can generate bias in phylogeny and prevent correct homology assessments. This situation is exacerbated in the male genitalia of Hymenoptera, and specifically in Ichneumonoidea, in which the terminology is not standardized and has not been fully aligned with the rest of Hymenoptera. In the current contribution, we review the terms used to describe the skeletal features of the male genitalia in Hymenoptera, and provide a list of authors associated with previously used terminology. We propose a unified terminology for the male genitalia that can be utilized across the order and a list of recommended terms. Further, we review and discuss the genital musculature for the superfamily Ichneumonoidea based on previous literature and novel observations and align the terms used for muscles across the literature.
bibliographic citation: Dal Pos et al. (2023) A revised terminology for male genitalia in Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a special emphasis on Ichneumonoidea. PeerJ 11:e15874 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15874
date submitted: 2023-05-05
date accepted: 2023-07-18
issued: 2023-10-17
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Dal Pos
  given name: Davide
author list: Agent
  family name: Mikó
  given name: István
author list: Agent
  family name: Talamas
  given name: Elijah J.
author list: Agent
  family name: Vilhelmsen
  given name: Lars
author list: Agent
  family name: Sharanowski
  given name: Barbara J.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.15874
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-10-17
copyright: ©2023 Dal Pos et al.
attribution name: Dal Pos et al.

The effect of drop-in centers on access to HIV testing, case finding, and condom use among female sex workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Varied HIV prevention interventions involving multiple strategies has been instrumental in the effort to contain and lessen the prevalence of HIV around the globe. However, female sex workers (FSWs) often face stigma and discriminatory challenges, resulting in lower access to the HIV prevention initiatives. This study has aimed to assess the effect of one of the HIV service delivery models, the Drop-in Centers (DICs), which is designed to overcome the service uptake barriers of FSWs. Method A quasi-experimental study design was employed. A respondent-driven sampling technique was used to recruit 1,366 FSWs from January to June 2020. A propensity score matching technique was used to balance the potential confounders between FSWs who had access to DICs and those who had never accessed DICs. Comparisons of the effect of DIC on the outcome of interest was made using a logit regression model at a 5% level of significance. Results A total of 1,366 FSWs took part in the study. The analysis estimated the average treatment effects of access to DICs on four key outcomes: ever-testing to know HIV status, finding HIV-positive FSWs, awareness of HIV-positive status, and consistent condom use. A significant effect of DIC was seen at a 95% confidence interval on each outcome. Access to DIC produced a 7.58% increase in the probability of testing to know HIV status (P < 0.001), a 7.02% increment in finding HIV-positive FSWs (P = 0.003), an increase of 6.93% in awareness of HIV status among HIV positive FSWs (P = 0.001), and a 4.39% rise in consistent condom use (P = 0.01). Conclusions Ensuring access of FSWs to DICs has led to an upsurge in HIV testing among FSWs, raising HIV status awareness among those who are HIV positive, and encouraged consistent condom use. To provide effective HIV prevention services, particularly to those FSWs living with HIV, it is essential to strengthen the services provided in DICs and expand the centers. This will ensure that the entire netwo…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Saro Abdella Abrahim
creator: Meaza Demissie
creator: Alemayehu Worku
creator: Merga Dheresa
creator: Yemane Berhane
subject: Global Health
subject: HIV
subject: Public Health
subject: Women’s Health
subject: Healthcare Services
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.16144
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 Abrahim et al.
abstract: Background Varied HIV prevention interventions involving multiple strategies has been instrumental in the effort to contain and lessen the prevalence of HIV around the globe. However, female sex workers (FSWs) often face stigma and discriminatory challenges, resulting in lower access to the HIV prevention initiatives. This study has aimed to assess the effect of one of the HIV service delivery models, the Drop-in Centers (DICs), which is designed to overcome the service uptake barriers of FSWs. Method A quasi-experimental study design was employed. A respondent-driven sampling technique was used to recruit 1,366 FSWs from January to June 2020. A propensity score matching technique was used to balance the potential confounders between FSWs who had access to DICs and those who had never accessed DICs. Comparisons of the effect of DIC on the outcome of interest was made using a logit regression model at a 5% level of significance. Results A total of 1,366 FSWs took part in the study. The analysis estimated the average treatment effects of access to DICs on four key outcomes: ever-testing to know HIV status, finding HIV-positive FSWs, awareness of HIV-positive status, and consistent condom use. A significant effect of DIC was seen at a 95% confidence interval on each outcome. Access to DIC produced a 7.58% increase in the probability of testing to know HIV status (P < 0.001), a 7.02% increment in finding HIV-positive FSWs (P = 0.003), an increase of 6.93% in awareness of HIV status among HIV positive FSWs (P = 0.001), and a 4.39% rise in consistent condom use (P = 0.01). Conclusions Ensuring access of FSWs to DICs has led to an upsurge in HIV testing among FSWs, raising HIV status awareness among those who are HIV positive, and encouraged consistent condom use. To provide effective HIV prevention services, particularly to those FSWs living with HIV, it is essential to strengthen the services provided in DICs and expand the centers. This will ensure that the entire netwo…
bibliographic citation: Abrahim et al. (2023) The effect of drop-in centers on access to HIV testing, case finding, and condom use among female sex workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PeerJ 11:e16144 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16144
date submitted: 2023-04-07
date accepted: 2023-08-29
issued: 2023-10-17
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Abrahim
  given name: Saro Abdella
author list: Agent
  family name: Demissie
  given name: Meaza
author list: Agent
  family name: Worku
  given name: Alemayehu
author list: Agent
  family name: Dheresa
  given name: Merga
author list: Agent
  family name: Berhane
  given name: Yemane
doi: 10.7717/peerj.16144
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-10-17
copyright: © 2023 Abrahim et al.
