PeerJ
type: channel
link: https://peerj.com/articles/
description: Articles published in PeerJ
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
publication name: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359
items: NT-proBNP serves as a prognostic marker for adverse outcomes in severe immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis
items: Oropharyngeal microbiome dysbiosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: taxonomic shifts, metabolic reprogramming, and geographic disparities in a high-incidence cohort
items: The 12-LOX/12-HETE/GPR31 metabolic pathway promotes tumor-associated macrophage M2 polarization mediated pancreatic cancer development
items: The BAF53A-BACH1-GCLM axis regulates glutathione metabolism and enhances ferroptosis resistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
items: The association between ADIPOQ gene variants (rs266729, rs2241766, rs1501299) and acute myocardial infarction in Vietnamese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
items: Optimizing legume green manure applications for enhanced forage sorghum-sudangrass performance and soil property improvements
items: Reconstruction of masked sequences via inverse mapping of incomplete information natural vectors
items: Proteomic landscape of porcine induced neural stem cell reprogramming and differentiation
items: https://peerj.com/articles/20101
items: Influence of organic, synthetic and biofertilizers on the diversity of cassava rhizosphere microbiome in Northeastern Thailand

NT-proBNP serves as a prognostic marker for adverse outcomes in severe immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed cancer treatment but carry risks of rare, life-threatening immune-related adverse events, particularly myocarditis. Prognostic biomarkers and optimal management strategies for severe ICI-associated myocarditis remain poorly defined. Methods This single-center retrospective cohort study analyzed 71 patients diagnosed with ICI-associated myocarditis among 7,157 ICI-treated individuals at a tertiary center (August 2018–August 2024). Myocarditis severity was graded per American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) guidelines. Cardiac biomarkers, including NT-proBNP and troponin T, were assessed. Binary logistic regression identified predictors of mortality. Treatment protocols and immunotherapy rechallenge outcomes were evaluated. Results Severe myocarditis (Grades 3–4) occurred in 33 patients (46.5%), with an overall mortality rate of 54.5% in this subgroup (18/33). NT-proBNP levels were significantly elevated in fatal cases versus survivors (median: 13,804 vs. 4,050 pg/mL; P < 0.001) and independently predicted mortality risk (odds ratio (OR) 4.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.2–21.9]; P = 0.023). A multimodal regimen combining plasmapheresis with high-dose corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and mycophenolate mofetil was associated with improved survival. Among nine patients rechallenged with immunotherapy, seven (77.8%) tolerated subsequent cycles without recurrent immune toxicity, while two with prior Grade 2 myocarditis experienced symptom recurrence. Discussion Elevated NT-proBNP emerges as a critical prognostic marker for risk stratification in severe ICI-associated myocarditis. Immunotherapy rechallenge appears feasible in select patients but warrants caution in those with prior moderate-grade myocarditis. These findings advocate for biomarker-guided escalation of therapies and shared decision-making frameworks to balance oncologic efficacy with cardiovascular safety.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Cheng He
creator: Linjuan Xu
creator: Zhihong Zhang
creator: Jiong Wang
subject: Cardiology
subject: Immunology
subject: Oncology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.20020
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 He et al.
abstract: Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed cancer treatment but carry risks of rare, life-threatening immune-related adverse events, particularly myocarditis. Prognostic biomarkers and optimal management strategies for severe ICI-associated myocarditis remain poorly defined. Methods This single-center retrospective cohort study analyzed 71 patients diagnosed with ICI-associated myocarditis among 7,157 ICI-treated individuals at a tertiary center (August 2018–August 2024). Myocarditis severity was graded per American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) guidelines. Cardiac biomarkers, including NT-proBNP and troponin T, were assessed. Binary logistic regression identified predictors of mortality. Treatment protocols and immunotherapy rechallenge outcomes were evaluated. Results Severe myocarditis (Grades 3–4) occurred in 33 patients (46.5%), with an overall mortality rate of 54.5% in this subgroup (18/33). NT-proBNP levels were significantly elevated in fatal cases versus survivors (median: 13,804 vs. 4,050 pg/mL; P < 0.001) and independently predicted mortality risk (odds ratio (OR) 4.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.2–21.9]; P = 0.023). A multimodal regimen combining plasmapheresis with high-dose corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and mycophenolate mofetil was associated with improved survival. Among nine patients rechallenged with immunotherapy, seven (77.8%) tolerated subsequent cycles without recurrent immune toxicity, while two with prior Grade 2 myocarditis experienced symptom recurrence. Discussion Elevated NT-proBNP emerges as a critical prognostic marker for risk stratification in severe ICI-associated myocarditis. Immunotherapy rechallenge appears feasible in select patients but warrants caution in those with prior moderate-grade myocarditis. These findings advocate for biomarker-guided escalation of therapies and shared decision-making frameworks to balance oncologic efficacy with cardiovascular safety.
bibliographic citation: He et al. (2025) NT-proBNP serves as a prognostic marker for adverse outcomes in severe immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis. PeerJ 13:e20020 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20020
date submitted: 2025-03-26
date accepted: 2025-08-11
issued: 2025-10-06
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: He
  given name: Cheng
author list: Agent
  family name: Xu
  given name: Linjuan
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhang
  given name: Zhihong
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Jiong
doi: 10.7717/peerj.20020
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-10-06
copyright: ©2025 He et al.
attribution name: He et al.

