Insights into water insecurity in Indigenous communities in Canada: assessing microbial risks and innovative solutions, a multifaceted review
Canada is considered a freshwater-rich country, despite this, several Indigenous reserves struggle with household water insecurity. In fact, some of these communities have lacked access to safe water for almost 30 years. Water quality in Canadian Indigenous reserves is influenced by several factors including source water quality, drinking water treatments applied, water distribution systems, and water storage tanks when piped water is unavailable. The objective of this multifaceted review is to spot the challenges and consequences of inadequate drinking water systems (DWS) and the available technical and microbiological alternatives to address water sanitation coverage in Indigenous reserves of Canada, North America (also known as Turtle Island). A comprehensive literature review was conducted using national web portals from both federal and provincial governments, as well as academic databases to identify the following topics: The status of water insecurity in Indigenous communities across Canada; Microbiological, chemical, and natural causes contributing to water insecurity; Limitations of applying urban-style drinking water systems in Indigenous reserves in Canada and the management of DWS for Indigenous communities in other high-income countries; and the importance of determining the microbiome inhabiting drinking water systems along with the cutting-edge technology available for its analysis. A total of 169 scientific articles matched the inclusion criteria. The major themes discussed include: The status of water insecurity and water advisories in Canada; the risks of pathogenic microorganisms (i.e., Escherichia coli and total coliforms) and other chemicals (i.e., disinfection by-products) found in water storage tanks; the most common technologies available for water treatment including coagulation, high- and low-pressure membrane filtration procedures, ozone, ion exchange, and biological ion exchange and their limitations when applying them in remote Indigenous communities. Furthermore, we reviewed the benefits and drawbacks that high throughput tools such as metagenomics (the study of genomes of microbial communities), culturomics (a high-efficiency culture approach), and microfluidics devices (microminiaturized instruments) and what they could represent for water monitoring in Indigenous reserves. This multifaceted review demonstrates that water insecurity in Canada is a reflection of the institutional structures of marginalization that persist in the country and other parts of Turtle Island. DWS on Indigenous reserves are in urgent need of upgrades. Source water protection, and drinking water monitoring plus a comprehensive design of culturally adapted, and sustainable water services are required. Collaborative efforts between First Nations authorities and federal, provincial, and territorial governments are imperative to ensure equitable access to safe drinking water in Indigenous reserves.
© 2024 Zambrano-Alvarado and Uyaguari-Diaz
Zambrano-Alvarado et al. (2024) Insights into water insecurity in Indigenous communities in Canada: assessing microbial risks and innovative solutions, a multifaceted review. PeerJ 12:e18277 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18277
©2024 Zambrano-Alvarado and Uyaguari-Diaz
Investigating the bacterial community of gray mangroves (Avicennia marina) in coastal areas of Tabuk region
Mangrove vegetation, a threatened and unique inter-tidal ecosystem, harbours a complex and largely unexplored bacterial community crucial for nutrient cycling and the degradation of toxic pollutants in coastal areas. Despite its importance, the bacterial community composition of the gray mangrove (Avicennia marina) in the Red Sea coastal regions remains under-studied. This study aims to elucidate the structural and functional diversity of the microbiome in the bulk and rhizospheric soils associated with A. marina in the coastal areas of Ras Alshabaan-Umluj (Umluj) and Almunibrah-Al-Wajh (Al-Wajh) within the Tabuk region of Saudi Arabia. Amplicon sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA was performed using the metagenomic DNAs from the bulk and rhizospheric soil samples from Umluj and Al-Wajh. A total of 6,876 OTUs were recovered from all samples, of which 1,857 OTUs were common to all locations while the total number of OTUs unique to Al-wajh was higher (3,011 OTUs) than the total number of OTUs observed (1,324 OTUs) at Umluj site. Based on diversity indices, overall bacterial diversity was comparatively higher in rhizospheric soil samples of both sites. Comparing the diversity indices for the rhizosphere samples from the two sites revealed that the diversity was much higher in the rhizosphere samples from Al-Wajh as compared to those from Umluj. The most dominant genera in rhizosphere sample of Al-Wajh were Geminicoccus and Thermodesulfovibrio while the same habitat of the Umluj site was dominated by Propionibacterium, Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus. Bacterial functional potential prediction analyses showed that bacteria from two locations have almost similar patterns of functional genes including amino acids and carbohydrates metabolisms, sulfate reduction and C-1 compound metabolism and xenobiotics biodegradation. However, the rhizosphere samples of both sites harbour more genes involved in the utilization and assimilation of C-1 compounds. Our results reveal that bacterial communities inhabiting the rhizosphere of A. marina differed significantly from those in the bulk soil, suggesting a possible role of A. marina roots in shaping these bacterial communities. Additionally, not only vegetation but also geographical location appears to influence the overall bacterial composition at the two sites.