attribution name: Abrahim et al.

Bicycle balance assist system reduces roll and steering motion for young and older bicyclists during real-life safety challenges
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Bicycles are more difficult to control at low speeds due to the vehicle’s unstable low-speed dynamics. This issue might be exacerbated by factors such as aging, disturbances, and multi-tasking. To address this issue, we developed a prototype ‘balance assist system’ with Royal Dutch Gazelle and Bosch eBike Systems at Delft University of Technology, which includes an electric motor capable of providing additional steering torque. We implemented a speed-adaptive feedback controller to generate the additional steering torque to that of the rider. We conducted a study with 18 older and 14 younger cyclists to first examine the effect of aging, disturbances, and multi-tasking on cycling at lower forward speeds, and evaluate the effectiveness of the system in improving the stability of the rider-bicycle system while facing these challenges. The study consisted of two scenarios: a single-task scenario where participants rode the bicycle on a marked narrow straight-line track, and a multi-task scenario where participants performed a shoulder check task and followed visual cues while tracking the straight-line. We introduced handlebar disturbances using the steer motor in half of the trials in both scenarios. All trials were repeated with and without the balance assist system. We calculated the bicycle mean magnitude of roll and steering rate—as indicators of bicycle balance control and required steering actions, respectively—and the rider’s mean magnitude of lean rate with respect to the ground to investigate the effect of the balance assist system on rider’s lateral motion. Our results showed that aging, disturbances, and multi-tasking increased the roll rate, and the balance assist system was able to significantly reduce it. The effect size of the balance assist system in reducing the roll rate across all conditions was found to be larger in older cyclists, indicating a more substantial impact compared to younger cyclists. Disturbances and multi-tasking increased the steeri…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Leila Alizadehsaravi
creator: Jason K. Moore
subject: Geriatrics
subject: Kinesiology
subject: Public Health
subject: Biomechanics
subject: Sports Medicine
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.16206
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 Alizadehsaravi and Moore
abstract: Bicycles are more difficult to control at low speeds due to the vehicle’s unstable low-speed dynamics. This issue might be exacerbated by factors such as aging, disturbances, and multi-tasking. To address this issue, we developed a prototype ‘balance assist system’ with Royal Dutch Gazelle and Bosch eBike Systems at Delft University of Technology, which includes an electric motor capable of providing additional steering torque. We implemented a speed-adaptive feedback controller to generate the additional steering torque to that of the rider. We conducted a study with 18 older and 14 younger cyclists to first examine the effect of aging, disturbances, and multi-tasking on cycling at lower forward speeds, and evaluate the effectiveness of the system in improving the stability of the rider-bicycle system while facing these challenges. The study consisted of two scenarios: a single-task scenario where participants rode the bicycle on a marked narrow straight-line track, and a multi-task scenario where participants performed a shoulder check task and followed visual cues while tracking the straight-line. We introduced handlebar disturbances using the steer motor in half of the trials in both scenarios. All trials were repeated with and without the balance assist system. We calculated the bicycle mean magnitude of roll and steering rate—as indicators of bicycle balance control and required steering actions, respectively—and the rider’s mean magnitude of lean rate with respect to the ground to investigate the effect of the balance assist system on rider’s lateral motion. Our results showed that aging, disturbances, and multi-tasking increased the roll rate, and the balance assist system was able to significantly reduce it. The effect size of the balance assist system in reducing the roll rate across all conditions was found to be larger in older cyclists, indicating a more substantial impact compared to younger cyclists. Disturbances and multi-tasking increased the steeri…
bibliographic citation: Alizadehsaravi et al. (2023) Bicycle balance assist system reduces roll and steering motion for young and older bicyclists during real-life safety challenges. PeerJ 11:e16206 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16206
date submitted: 2023-05-10
date accepted: 2023-09-08
issued: 2023-10-17
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Alizadehsaravi
  given name: Leila
author list: Agent
  family name: Moore
  given name: Jason K.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.16206
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-10-17
copyright: ©2023 Alizadehsaravi and Moore
attribution name: Alizadehsaravi and Moore

Ginsenoside Rb1 enhanced immunity and altered the gut microflora in mice immunized by H1N1 influenza vaccine