Oropharyngeal microbiome dysbiosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: taxonomic shifts, metabolic reprogramming, and geographic disparities in a high-incidence cohort
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality globally, with pronounced geographic disparities in incidence. Emerging evidence links oral microbiome dysbiosis to ESCC pathogenesis, yet comprehensive insights into microbial diversity, taxonomic shifts, and functional alterations in high-risk populations remain limited. Methods Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we compared the oral microbiome of ESCC patients and healthy controls from a high-incidence region in Northwest China. Alpha and beta diversity metrics, taxonomic composition, and predicted functional pathways were analyzed to identify microbial signatures associated with ESCC. Results ESCC patients exhibited significantly elevated microbial richness (observed amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), Chao1, ACE; p < 0.05) but comparable Shannon/Simpson diversity to controls. Unique amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were more prevalent in ESCC samples, and principal component analysis confirmed distinct community structures (p < 0.05). Taxonomically, Streptococcus and Neisseria dominated both groups, but ESCC patients showed enrichment of Gemella (p = 0.0003) and Corynebacterium (p < 0.00001), alongside depletion of Prevotella_7 (p = 0.0002) and Moraxella (p < 0.001). Functional profiling revealed upregulated amino acid metabolism (e.g., beta-alanine and valine degradation) and downregulated carbohydrate metabolism in ESCC-associated microbiota. Conclusion This study uncovers unique oral microbial signatures in ESCC patients from a high-incidence region, characterized by increased richness, taxon-specific shifts, and metabolic reprogramming favoring amino acid catabolism. These findings highlight the potential of microbial biomarkers for ESCC detection and provide mechanistic insights into microbiome-driven carcinogenesis. The geographic specificity of the cohort underscores the urgency of tailored interventions in high-risk populations and advances our understanding of …
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Ying Liu
creator: Erman Wu
creator: Fang Cheng
creator: Meng Zhang
creator: Qian Rou
creator: Zinati Nuertai
creator: Maorong Xu
creator: Shanshan Xu
creator: Minghui Li
creator: Lei Zhang
creator: Aheli Nasiroula
subject: Microbiology
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Oncology
subject: Otorhinolaryngology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.20009
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 Liu et al.
abstract: Background Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality globally, with pronounced geographic disparities in incidence. Emerging evidence links oral microbiome dysbiosis to ESCC pathogenesis, yet comprehensive insights into microbial diversity, taxonomic shifts, and functional alterations in high-risk populations remain limited. Methods Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we compared the oral microbiome of ESCC patients and healthy controls from a high-incidence region in Northwest China. Alpha and beta diversity metrics, taxonomic composition, and predicted functional pathways were analyzed to identify microbial signatures associated with ESCC. Results ESCC patients exhibited significantly elevated microbial richness (observed amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), Chao1, ACE; p < 0.05) but comparable Shannon/Simpson diversity to controls. Unique amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were more prevalent in ESCC samples, and principal component analysis confirmed distinct community structures (p < 0.05). Taxonomically, Streptococcus and Neisseria dominated both groups, but ESCC patients showed enrichment of Gemella (p = 0.0003) and Corynebacterium (p < 0.00001), alongside depletion of Prevotella_7 (p = 0.0002) and Moraxella (p < 0.001). Functional profiling revealed upregulated amino acid metabolism (e.g., beta-alanine and valine degradation) and downregulated carbohydrate metabolism in ESCC-associated microbiota. Conclusion This study uncovers unique oral microbial signatures in ESCC patients from a high-incidence region, characterized by increased richness, taxon-specific shifts, and metabolic reprogramming favoring amino acid catabolism. These findings highlight the potential of microbial biomarkers for ESCC detection and provide mechanistic insights into microbiome-driven carcinogenesis. The geographic specificity of the cohort underscores the urgency of tailored interventions in high-risk populations and advances our understanding of …
bibliographic citation: Liu et al. (2025) Oropharyngeal microbiome dysbiosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: taxonomic shifts, metabolic reprogramming, and geographic disparities in a high-incidence cohort. PeerJ 13:e20009 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20009
date submitted: 2025-04-09
date accepted: 2025-08-07
issued: 2025-10-06
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Ying
author list: Agent
  family name: Wu
  given name: Erman
author list: Agent
  family name: Cheng
  given name: Fang
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhang
  given name: Meng
author list: Agent
  family name: Rou
  given name: Qian
author list: Agent
  family name: Nuertai
  given name: Zinati
author list: Agent
  family name: Xu
  given name: Maorong
author list: Agent
  family name: Xu
  given name: Shanshan
author list: Agent
  family name: Li
  given name: Minghui
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhang
  given name: Lei
author list: Agent
  family name: Nasiroula
  given name: Aheli
doi: 10.7717/peerj.20009
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-10-06
copyright: ©2025 Liu et al.
attribution name: Liu et al.