Ghabban et al. (2024) Investigating the bacterial community of gray mangroves (Avicennia marina) in coastal areas of Tabuk region. PeerJ 12:e18282 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18282
The relationship between allergic rhinitis and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Background Numerous investigations have examined the potential link between allergic rhinitis (AR) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, some studies show no association between the two diseases. The connection between these two conditions remains inconclusive. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis exploring the correlation between AR and ADHD. Methods We conducted systematic searches of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, ERIC, PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases, up to the year 2023. Subsequently, we conducted a meta-analysis using R 4.2.2, where we computed the pooled odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval to assess the relationship between AR and ADHD within studies exhibiting similar characteristics. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated by computing the value using the Cochrane Intervention Manual’s guidelines. Additionally, subgroup analyses were conducted by stratifying the study population according to gender, age, etc. Sensitivity analysis was performed by systematically removing individual studies. Results In this systematic review, we incorporated 12 eligible studies, collectively encompassing a sample size of 530,360 participants. Within the included studies, heterogeneity was observed, and the utilization of a random-effects model demonstrated a noteworthy correlation between children with ADHD and the presence of AR. Similarly, children with AR exhibited a significant correlation with the occurrence of ADHD. We also found some relationships in subgroup analyses. Conclusion A substantial correlation is evident between AR and ADHD in children and adolescents. AR may potentially contribute as a risk factor for the onset of ADHD, and conversely, ADHD may heighten the likelihood of developing AR.
Wang et al. (2024) The relationship between allergic rhinitis and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ 12:e18287 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18287
Kinematic characterization of backhand stroke accuracy in squash based on kinematic variables between two different skill levels—a preliminary cross-sectional study
Background The aim of this study was to compare differences in shot placement and accuracy between national and international level squash players. Squash is a technically demanding sport and understanding the biomechanical characteristics of athletes at different levels is important for developing effective training strategies. Methods The study used a three-dimensional motion analysis system, a high-speed video camera, and a professional tee for biomechanical testing. Participants included national and international level squash players. The kinematic characteristics of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints of the upper extremity for backhand strokes, as well as the accuracy of the strokes, were analyzed to compare the differences between the two groups of athletes in terms of stroke posture and accuracy. Results The kinematic analysis of the backward backhand stroke revealed that national squash players showed significant differences compared to international players in several key parameters. Specifically, national players had significantly greater trunk flexion (P = 0.018) and less shoulder medial rotation (P = 0.027). They also had lower racket velocity in the X-direction (P = 0.043). However, there were no significant differences in trunk lateral flexion (P = 0.487), trunk rotation (P = 0.293), shoulder extension/flexion (P = 0.396), elbow flexion/extension (P = 0.818), wrist flexion/extension (P = 0.177), wrist rotation (P = 0.476), racket pitch (P = 0.112), racket velocity in the Y-direction (P = 0.587), or racket velocity in the Z-direction (P = 0.327). Additionally, data for racket yaw, racket roll, and racket Vx were not provided with significant values, indicating that these parameters do not show significant differences. Conclusion International level players outperformed national level players in squash stroke accuracy and control. Key kinematic factors influencing accuracy include trunk forward flexion, shoulder abduction, shoulder internal rotation, and racket angles. The study recommends that coaches design training to enhance technical details and positional control to improve squash performance.