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Influenza is an acute infectious respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus that seriously damages human health, and the essential way to prevent influenza is the influenza vaccine. Vaccines without adjuvants produce insufficient specific antibodies and therefore require adjuvants to boost antibody titers. Microbes and hosts are a community that needs to “promote bacteria,” which could provide new value for the immune effect. Methods (1) The H1N1 influenza vaccine, in combination with Ginsenoside Rb1, was co-injected into mice intraperitoneally (I.P.). Then, immunoglobulin G and antibody subtype levels were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, mice were infected with a lethal dose of the H1N1 influenza virus (A/Michigan/45/2015), and survival status was recorded for 14 days. Lung tissues were stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and ELISA detected inflammatory factor expression levels. (2) Mice were immunized with Ginsenoside Rb1 combined with quadrivalent influenza inactivated vaccine(IIV4), and then IgG levels were measured by ELISA. (3) Fresh stool was collected for fecal 16S rDNA analysis. Results Ginsenoside Rb1 boosted IgG and antibody subtypes in the H1N1 influenza vaccine, improved survival of mice after virus challenge, attenuated lung histopathological damage, and reduced inflammatory cytokines expression in IL-6 and TNF-α. The results of 16S rDNA showed that Rb1 decreased species diversity but increased species richness compared to the PBS group and increased the abundance of Akkermansiaceae and Murbaculaceae at the Family and Genus levels compared with the HA+Alum group. Conclusion Ginsenoside Rb1 has a boosting effect on the immune efficacy of the H1N1 influenza vaccine and is promising as a novel adjuvant to regulate the microecological balance and achieve an anti-infective effect.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Chuanqi Wan
creator: Rufeng Lu
creator: Chen Zhu
creator: Haibo Wu
creator: Guannan Shen
creator: Yang Yang
creator: Xiaowei Wu
creator: Bangjiang Fang
creator: Yuzhou He
subject: Bioinformatics
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Virology
subject: Gastroenterology and Hepatology
subject: Immunology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.16226
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 Wan et al.
abstract: Background Influenza is an acute infectious respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus that seriously damages human health, and the essential way to prevent influenza is the influenza vaccine. Vaccines without adjuvants produce insufficient specific antibodies and therefore require adjuvants to boost antibody titers. Microbes and hosts are a community that needs to “promote bacteria,” which could provide new value for the immune effect. Methods (1) The H1N1 influenza vaccine, in combination with Ginsenoside Rb1, was co-injected into mice intraperitoneally (I.P.). Then, immunoglobulin G and antibody subtype levels were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Moreover, mice were infected with a lethal dose of the H1N1 influenza virus (A/Michigan/45/2015), and survival status was recorded for 14 days. Lung tissues were stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and ELISA detected inflammatory factor expression levels. (2) Mice were immunized with Ginsenoside Rb1 combined with quadrivalent influenza inactivated vaccine(IIV4), and then IgG levels were measured by ELISA. (3) Fresh stool was collected for fecal 16S rDNA analysis. Results Ginsenoside Rb1 boosted IgG and antibody subtypes in the H1N1 influenza vaccine, improved survival of mice after virus challenge, attenuated lung histopathological damage, and reduced inflammatory cytokines expression in IL-6 and TNF-α. The results of 16S rDNA showed that Rb1 decreased species diversity but increased species richness compared to the PBS group and increased the abundance of Akkermansiaceae and Murbaculaceae at the Family and Genus levels compared with the HA+Alum group. Conclusion Ginsenoside Rb1 has a boosting effect on the immune efficacy of the H1N1 influenza vaccine and is promising as a novel adjuvant to regulate the microecological balance and achieve an anti-infective effect.
bibliographic citation: Wan et al. (2023) Ginsenoside Rb1 enhanced immunity and altered the gut microflora in mice immunized by H1N1 influenza vaccine. PeerJ 11:e16226 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16226
date submitted: 2023-06-12
date accepted: 2023-09-12
issued: 2023-10-17
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Wan
  given name: Chuanqi
author list: Agent
  family name: Lu
  given name: Rufeng
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhu
  given name: Chen
author list: Agent
  family name: Wu
  given name: Haibo
author list: Agent
  family name: Shen
  given name: Guannan
author list: Agent
  family name: Yang
  given name: Yang
author list: Agent
  family name: Wu
  given name: Xiaowei
author list: Agent
  family name: Fang
  given name: Bangjiang
author list: Agent
  family name: He
  given name: Yuzhou
doi: 10.7717/peerj.16226
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-10-17
copyright: ©2023 Wan et al.
attribution name: Wan et al.