The 12-LOX/12-HETE/GPR31 metabolic pathway promotes tumor-associated macrophage M2 polarization mediated pancreatic cancer development
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background The 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX)/12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) pathway is associated with various tumors. M2 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment promote tumorigenesis and progression. However, the role of the 12-LOX/12-HETE/G protein-coupled receptor 31 (GPR31) metabolic pathway and its relationship with M2 macrophages remains unclear in pancreatic cancer (PC). Methods The expression levels of 12-LOX, GPR31, and 12-HETE were detected in PC and mouse PC models using western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted using the 12-LOX inhibitor ML355 to investigate the role of the 12-LOX/12-HETE/GPR31 metabolic pathway in M2 macrophage polarization and tumor progression through flow cytometry, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 5-Ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays, and Transwell experiments. Results The 12-LOX/12-HETE/GPR31 metabolic pathway is expressed actively in PC. Inhibition of 12-LOX in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer suppressed the expression of this metabolic pathway, retarded tumor growth, and reduced the polarization of macrophages towards the M2 type. In vitro, co-culturing PC cell line PANC-1 with macrophages and selectively inhibiting 12-LOX influenced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PC cells. Inhibiting 12-LOX did not suppress the function of individual PC cells, but it inhibited the development of PC cells co-cultured with macrophages. Moreover, inhibiting 12-LOX reduced the co-cultured M2 macrophages. Conclusion This study, through in vivo and in vitro experiments, reveals that the 12-LOX/12-HETE/GPR31 metabolic pathway affects the growth, migration, and invasion of PC by modulating M2 macrophage polarization patterns.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Ying Yang
creator: Yuanzhen Wang
creator: Jia Wu
creator: Chunxiu Tan
creator: Liya Huang
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Gastroenterology and Hepatology
subject: Immunology
subject: Oncology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.19963
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 Yang et al.
abstract: Background The 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX)/12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) pathway is associated with various tumors. M2 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment promote tumorigenesis and progression. However, the role of the 12-LOX/12-HETE/G protein-coupled receptor 31 (GPR31) metabolic pathway and its relationship with M2 macrophages remains unclear in pancreatic cancer (PC). Methods The expression levels of 12-LOX, GPR31, and 12-HETE were detected in PC and mouse PC models using western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted using the 12-LOX inhibitor ML355 to investigate the role of the 12-LOX/12-HETE/GPR31 metabolic pathway in M2 macrophage polarization and tumor progression through flow cytometry, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 5-Ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays, and Transwell experiments. Results The 12-LOX/12-HETE/GPR31 metabolic pathway is expressed actively in PC. Inhibition of 12-LOX in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer suppressed the expression of this metabolic pathway, retarded tumor growth, and reduced the polarization of macrophages towards the M2 type. In vitro, co-culturing PC cell line PANC-1 with macrophages and selectively inhibiting 12-LOX influenced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PC cells. Inhibiting 12-LOX did not suppress the function of individual PC cells, but it inhibited the development of PC cells co-cultured with macrophages. Moreover, inhibiting 12-LOX reduced the co-cultured M2 macrophages. Conclusion This study, through in vivo and in vitro experiments, reveals that the 12-LOX/12-HETE/GPR31 metabolic pathway affects the growth, migration, and invasion of PC by modulating M2 macrophage polarization patterns.
bibliographic citation: Yang et al. (2025) The 12-LOX/12-HETE/GPR31 metabolic pathway promotes tumor-associated macrophage M2 polarization mediated pancreatic cancer development. PeerJ 13:e19963 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19963
date submitted: 2025-02-14
date accepted: 2025-07-31
issued: 2025-10-06
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Yang
  given name: Ying
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Yuanzhen
author list: Agent
  family name: Wu
  given name: Jia
author list: Agent
  family name: Tan
  given name: Chunxiu
author list: Agent
  family name: Huang
  given name: Liya
doi: 10.7717/peerj.19963
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-10-06
copyright: ©2025 Yang et al.
attribution name: Yang et al.

The BAF53A-BACH1-GCLM axis regulates glutathione metabolism and enhances ferroptosis resistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Objective Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), a highly lethal malignancy, exhibits poor survival rates and limited treatment options. Ferroptosis, a regulated form of cell death driven by lipid peroxidation, emerges as a potential therapeutic target. However, the mechanisms suppressing ferroptosis in ESCC remain poorly understood. Methods Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was employed to knock down BAF53A and BACH1 in ESCC cell lines, followed by assessments of cell proliferation, colony formation, and ferroptosis sensitivity. Glutathione (GSH) metabolism was evaluated by measuring GSH/GSSG and NADP+/NADPH ratios, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and lipid peroxidation through flow cytometry and fluorescence imaging. Molecular interactions were evaluated using co-immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify transcriptional targets of the BAF53A-BACH1 complex. Results BAF53A was elevated in ESCC, and its depletion impaired cell proliferation and colony formation ability of cells. Knockdown of BAF53A disrupted GSH metabolism, leading to increased ROS levels, reduced GSH/GSSG and NADP+/NADPH ratios, and enhanced ferroptosis sensitivity. Mechanistically, BAF53A collaborated with BACH1 to transcriptionally activate glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM), a key enzyme in GSH biosynthesis. Overexpression of GCLM restored redox balance and cell viability in BAF53A- or BACH1-silenced cells. Conclusions The BAF53A-BACH1-GCLM axis constitutes a novel egulatory pathway that integrates chromatin remodeling, transcriptional regulatione, and ferroptosis resistance in ESCC. Targeting this axis may offer a promising approach to exploit metabolic vulnerabilities and enhance ferroptosis sensitivity in ESCC treatment.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Weijuan Jiang
creator: Jie Zhang
creator: Canjuan Chen
creator: Jiangwei Shi
creator: Lihua Fan
subject: Bioinformatics
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Immunology
subject: Oncology
subject: Pathology
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.20156
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 Jiang et al.