Huang et al. (2024) Kinematic characterization of backhand stroke accuracy in squash based on kinematic variables between two different skill levels—a preliminary cross-sectional study. PeerJ 12:e18333 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18333
Effect of alpha-linolenic acid on aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity and RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway in kidney
Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity stands as a primary contributor to the development of acute intrinsic renal failure. Distinctive characteristic associated with this nephrotoxicity is the occurrence of tubular necrosis, which is why it is commonly referred to as acute tubular necrosis. Studies have demonstrated that inhibiting rhoA/rho-kinase pathway is beneficial for kidney damage induced by diabetes and renal ischemia. Comparable pathological conditions can be observed in aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity, like those found in diabetes and renal ischemia. Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside, is known to activate Rho/Rho-kinase pathway. The primary goal of this study is to explore influence of oxidative stress on this pathway by concurrently administering gentamicin and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) possessing known antioxidant properties. To achieve this, gentamicin (100 mg kg−1) and ALA (70 mg kg−1) were administered to mice for a period of 9 days, and Rho/Rho-kinase pathway was examined by using ELISA. Administration of gentamicin to mice led to an elevation in RhoA and rho-kinase II levels, along with the activity of rho-kinase in kidneys. However, ALA effectively reversed this heightened response. ALA, known for its antioxidant properties, inhibited activation of Rho/Rho-kinase pathway induced by gentamicin. This finding suggests that gentamicin induces nephrotoxicity through oxidative stress.
Pazarci et al. (2024) Effect of alpha-linolenic acid on aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity and RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway in kidney. PeerJ 12:e18335 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18335
Research progress and mitigation strategies for pod shattering resistance in rapeseed
Background Mature rapeseed pods typically shatter when harvested, resulting in approximately 8–12% yield loss. Adverse weather conditions and mechanized harvesting can diminish pod yield by up to 50%, primarily owing to delays in harvesting and mechanical collisions. The pod shatter resistance index (PSRI) assesses pod damage. Recent research focused on comparing pod shatter resistance among varieties, evaluating methods, and studying gene knockout mechanisms. However, there remains a pressing need to broaden the scope of research. In particular, it is essential to recognize that pod shatter, a complex trait, influenced by genetics, environment, agronomic practices, and harvest techniques. Future studies should integrate these factors to develop comprehensive strategies to mitigate pod shatter, enhancing rapeseed yields and agricultural mechanization. This review explores factors affecting pod shatter resistance and strategies to improve it. Methodology Scoping literature review that adhered to the methodological framework for systematic reviews was performed using search engines such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure. This review aimed to identify pertinent articles, which were subsequently subjected to thorough screening and evaluation. The protocol for this literature review involved the following key steps: definition of research questions, development of a search strategy, development of data extraction strategy, synthesis of the extracted data, and organization and analysis of the extracted data. Results The review presents strategies for enhancing rapeseed yield during mechanized harvesting, focusing on four key areas: (i) selecting and breeding shatter-resistant varieties using DNA markers to establish a robust germplasm resource; (ii) optimizing cultivation technologies and agronomic measures to elicit favorable interactions between compact plant-type genotypes and the environment, thereby facilitating nutrient-related regulatory mechanisms of rapeseed pods to improve pod dry weight and resistance; (iii) innovating combine header design and structure to better suit rapeseed harvesting; and (iv) providing training for operators to enhance their harvesting skills. These comprehensive measures aim to minimize yield loss, increase production efficiency. Conclusion To effectively reduce yield loss during mechanized harvesting of rapeseed, it is crucial to enhance resistance to pod shattering by addressing both internal physiological factors and external environmental conditions. This requires a holistic approach that includes genetic improvements, optimization of ecological conditions, careful cultivation management, and precise harvesting timing, along with ongoing research into traits related to machine harvesting to boost production efficiency and sustainability.
Liu et al. (2024) Research progress and mitigation strategies for pod shattering resistance in rapeseed. PeerJ 12:e18105 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18105
Electronic cigarettes and their association with stress, depression, and anxiety among dental students in the UAE—a pilot cross sectional study
Background During dental school, students may encounter stressful events that contribute to stress, anxiety, and depression; in response to these factors, some students use vaping or electronic cigarettes. Objective To evaluate the relationship between electronic cigarettes use and stress, anxiety, and depression among dental students. Methods A cross-sectional study included 142 dental students in their preclinical, clinical, or internship year was conducted. The 142 participants were split evenly between two groups: smokers and nonsmokers. The average age of the study’s male and female participants was 21.6 years. Using the DASS 21 scale, participants were instructed to complete an electronic questionnaire assessing the association between electronic cigarettes use and stress, anxiety, and depression in smokers and nonsmokers. Results According to the findings of this study, stress, anxiety, and depression were significantly associated with electronic cigarette use. Compared to non-smokers, electronic cigarette smokers reported higher levels of severe/extremely severe depression (OR: 10.34, 95% CI: [4.23–24.1]), anxiety (OR: 13.8, 95% CI: [5.4–30.1]) and stress (OR: 27.6, 95% CI: [8.9–85.8]). Compared to males, females were 2.5 times (95% CI: [1.02–6.1]) more likely to report severe/extremely severe anxiety (P < 0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrates a significant correlation between the use of electronic cigarettes and elevated levels of stress, anxiety, and depression among dental students in the UAE.