Implications of dominance hierarchy on hummingbird-plant interactions in a temperate forest in Northwestern Mexico
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: The structuring of plant-hummingbird networks can be explained by multiple factors, including species abundance (i.e., the neutrality hypothesis), matching of bill and flower morphology, phenological overlap, phylogenetic constraints, and feeding behavior. The importance of complementary morphology and phenological overlap on the hummingbird-plant network has been extensively studied, while the importance of hummingbird behavior has received less attention. In this work, we evaluated the relative importance of species abundance, morphological matching, and floral energy content in predicting the frequency of hummingbird-plant interactions. Then, we determined whether the hummingbird species’ dominance hierarchy is associated with modules within the network. Moreover, we evaluated whether hummingbird specialization (d’) is related to bill morphology (bill length and curvature) and dominance hierarchy. Finally, we determined whether generalist core hummingbird species are lees dominant in the community. We recorded plant-hummingbird interactions and behavioral dominance of hummingbird species in a temperate forest in Northwestern Mexico (El Palmito, Mexico). We measured flowers’ corolla length and nectar traits and hummingbirds’ weight and bill traits. We recorded 2,272 interactions among 13 hummingbird and 10 plant species. The main driver of plant-hummingbird interactions was species abundance, consistent with the neutrality interaction theory. Hummingbird specialization was related to dominance and bill length, but not to bill curvature of hummingbird species. However, generalist core hummingbird species (species that interact with many plant species) were less dominant. The frequency of interactions between hummingbirds and plants was determined by the abundance of hummingbirds and their flowers, and the dominance of hummingbird species determined the separation of the different modules and specialization. Our study suggests that abundance and feeding behavior may…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Gabriel López-Segoviano
creator: Maribel Arenas-Navarro
creator: Laura E. Nuñez-Rosas
creator: María del Coro Arizmendi
subject: Animal Behavior
subject: Ecology
subject: Zoology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.16245
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2023 López-Segoviano et al.
abstract: The structuring of plant-hummingbird networks can be explained by multiple factors, including species abundance (i.e., the neutrality hypothesis), matching of bill and flower morphology, phenological overlap, phylogenetic constraints, and feeding behavior. The importance of complementary morphology and phenological overlap on the hummingbird-plant network has been extensively studied, while the importance of hummingbird behavior has received less attention. In this work, we evaluated the relative importance of species abundance, morphological matching, and floral energy content in predicting the frequency of hummingbird-plant interactions. Then, we determined whether the hummingbird species’ dominance hierarchy is associated with modules within the network. Moreover, we evaluated whether hummingbird specialization (d’) is related to bill morphology (bill length and curvature) and dominance hierarchy. Finally, we determined whether generalist core hummingbird species are lees dominant in the community. We recorded plant-hummingbird interactions and behavioral dominance of hummingbird species in a temperate forest in Northwestern Mexico (El Palmito, Mexico). We measured flowers’ corolla length and nectar traits and hummingbirds’ weight and bill traits. We recorded 2,272 interactions among 13 hummingbird and 10 plant species. The main driver of plant-hummingbird interactions was species abundance, consistent with the neutrality interaction theory. Hummingbird specialization was related to dominance and bill length, but not to bill curvature of hummingbird species. However, generalist core hummingbird species (species that interact with many plant species) were less dominant. The frequency of interactions between hummingbirds and plants was determined by the abundance of hummingbirds and their flowers, and the dominance of hummingbird species determined the separation of the different modules and specialization. Our study suggests that abundance and feeding behavior may…
bibliographic citation: López-Segoviano et al. (2023) Implications of dominance hierarchy on hummingbird-plant interactions in a temperate forest in Northwestern Mexico. PeerJ 11:e16245 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16245
date submitted: 2023-02-27
date accepted: 2023-09-14
issued: 2023-10-17
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: López-Segoviano
  given name: Gabriel
author list: Agent
  family name: Arenas-Navarro
  given name: Maribel
author list: Agent
  family name: Nuñez-Rosas
  given name: Laura E.
author list: Agent
  family name: Arizmendi
  given name: María del Coro
doi: 10.7717/peerj.16245
volume: 11
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2023-10-17
copyright: © 2023 López-Segoviano et al.
attribution name: López-Segoviano et al.

PeerJ
type: Periodical
uri: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359