abstract: Objective Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), a highly lethal malignancy, exhibits poor survival rates and limited treatment options. Ferroptosis, a regulated form of cell death driven by lipid peroxidation, emerges as a potential therapeutic target. However, the mechanisms suppressing ferroptosis in ESCC remain poorly understood. Methods Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was employed to knock down BAF53A and BACH1 in ESCC cell lines, followed by assessments of cell proliferation, colony formation, and ferroptosis sensitivity. Glutathione (GSH) metabolism was evaluated by measuring GSH/GSSG and NADP+/NADPH ratios, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and lipid peroxidation through flow cytometry and fluorescence imaging. Molecular interactions were evaluated using co-immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify transcriptional targets of the BAF53A-BACH1 complex. Results BAF53A was elevated in ESCC, and its depletion impaired cell proliferation and colony formation ability of cells. Knockdown of BAF53A disrupted GSH metabolism, leading to increased ROS levels, reduced GSH/GSSG and NADP+/NADPH ratios, and enhanced ferroptosis sensitivity. Mechanistically, BAF53A collaborated with BACH1 to transcriptionally activate glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM), a key enzyme in GSH biosynthesis. Overexpression of GCLM restored redox balance and cell viability in BAF53A- or BACH1-silenced cells. Conclusions The BAF53A-BACH1-GCLM axis constitutes a novel egulatory pathway that integrates chromatin remodeling, transcriptional regulatione, and ferroptosis resistance in ESCC. Targeting this axis may offer a promising approach to exploit metabolic vulnerabilities and enhance ferroptosis sensitivity in ESCC treatment.
bibliographic citation: Jiang et al. (2025) The BAF53A-BACH1-GCLM axis regulates glutathione metabolism and enhances ferroptosis resistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PeerJ 13:e20156 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20156
date submitted: 2025-07-16
date accepted: 2025-09-08
issued: 2025-10-03
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Jiang
  given name: Weijuan
author list: Agent
  family name: Zhang
  given name: Jie
author list: Agent
  family name: Chen
  given name: Canjuan
author list: Agent
  family name: Shi
  given name: Jiangwei
author list: Agent
  family name: Fan
  given name: Lihua
doi: 10.7717/peerj.20156
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-10-03
copyright: © 2025 Jiang et al.
attribution name: Jiang et al.

The association between ADIPOQ gene variants (rs266729, rs2241766, rs1501299) and acute myocardial infarction in Vietnamese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) significantly increases the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Polymorphisms in the ADIPOQ gene, which encodes the adiponectin hormone, are believed to influence cardiovascular disease risk. This study aims to evaluate the association between three ADIPOQ gene variants—rs266729, rs2241766, and rs1501299—and the risk of AMI in Vietnamese patients with T2DM. Methods A case–control study was conducted from January 2023 to June 2024 at the University Medical Center, Ho Chi Minh City. The study included 275 T2DM patients with a history of AMI (case group) and 275 T2DM patients without AMI (control group). Participants were matched by age, gender, smoking status, and duration of T2DM to control for potential confounding factors. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples, and the three polymorphisms were genotyped using Sanger sequencing. Results Significant associations were found between ADIPOQ gene polymorphisms and AMI risk. The G/G genotype of rs266729 and the T/T genotype of rs1501299 were associated with a reduced risk of AMI (OR = 0.45, 95% CI [0.23–0.89], p = 0.021; OR = 0.45, 95% CI [0.22–0.90], p = 0.025, respectively). In contrast, the T/G genotype of rs2241766 was significantly associated with an increased risk of AMI (OR = 2.07, 95% CI [1.44–2.97], p < 0.001). Conclusion This study suggests that rs266729 and rs1501299 may have protective effects, while rs2241766 may increase the risk of AMI in Vietnamese patients with T2DM. These findings highlight the importance of further research into adiponectin levels and long-term monitoring, and support the potential use of genetic variants in personalized cardiovascular risk management for patients with T2DM.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Bao Hoang Le
creator: Khanh Quang Tran
creator: Nhu Nhat Quynh Nguyen
creator: Truc Thanh Thai
subject: Cardiology
subject: Diabetes and Endocrinology
subject: Internal Medicine
subject: Medical Genetics
subject: Metabolic Sciences
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.20145
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 Le et al.
abstract: Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) significantly increases the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Polymorphisms in the ADIPOQ gene, which encodes the adiponectin hormone, are believed to influence cardiovascular disease risk. This study aims to evaluate the association between three ADIPOQ gene variants—rs266729, rs2241766, and rs1501299—and the risk of AMI in Vietnamese patients with T2DM. Methods A case–control study was conducted from January 2023 to June 2024 at the University Medical Center, Ho Chi Minh City. The study included 275 T2DM patients with a history of AMI (case group) and 275 T2DM patients without AMI (control group). Participants were matched by age, gender, smoking status, and duration of T2DM to control for potential confounding factors. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples, and the three polymorphisms were genotyped using Sanger sequencing. Results Significant associations were found between ADIPOQ gene polymorphisms and AMI risk. The G/G genotype of rs266729 and the T/T genotype of rs1501299 were associated with a reduced risk of AMI (OR = 0.45, 95% CI [0.23–0.89], p = 0.021; OR = 0.45, 95% CI [0.22–0.90], p = 0.025, respectively). In contrast, the T/G genotype of rs2241766 was significantly associated with an increased risk of AMI (OR = 2.07, 95% CI [1.44–2.97], p < 0.001). Conclusion This study suggests that rs266729 and rs1501299 may have protective effects, while rs2241766 may increase the risk of AMI in Vietnamese patients with T2DM. These findings highlight the importance of further research into adiponectin levels and long-term monitoring, and support the potential use of genetic variants in personalized cardiovascular risk management for patients with T2DM.
bibliographic citation: Le et al. (2025) The association between ADIPOQ gene variants (rs266729, rs2241766, rs1501299) and acute myocardial infarction in Vietnamese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PeerJ 13:e20145 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20145
date submitted: 2025-05-08
date accepted: 2025-09-05
issued: 2025-10-03
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Le
  given name: Bao Hoang
author list: Agent
  family name: Tran
  given name: Khanh Quang
author list: Agent
  family name: Nguyen
  given name: Nhu Nhat Quynh
author list: Agent
  family name: Thai
  given name: Truc Thanh
doi: 10.7717/peerj.20145
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-10-03
copyright: © 2025 Le et al.
attribution name: Le et al.