Tawba et al. (2024) Electronic cigarettes and their association with stress, depression, and anxiety among dental students in the UAE—a pilot cross sectional study. PeerJ 12:e18167 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18167
Development of multiplex real-time PCR for simultaneous detection of common fungal pathogens in invasive mycoses
Background Fungi are common opportunistic pathogens that pose a significant threat to immunocompromised patients, particularly when late detection occurs. Methods In this study a multiplex real-time PCR has been developed for simultaneous detection of common fungal pathogens associated with invasive mycoses in a diagnostic setting. Results The specificity of the assay was rigorously tested on 40 types of organisms (n = 65), demonstrating 100% specificity. The limit of detection was determined to be 100 pg/μl (106 copies/μl), achievable within a rapid 3-h timeframe. The PCR assay efficiency exhibited a range between 89.77% and 104.30% for each target organism, with linearity falling between 0.9780 and 0.9983. Conclusion This multiplex real-time PCR assay holds promise for enhancing the timely and accurate diagnosis of invasive mycoses, particularly in immunocompromised patient populations.
Ismadi et al. (2024) Development of multiplex real-time PCR for simultaneous detection of common fungal pathogens in invasive mycoses. PeerJ 12:e18238 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18238
Diabetes self-care and its associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus with chronic kidney disease patients in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia
Introduction Diabetes self-care among diabetic patients is crucial as it determines how patients care for their illness in their daily routine for better diabetes control. This study aims to calculate the average score for diabetes self-care among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease and to identify factors that are associated with this score. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study enrols patients over 18 years old with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic renal disease with an eGFR of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia. The Malay version of the Summary of Diabetic Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) was used to assess diabetes self-care, the Malay version of the diabetes-related distress questionnaire (DDS-17) was used to assess diabetes distress, and the Malay version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to assess depression. Data analysis was performed using both simple and multiple linear regression models to determine the associations between variables. Result One hundred and seventy-six eligible patients were recruited for this study. The mean score for diabetes self-care is 3.62. The eGFR (p = 0.002) and diabetes distress (p = 0.004) are the significant associated factors for diabetes self-care among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with chronic kidney disease. Conclusion The mean score for diabetes self-care indicated a moderate level of self-care. The eGFR level and diabetes distress were important factors influencing diabetes self-care practices.
Ramli et al. (2024) Diabetes self-care and its associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus with chronic kidney disease patients in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. PeerJ 12:e18303 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18303
Oral reading promotes predictive processing in Chinese sentence reading: eye movement evidence
Background Fluent sentence reading is widely acknowledged to depend on top-down contextual prediction, wherein sentential and contextual cues guide the pre-activation of linguistic representations before encountering stimuli, facilitating subsequent comprehension. The Prediction-by-Production hypothesis posits an explanation for predictive processes in language comprehension, suggesting that prediction during comprehension involves processes associated with language production. However, there is a lack of eye movement evidence supporting this hypothesis within sentence reading contexts. Thus, we manipulated reading mode and word predictability to examine the influence of language production on predictive processing. Methods Participants engaged in silent or oral reading of sentences containing either high or low-predictable target words. Eye movements were recorded using the Eyelink1000 eye tracker. Results The findings revealed a higher skipping rate and shorter fixation times for high-predictable words compared to low-predictable ones, and for silent compared to oral reading. Notably, interactive effects were observed in the time measures (FFD, SFD, GD) during first-pass reading, indicating that word predictability effects were more pronounced during oral reading than silent reading. Discussion The observed pattern of results suggests that the activation of the production system enhances predictive processing during the early lexical access, providing empirical support for the Prediction-by-Production hypothesis in eye movement sentence reading situations, extending the current understanding of the timing and nature of predictions in reading comprehension.
Chang et al. (2024) Oral reading promotes predictive processing in Chinese sentence reading: eye movement evidence. PeerJ 12:e18307 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.18307