Optimizing legume green manure applications for enhanced forage sorghum-sudangrass performance and soil property improvements
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Legume-based green manuring is an environmentally sustainable and economically viable approach that enhances soil fertility by improving organic matter content, facilitating biological nitrogen fixation, and stimulating microbial activity. These benefits collectively reduce reliance on mineral fertilizers, which are associated with environmental degradation. While the soil-enhancing properties of legumes are well-established, limited information is available regarding how the timing of green manure incorporation affects the growth performance and forage quality of subsequent crops. This study aimed to assess the effects of incorporating different legume species at various phenological stages on the growth, yield, and forage quality of sorghum × sudangrass under Mediterranean climatic conditions. Methods A field experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2024 at Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Türkiye, using a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Eleven treatments were implemented, consisting of three legume species (common vetch, narbon vetch, and forage pea) incorporated at three distinct phenological stages (pre-flowering, 10% flowering, and full flowering), along with unfertilized and fertilized controls. Following incorporation, sorghum × sudangrass was sown without additional fertilization, except in the fertilized control. Key response variables included fresh forage yield (FFY), hay yield (HY), plant height, leaf number, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content (SPAD), and crude protein yield (CPY). Soil organic matter and total nitrogen levels were also measured before and after treatments. Results Green manure application significantly enhanced the growth, biomass accumulation, and forage quality of sorghum × sudangrass. The incorporation of common vetch and narbon vetch at the 10% flowering stage led to up to a 50% increase in fresh forage yield compared to the unfertilized control. Forage pea maintained consistent yield perform…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Emre Kara
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Plant Science
subject: Soil Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.20137
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 Kara
abstract: Background Legume-based green manuring is an environmentally sustainable and economically viable approach that enhances soil fertility by improving organic matter content, facilitating biological nitrogen fixation, and stimulating microbial activity. These benefits collectively reduce reliance on mineral fertilizers, which are associated with environmental degradation. While the soil-enhancing properties of legumes are well-established, limited information is available regarding how the timing of green manure incorporation affects the growth performance and forage quality of subsequent crops. This study aimed to assess the effects of incorporating different legume species at various phenological stages on the growth, yield, and forage quality of sorghum × sudangrass under Mediterranean climatic conditions. Methods A field experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2024 at Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Türkiye, using a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Eleven treatments were implemented, consisting of three legume species (common vetch, narbon vetch, and forage pea) incorporated at three distinct phenological stages (pre-flowering, 10% flowering, and full flowering), along with unfertilized and fertilized controls. Following incorporation, sorghum × sudangrass was sown without additional fertilization, except in the fertilized control. Key response variables included fresh forage yield (FFY), hay yield (HY), plant height, leaf number, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content (SPAD), and crude protein yield (CPY). Soil organic matter and total nitrogen levels were also measured before and after treatments. Results Green manure application significantly enhanced the growth, biomass accumulation, and forage quality of sorghum × sudangrass. The incorporation of common vetch and narbon vetch at the 10% flowering stage led to up to a 50% increase in fresh forage yield compared to the unfertilized control. Forage pea maintained consistent yield perform…
bibliographic citation: Kara (2025) Optimizing legume green manure applications for enhanced forage sorghum-sudangrass performance and soil property improvements. PeerJ 13:e20137 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20137
date submitted: 2025-04-10
date accepted: 2025-09-04
issued: 2025-10-03
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Kara
  given name: Emre
doi: 10.7717/peerj.20137
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-10-03
copyright: © 2025 Kara
attribution name: Kara

Reconstruction of masked sequences via inverse mapping of incomplete information natural vectors
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Alignment-free embedding methods, which map biological sequences into a fixed-dimensional space using mathematical techniques, hold significant value in biology. A key challenge in this field is constructing an inverse mapping to recover sequences from embedded vectors. The natural vector approach uniquely provides a theoretical one-to-one correspondence between sequences and high-order natural vectors, but reconstructing sequences from lower-order vectors remains unsolved. Moreover, when sequences contain masked regions, extracting features and constructing the inverse mapping to restore the original sequence, including the masked parts, becomes even more challenging. In this article, we define incomplete information natural vectors for masked sequences and develop a long short-term memory model that achieves over 99.9% accuracy in reconstructing unmasked positions in original sequences on SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 datasets, while also providing predictions for masked sites that significantly outperform random prediction. Our model can robustly handle sequences with varying masked nucleotides. Overall, our approach expands the scope of alignment-free embedding methods by enabling bidirectional conversion and addressing challenges posed by incomplete information.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Patrick Ding
creator: Guoqing Hu
creator: Hongyu Yu
creator: Stephen S.-T. Yau
subject: Bioinformatics
subject: Computational Biology
subject: Data Mining and Machine Learning
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.20126
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 Ding et al.
abstract: Alignment-free embedding methods, which map biological sequences into a fixed-dimensional space using mathematical techniques, hold significant value in biology. A key challenge in this field is constructing an inverse mapping to recover sequences from embedded vectors. The natural vector approach uniquely provides a theoretical one-to-one correspondence between sequences and high-order natural vectors, but reconstructing sequences from lower-order vectors remains unsolved. Moreover, when sequences contain masked regions, extracting features and constructing the inverse mapping to restore the original sequence, including the masked parts, becomes even more challenging. In this article, we define incomplete information natural vectors for masked sequences and develop a long short-term memory model that achieves over 99.9% accuracy in reconstructing unmasked positions in original sequences on SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 datasets, while also providing predictions for masked sites that significantly outperform random prediction. Our model can robustly handle sequences with varying masked nucleotides. Overall, our approach expands the scope of alignment-free embedding methods by enabling bidirectional conversion and addressing challenges posed by incomplete information.
bibliographic citation: Ding et al. (2025) Reconstruction of masked sequences via inverse mapping of incomplete information natural vectors. PeerJ 13:e20126 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20126
date submitted: 2025-06-06
date accepted: 2025-09-02
issued: 2025-10-03
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Ding
  given name: Patrick
author list: Agent
  family name: Hu
  given name: Guoqing
author list: Agent
  family name: Yu
  given name: Hongyu
author list: Agent
  family name: Yau
  given name: Stephen S.-T.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.20126
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-10-03
copyright: © 2025 Ding et al.
attribution name: Ding et al.

Proteomic landscape of porcine induced neural stem cell reprogramming and differentiation
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Background Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) holds strong potential for regenerative medicine, especially in large animal models like pigs, which are crucial for translational and preclinical research. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying porcine fibroblast-to-iNSC reprogramming and subsequent differentiation remain poorly understood at the proteomic level. Methods To map the proteomic landscapes associated with reprogramming and differentiation, we performed unbiased label-free discovery proteomics (nano-LC-MS/MS) and targeted SWATH-MS quantification. Proteomes of porcine tail fibroblasts (PTFs; passage 3), two porcine iNSC lines (piNSCs; VSMUi002-B and VSMUi002-E, passage 20), and their differentiated progeny (piNSCs-NGs; VSMUi002-B-NGs and VSMUi002-E-NGs, representing piNSCs at passage 20 cultured for an additional 14 days under differentiation conditions) were compared. Two previously established piNSC lines (VSMUi002-B and VSMUi002-E), generated via Sendai virus-mediated reprogramming, were used as the cellular models. Results The piNSC lines displayed hallmark neural stem cell (NSC) morphology and expressed canonical markers (PAX6+, SOX2+, NES+, VIM+, OCT4−). Upon differentiation, they generated neuronal and glial cells expressing TUJ1, MAP2, SYP, TH, and GFAP, confirming their multipotency. A total of 4,094 proteins were identified across the three cell states. Multivariate analysis revealed distinct proteomic signatures separating fibroblasts, iNSCs, and their neuronal/glial progeny. The proteomic shift from the fibroblast to the piNSC state was marked by increased expression of stathmin 1 (STMN1), neurofilament light polypeptide (NEFL), aconitate hydratase (ACO2), electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta (ETFB), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B (ALDOB), and transketolase (TKT), alongside suppression of actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5 (ARPC5) and LIM domain and actin-binding protein 1 (LIMA1).…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Sekkarin Ploypetch
creator: Sataporn Phochantachinda
creator: Warunya Chakritbudsabong
creator: Walasinee Sakcamduang
creator: Nattarun Chaisilp
creator: Somjit Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan
creator: Supitcha Pannengpetch
creator: Piyada Na Nakorn
creator: Tharathip Muangthong
creator: Sasitorn Rungarunlert
subject: Bioinformatics
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Veterinary Medicine
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.20120
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 Ploypetch et al.
abstract: Background Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) holds strong potential for regenerative medicine, especially in large animal models like pigs, which are crucial for translational and preclinical research. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying porcine fibroblast-to-iNSC reprogramming and subsequent differentiation remain poorly understood at the proteomic level. Methods To map the proteomic landscapes associated with reprogramming and differentiation, we performed unbiased label-free discovery proteomics (nano-LC-MS/MS) and targeted SWATH-MS quantification. Proteomes of porcine tail fibroblasts (PTFs; passage 3), two porcine iNSC lines (piNSCs; VSMUi002-B and VSMUi002-E, passage 20), and their differentiated progeny (piNSCs-NGs; VSMUi002-B-NGs and VSMUi002-E-NGs, representing piNSCs at passage 20 cultured for an additional 14 days under differentiation conditions) were compared. Two previously established piNSC lines (VSMUi002-B and VSMUi002-E), generated via Sendai virus-mediated reprogramming, were used as the cellular models. Results The piNSC lines displayed hallmark neural stem cell (NSC) morphology and expressed canonical markers (PAX6+, SOX2+, NES+, VIM+, OCT4−). Upon differentiation, they generated neuronal and glial cells expressing TUJ1, MAP2, SYP, TH, and GFAP, confirming their multipotency. A total of 4,094 proteins were identified across the three cell states. Multivariate analysis revealed distinct proteomic signatures separating fibroblasts, iNSCs, and their neuronal/glial progeny. The proteomic shift from the fibroblast to the piNSC state was marked by increased expression of stathmin 1 (STMN1), neurofilament light polypeptide (NEFL), aconitate hydratase (ACO2), electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta (ETFB), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B (ALDOB), and transketolase (TKT), alongside suppression of actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5 (ARPC5) and LIM domain and actin-binding protein 1 (LIMA1).…
bibliographic citation: Ploypetch et al. (2025) Proteomic landscape of porcine induced neural stem cell reprogramming and differentiation. PeerJ 13:e20120 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20120
date submitted: 2025-05-28
date accepted: 2025-09-01
issued: 2025-10-03
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Ploypetch
  given name: Sekkarin
author list: Agent
  family name: Phochantachinda
  given name: Sataporn
author list: Agent
  family name: Chakritbudsabong
  given name: Warunya
author list: Agent
  family name: Sakcamduang
  given name: Walasinee
author list: Agent
  family name: Chaisilp
  given name: Nattarun
author list: Agent
  family name: Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan
  given name: Somjit
author list: Agent
  family name: Pannengpetch
  given name: Supitcha
author list: Agent
  family name: Na Nakorn
  given name: Piyada
author list: Agent
  family name: Muangthong
  given name: Tharathip
author list: Agent
  family name: Rungarunlert
  given name: Sasitorn
doi: 10.7717/peerj.20120
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-10-03
copyright: © 2025 Ploypetch et al.
attribution name: Ploypetch et al.

https://peerj.com/articles/20101
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
title: Exploration of nitrogen use efficiency and root-shoot-soil variation on the stoichiometric characteristics of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium for winter wheat under various nitrogen treatments
description: Background Nitrogen (N) addition has significant effects on grain yield and nutrient use efficiency (NUE) in farmland ecosystems, and the total carbon: nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium (TC:TN:TP:TK) stoichiometry in plants and soil is of great significance for improving plant productivity and nutrition. However, there is still uncertainty regarding the effects of N fertilizers on the stoichiometric characteristics of different root-shoot parts of winter wheat during growth progression. Methods ‘Fengdecunmai5’ wheat was selected as the material for the positioning test field. Three N application treatments (0, 180 and 300 kg ha−1, designated N0, N180 and N300) were designed to study the yield, NUE, and stoichiometric characteristics of TC, TN, TP and TK in each organ at different stages, and to analyze the relationships among them. Results The N180 treatment increased the total nitrogen (TN) content in roots, stems plus leaves and grain at each stage. The TN and TP content in stems plus leaves gradually decreased from jointing to maturity stages, whereas the TN content in grain gradually increased from filling to maturity stages. Under the N180 treatment, TN:TP values significantly increased, by 20.3%, 27.9% and 26.3% compared with N0 treatment, respectively. Moreover, the farmland ecosystem was mainly limited by the TN content. TK content in roots and TC:TN in stems plus leaves was significantly positively correlated with NUE. TN:TK and TN: TP in stems plus leaves were positively correlated with yield, and TN and TK content in stems plus leaves considerably influenced the yield. Conclusions Under N180 treatment, compared with N0 and N300 treatments, wheat plants achieved higher nutrient uptake, and greater yield and NUE. This study contributes to the assessment of plant productivity and the precise optimization of ecosystem stoichiometry in the context of green sustainable agricultural development.
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Tianyu Lv
creator: Shijie Liu
creator: Suhao Lu
creator: Chenyang Wang
creator: Dongyun Ma
creator: Guozhang Kang
creator: Yingxin Xie
creator: Jiaming Wu
creator: Jutao Sun
creator: Li-fang Wang
subject: Agricultural Science
subject: Ecology
subject: Ecosystem Science
subject: Plant Science
subject: Soil Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.20101
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 Lv et al.
abstract: Background Nitrogen (N) addition has significant effects on grain yield and nutrient use efficiency (NUE) in farmland ecosystems, and the total carbon: nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium (TC:TN:TP:TK) stoichiometry in plants and soil is of great significance for improving plant productivity and nutrition. However, there is still uncertainty regarding the effects of N fertilizers on the stoichiometric characteristics of different root-shoot parts of winter wheat during growth progression. Methods ‘Fengdecunmai5’ wheat was selected as the material for the positioning test field. Three N application treatments (0, 180 and 300 kg ha−1, designated N0, N180 and N300) were designed to study the yield, NUE, and stoichiometric characteristics of TC, TN, TP and TK in each organ at different stages, and to analyze the relationships among them. Results The N180 treatment increased the total nitrogen (TN) content in roots, stems plus leaves and grain at each stage. The TN and TP content in stems plus leaves gradually decreased from jointing to maturity stages, whereas the TN content in grain gradually increased from filling to maturity stages. Under the N180 treatment, TN:TP values significantly increased, by 20.3%, 27.9% and 26.3% compared with N0 treatment, respectively. Moreover, the farmland ecosystem was mainly limited by the TN content. TK content in roots and TC:TN in stems plus leaves was significantly positively correlated with NUE. TN:TK and TN: TP in stems plus leaves were positively correlated with yield, and TN and TK content in stems plus leaves considerably influenced the yield. Conclusions Under N180 treatment, compared with N0 and N300 treatments, wheat plants achieved higher nutrient uptake, and greater yield and NUE. This study contributes to the assessment of plant productivity and the precise optimization of ecosystem stoichiometry in the context of green sustainable agricultural development.
bibliographic citation: Lv et al. (2025) Exploration of nitrogen use efficiency and root-shoot-soil variation on the stoichiometric characteristics of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium for winter wheat under various nitrogen treatments. PeerJ 13:e20101 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20101
date submitted: 2025-03-20
date accepted: 2025-08-27
issued: 2025-10-03
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Lv
  given name: Tianyu
author list: Agent
  family name: Liu
  given name: Shijie
author list: Agent
  family name: Lu
  given name: Suhao
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Chenyang
author list: Agent
  family name: Ma
  given name: Dongyun
author list: Agent
  family name: Kang
  given name: Guozhang
author list: Agent
  family name: Xie
  given name: Yingxin
author list: Agent
  family name: Wu
  given name: Jiaming
author list: Agent
  family name: Sun
  given name: Jutao
author list: Agent
  family name: Wang
  given name: Li-fang
doi: 10.7717/peerj.20101
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-10-03
copyright: ©2025 Lv et al.
attribution name: Lv et al.

Influence of organic, synthetic and biofertilizers on the diversity of cassava rhizosphere microbiome in Northeastern Thailand
type: item
type: AcademicArticle
description: Cassava, one of Thailand’s main economic crops, is capable of growing in nearly all soil types. However, continuous monocropping depletes soil nutrients over time. Adopting good agricultural practices can help farmers reduce costs while improving soil fertility. The aim of this study was to compare cassava rhizosphere microbial communities resulting from cultivation under eight different fertilizer treatments, including synthetic, organic, and biological fertilizers, and to identify beneficial microbes that promote cassava growth and yield. The study was conducted at two sites in Northeastern Thailand. Results show that bacterial abundance and species richness (alpha diversity) peaked at 5 months after planting (MAP), showing a significant increase compared to 2 MAP. However, by 10 MAP, alpha diversity began to decline at both sites, Nampong and Seungsang. Among the treatments, the most notable differences in alpha diversity were observed at 5 MAP. At the Nampong site, experimental treatments with chicken manure (T3) and chicken manure combined with other fertilizers (T5, T6, and T8) exhibited significantly higher alpha diversity than did the control (without fertilizer, T1). At the Seungsang site, sole treatment with the full recommended rate of chicken manure (T3), and half of the recommended dose of synthetic fertilizer combined with half the recommended dose of chicken manure (T6) resulted in greater alpha diversity than did swine manure extract application (T4), half of the recommended dose of synthetic fertilizer combined with half of the recommended dose of swine manure extract (T7), and chicken manure application combined with stalk inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) (T8). Since T3 and T8 had the most significant impact on microbial abundance and diversity, as well as cassava growth and yield, the predominant bacteria in these treatments were identified as key targets. A total of eight target bacterial genera were identified: Pseud…
format: application/pdf
format: text/html
creator: Suthasinee Somyong
creator: Wuttichai Mhuantong
creator: Phakamas Phetchawang
creator: Derrick Keith Thompson
creator: Ornprapa Thepsilvisut
creator: Wirulda Pootakham
subject: Ecology
subject: Genomics
subject: Microbiology
subject: Plant Science
subject: Soil Science
description: doi:10.7717/peerj.20085
publisher: PeerJ Inc.
rights: © 2025 Somyong et al.
abstract: Cassava, one of Thailand’s main economic crops, is capable of growing in nearly all soil types. However, continuous monocropping depletes soil nutrients over time. Adopting good agricultural practices can help farmers reduce costs while improving soil fertility. The aim of this study was to compare cassava rhizosphere microbial communities resulting from cultivation under eight different fertilizer treatments, including synthetic, organic, and biological fertilizers, and to identify beneficial microbes that promote cassava growth and yield. The study was conducted at two sites in Northeastern Thailand. Results show that bacterial abundance and species richness (alpha diversity) peaked at 5 months after planting (MAP), showing a significant increase compared to 2 MAP. However, by 10 MAP, alpha diversity began to decline at both sites, Nampong and Seungsang. Among the treatments, the most notable differences in alpha diversity were observed at 5 MAP. At the Nampong site, experimental treatments with chicken manure (T3) and chicken manure combined with other fertilizers (T5, T6, and T8) exhibited significantly higher alpha diversity than did the control (without fertilizer, T1). At the Seungsang site, sole treatment with the full recommended rate of chicken manure (T3), and half of the recommended dose of synthetic fertilizer combined with half the recommended dose of chicken manure (T6) resulted in greater alpha diversity than did swine manure extract application (T4), half of the recommended dose of synthetic fertilizer combined with half of the recommended dose of swine manure extract (T7), and chicken manure application combined with stalk inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) (T8). Since T3 and T8 had the most significant impact on microbial abundance and diversity, as well as cassava growth and yield, the predominant bacteria in these treatments were identified as key targets. A total of eight target bacterial genera were identified: Pseud…
bibliographic citation: Somyong et al. (2025) Influence of organic, synthetic and biofertilizers on the diversity of cassava rhizosphere microbiome in Northeastern Thailand. PeerJ 13:e20085 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20085
date submitted: 2025-04-16
date accepted: 2025-08-25
issued: 2025-10-03
is part of: PeerJ
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
author list: Agent
  family name: Somyong
  given name: Suthasinee
author list: Agent
  family name: Mhuantong
  given name: Wuttichai
author list: Agent
  family name: Phetchawang
  given name: Phakamas
author list: Agent
  family name: Thompson
  given name: Derrick Keith
author list: Agent
  family name: Thepsilvisut
  given name: Ornprapa
author list: Agent
  family name: Pootakham
  given name: Wirulda
doi: 10.7717/peerj.20085
volume: 13
issn: 2167-8359
publication name: PeerJ
publication date: 2025-10-03
copyright: © 2025 Somyong et al.
attribution name: Somyong et al.

PeerJ
type: Periodical
uri: PeerJ
issn: 2167-8359